Sütçü İneklerde Beslenme Seviyesinin Belirlenmesinde, Sütte Üre Azotu (MUN) ile Bazı Parametreler Arasındaki Etkileşimin Araştırılması

Öz

Bu araştırma, süt ineklerinde süt üre azotu miktarı ile beslenme düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın materyalini 100 farklı süt ineği işletmesinden toplanan süt numuneleri oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada sütte yapılan analizlere göre 3 grup oluşturulmuştur. Alınan süt numunelerinde MUN değerleri 12-16 mg/dl arasında olanlar normal (grup A) bu değerin altında olanlar düşük (grup B) üzerinde olanlar ise yüksek (grup C) olarak kabul edilmiştir. Ayrıca sütte ölçülen aseton ve beta hidroksi bütirik asit (BHBA) değerlerinin yanı sıra toplam katı madde, yağ, yağsız kuru madde, ham protein, gerçek protein, laktoz, doymuş yağ asidi, toplam doymamış yağ asitleri (TUS), çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri (PUFA), tekli doymamış yağ asitleri (MUFA) ve aflatoksin M1 seviyelerine göre düşük, normal ve yüksek üre azotu değerleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırmada, grupların MUN değerleri sırasıyla: 14.46, 10.05 ve 20.15 mg/dl’dir. Araştırma sonunda grupların aseton değerleri arasındaki farklılıklar istatistik olarak anlamlı olmasına (P<0.05) rağmen her üç grubun değerleri de süt inekleri için belirlenen normal aseton değerleri arasındadır. Benzer şekilde sütte BHBA, yağ, ham protein, gerçek protein, doymuş yağ asitleri, MUFA ve AFM1 değerleri açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmaktadır (P<0.01). Sonuç olarak süt ineklerinde MUN değeri, aseton, BHBA ve diğer parametreler ile metabolik hastalıklar arasındaki ilişkileri anlamak için daha ayrıntılı çalışmalara ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Süt ineği,MUN,Beslenme düzeyi

Investigation of The Interaction Between Milk Urea Nitrogen (MUN) and Some Parameters in Determining The Level of Nutrition in Dairy Cows

Öz

This study was carried out to determine the relationship between the amount of Milk Urea Nitrogen (MUN) and nutritional level in dairy cows. The research material was milk samples which were collected from 100 different commercial dairy farms. Three groups were assigned according to the milk analysis in the experiment. Group A, those having normal MUN values between 12-16 mg / dl in milk samples, group B, those having less MUN value and group C, those having high MUN value. Apart from this acetone, Beta hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA), total solid matter, fat, fat-free dry matter, crude protein (CP),true protein (TP), lactose, saturated fatty acids (SFA), total unsaturated fatty acids (TUFA), Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and aflatoxin M1 values measured in milk and these were compared with low, normal and high MUN levels. In the study the MUN values of the groups were 14.46, 10.05 and 20.15 mg / dl respectively. At the end of the study, although the differences between the groups' acetone values were statistically significant (P <0.05), the values of all three groups were among the normal acetone values determined for dairy cows.  Moreover, there were differences in milk regarding BHBA, fat, CP,TP, SFA, MUFA and AFM1 values (P<0.01) between the groups. As a concluded that some further detailed studies are required to get to know a deeper understanding of MUN levels in milk cows between acetone, BHBA and other parameters and metabolic diseases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dairy cow,MUN,Nutritional level

Kaynakça

1. Abdouli H, Rekik B, Haddad-Boubaker A. Non-nutritional factors associated with milk urea concentrations under Mediterranean conditions. World J Agric Sci. 2008; 4(2):183-188.
2. Amaral-Philllips, D.M. Milk urea nitrogen-a nutritional evaluation tool. http://www.uky.edu/Ag/AnimalSciences/dairy/exten sion/nut00029.pdf. Accesien date: 15 February 2009.
3. Andersson L. Subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract.1988; 4:233-248.
4. Andersson L. Concentrations of blood and milk ketone bodies, blood isopropanol and plasma glucose in dairy cows in relation to the degree of hyperketonemia and clinical signs. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A.1984; 31:683-693.
5. Anonimous. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda Maddelerinde Belirli Bulaşanların Maksimum Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi Hakkında Tebliğ. Tebliğ No: 2002/63, 23 Eylül 2002 tarihli ve 24885 sayılı Resmi Gazete, Ankara. 2002.
6. Anonimous. EC No: 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union, 2006. 364, 5-24.
7. Arunvipas P, Van Leeuwen JA, Dohoo IR, Keefe GP, Burton SA, Lissemore KD. Relationships among milk urea-nitrogen, dietary parameters, and fecal nitrogen in commercial dairy herds. The Canadian J Vet Research. 2008;72: 449-453.
8. Arunvipas P, Van Leeuwen JA, Dohoo IR, Kefe GP. Evaluation of the reliability and repeatability of automated milk urea nitrogen testing. The Canadian J Vet Research. 2003;67: 60-63.

9. Barton BA, Rosario HA, Andersson GW, Grindle BP, Carroll DJ. Effects of dietary crude protein, breed, parity, and health status on the fertility of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1996;79, 2225–2236.
10. Bauman DE, Griinari JM. Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annu Rev Nutr. 2003;23:203.
11. Beckman JL, Weiss WP. Nutrient digestibility of diets with different fiber to starch ratios when fed to lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2005; 88(3): 1015-1023.
12. Broderick GA, Clayton MK. A statistical evaluation of animal and nutritional factors influencing concentrations of milk urea nitrogen. J Dairy Sci. 1997; 80: 2964–2971.
13. Bruhn JC, Franke AA. Monthly variations in gross composition of California herd milks. J. Dairy Sci. 1977; 60: 696-700.
14. Canfield RW; Sniffen CJ, Butler WR. Effects of excess degradable protein on postpartum reproduction and energy balance in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 1990; 73: 2342-2349.
15. Carlsson J, Pehrson B. The relationship between seasonal variations in the concentration of urea in bulk milk and the production and fertility of dairy herds. J Vet Med. 1993; 40: 205-212.
16. Carroll DJ, Barton BA, Anderson GW, Smith RD. Influence of protein intake and feeding strategy on reproductive performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1988;71(12):3470-3481.
17. Center for Animal Health and Productivity. http://cahpwww.nbc.upenn.edulmunlpa_mun_summ.htlm. Accessien date: 02.12.2018.
18. Cerbulis J, Farrell HM, Composition of milks of dairy cattle. 1. Protein, lactose, and fat contents and distribution of protein fraction. J Dairy Sci. 1975; 58: 817–827.
19. Ciszuk AU, Gebregziabher T. Milk urea as an estimate of urine nitrogen of dairy cows and goats. Acta Agric Scand 1994; 44:87–95.
20. Clark CEF, Fulkerson WJ, Nandra KS, Barchia I, Macmillan KL. The use of indicators to assess the degree of mobilisation of body reserves in dairy cows in early lactation on a pasture-based diet. Livest Prod Sci. 2005;94: 199-211.
21. Çardak AD. Effects of Somatic Cell Count, Parity and Lactation Stage on Yield and Components of Milk in Holstein-Friesian Cows. Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2016;5 (1): 34-39.
22. Denis-Robichaud J, Dubuc J, Lefebvre D, DesCôteaux L. Accuracy of milk ketone bodies from flow-injection analysis for the diagnosis of hyperketonemia in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2014;97(6): 3364-3370.
23. Donkin SS, Pallatin MR, Doane PH, Cecava MC, White HM, Barnes E, Koser SL. Performance of dairy cows fed glycerol as a primary feed ingredient. J Dairy Sci. 2007;90 (Suppl. 1): 350.
24. Drackley JK. Opportunies for glycerol use in dairy diets. Four-State Dairy Nutrition and Management Conference, 11-12 June 2008; p.118.
25. Duffield T. Subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Anim Practice. 2000; 16(2): 231-253.
26. Duffield TF. Effects of a monensin controlled release capsule on energy metabolism, health and production in lactating dairy cattle. DVSc-Thesis, 1997;University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
27. Duffield TF, Kelton DF, Leslie KE, Lissemore KD, Lumsden JH. Use of test day milk fat and milk protein to detect subclinical ketosis in dairy cattle in Ontario. Canadian Vet J. 1997; 38(11): 713.
28. Eicher R, Bouchard E, Bigras-Poulin M. Factors affecting milk urea nitrogen and protein concentrations in Quebec dairy cows. Prev Vet Med. 1999; 39: 53-63.
29. Enjalbert F, Nicot MC, Bayourthe C, Moncoulon R. Ketone bodies in milk and blood of dairy cows: Relationship between concentrations and utilization for detection of subclinical ketosis. J Dairy Sci. 2001;84(3): 583-589.
30. Faust MA, Kimler LH, Funk R. Effects of laboratories for milk urea nitrogen ve other milk components. J Dairy Sci. 1997; 80 (Suppl. 1): 206.
31. Ferguson JD Milk urea nitrogen. 2000; Penn State University extension. USA
32. Flis SA, Wattiaux MA. Effect of parity and supply of rumen-degrated and undegraded protein on production and nitrogen balance in Holsteins. J Dairy Sci. 2005; 88: 2096-2106.
33. Frank B, Swensson C. Relationship between content of crude protein in rations for dairy cows and milk yield, concentration of urea in milk and ammonia emissions. J Dairy Sci. 2002; 85: 1829-1838.
34. Grexton B. MUN data on Ontario herds offers up some interesting information, Accesion Date: September 2, 1999. http://www.ontdhi.com/mundata.htm Grummer RR. Etiology of lipid-related metabolic disorders in periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1993; 76(12):3882-3896.
35. Gustafsson AH, Carlsson J. Effects of silage quality, protein evaluation systems and milk urea content on milk yield and reproduction in dairy cows. Livestock Prod Sci. 1993; 37: 91–105.
36. Gustafsson AH, Palmquist DL. Diurnal Variation of Rumen Ammonia, Serum Urea, and Milk Urea in Dairy Cows at High and Low Yields. J Dairy Sci. 1993; 76: 475–484.
37. Hof G, Vervoorn MD, Lenaers PL, Tamminga S. Milk urea nitrogen as a tool to monitor the protein nutrition of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1997; 80: 3333–3340.
38. Hojman D, Gips M, Ezra E. Association between live body weight and milk urea concentration in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2005; 88(2): 580-584.
39. Hong NTT, Wanapat M, Wachirapakorn C, Pakdee P, Rowlinson P. Effects of timing of initial cutting and subsequent cutting on yields and chemical compositions of cassava hay and its supplementation on lactating dairy cows. Asian Australasian J Anim Sci. 2003; 16(12): 1763-1769.
40. Hutjens M, Chase LE. Interpreting milk urea nitrogen (MUN) values Accesion Date: 2004; http://www.extension.org/pages/Interpreting_Milk_ Urea_Nitrogen_(MUN)_ Values.
41. Ide Y, Shimbayashi K, Yonemura T. Effect of dietary conditions upon serum- and milk-urea nitrogen in cows I. Serum- and milk-urea as affected by protein intake. Jap J Vet Sci. 1966; 28: 321–327.
42. Johnson RG, Young AJ. The association between milk urea nitrogen and DHI production variables in Western commercial dairy herds. J Dairy Sci. 2003; 86(9): 3008-3015.
43. Jonker JS, Kohn RA, Erdman RA. Using milk urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and utilization efficiency in lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 1998; 81: 2681–269.
44. Jonker JS, Kohn RA, High J. Use of milk urea nitrogen to improve dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci. 2002; 85: 939-946.
45. Kananub S, Jawjaroensri W, VanLeeuwen J, Stryhn H, Arunvipas P. Exploring factors associated with bulk tank milk urea nitrogen in Central Thailand. Veterinary World. 2018; EISSN: 2231-0916.
46. Kauffman AJ, St-Pierre NR. The relationship of milk urea nitrogen to urine nitrogen excretion in Holstein and Jersey cows. J Dairy Sci. 2001; 84: 2284–2294.
47. Kirchgessner M, Kreuzer M, Roth-Mailer DA. Milk urea and protein content to diagnose energy and protein malnutrition of dairy cows. Arch Anim Nut. 1986; 36: 192-197.
48. Kohn RA, French KR, Russek-Cohen E: A comparison of instruments and laboratories used to measure milk urea nitrogen in bulk-tank milk samples. J Dairy Sci. 2004; 87: 1848-1853.
49. Kohn R. Use of milk or blood urea nitrogen to identify feed management inefficiencies and estimate nitrogen excretion by dairy cattle and other animals. In 18th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium. 2007; Paper (Vol. 8).
50. Meeske R, Botha PR, Van der Merwe GD, Greyling JF, Hopkins C, Marais JP. Milk production potential of two ryegrass cultivars with different total non-structural carbohydrate contents. South African J Anim Sci. 2009; 39(1): 15.
51. Melendez P, Pinedo P, Bastias J, Marin MP, Rios C, Bustamante C, Duchens M. The association between serum ß-hydroxybutyrate and milk fatty acid profile with special emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid in postpartum Holstein cows. BMC Veterinary Res. 2016; 12(1): 50.
52. Moore DA, Varga G. BUN and MUN: Urea nitrogen testing in dairy cattle. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian. 1996; 18: 712–72.
53. Moore DA, Varga G. BUN and MUN: urea nitrogen testing in dairy cattle. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian. 1996;18 (12): 712-720.
54. Mottram T, Velasco-Garcia M, Berry P, Richards P, Ghesquiere J, Masson L: Automatic on-line analysis of milk constituents (urea, ketones, enzymes and hormones) using biosensors. Comp Clin Pathol. 2002; 11: 50-58.
55. Mucha S, Strandberg E. Genetic analysis of milk urea nitrogen and relationships with yield and fertility across lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2011; 94:5665–5672.
56. Najafi MN, Mortazavi SA, Koocheki A, Korami J, Rekik B. Fat and protein contents, acidity and somatic cell counts in bulk milk of Holstein cows in the Khorasan Razavi province, Iran Int J Dairy Techn. 2009; 62: 19-26.
57. Ng-Kwai-Hang KF, Hayes JF, Moxley JE, Monardes HG. Percentages of protein and nonprotein nitrogen with varying fat and somatic cells in bovine milk. J Dairy Sci. 1985; 1257-1262.
58. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL - NRC. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7.ed. Washington: National Academy Press, 2001. 381p.
59. Oetzel GR. Herd-level ketosis–diagnosis and risk factors. In Proceedings of the 40th annual conference of bovine practitioners. 2007; Vancouver, Canada.
60. Oltner R, Emanuelson M, Wiktorsson H. Urea concentrations in milk in relation to milk yield, live weight, lactation number and amount and composition of feed given to dairy cows. Livestock Prod Sci. 1985; 12: 47-57.
61. Overton TR, Waldron MR. Nutritional management of transition dairy cows: strategies to optimize metabolic health. J Dairy Sci. 2004; 105-119.
62. Promkot C, Wanapat M. Effect of level of crude protein and use of cottonseed meal in diets containing cassava chips and rice straw for lactating dairy cows. Asian-Australian J Anim Sci. 2005; 18: 502-511.
63. Rajala-Schultz PJ, Saville WJA, Frazer GS, Wittum TE. Association between milk urea nitrogen and fertility in Ohio dairy cows J Dairy Sci. 2001; 84(2): 482-489.
64. Reist M, Koller A, Busato A, Küpfer U, Blum JW. First ovulation and ketone body status in early postpartum period of dairy cows. Theriogenology. 2000; 54: 685-701.
65. Ropstad E, Vik-Mo L, Refsdal AO. Levels of milk urea, plasma constituents and rumen liquid ammonia in relation to the feeding of dairy cows during early lactation. Acta Vet Scand. 1989; 30: 199-208.
66. Roseler DK, Ferguson JD, Sniffen CJ, Herrema J. Dietary protein degradability effects on plasma and milk urea nitrogen and milk nonprotein nitrogen in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 1993; 76: 525–534.
67. Salfer J. Milk Urea nitrogen. University of Minnesota extension. USA. 2007.
68. Schepers AJ, Meijer RGM. Evaluation of the utilization of dietary nitrogen by dairy cows based on urea concentration in milk. J Dairy Sci. 1998; 81: 579-584.
69. Schultz LH, Myers M. Milk test for ketosis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1959; 42: 705-710.
70. Sederevicius A, Kabasinskiene A, Savickis S, Svedaite V, Makauskas S. Milk urea nitrogen as an important indicator of dairy cow: nutrition review. Veterinarjia Ir Zootechnika. 2008; 44 (66): 98.
71. SPSS for Windows. Released 6.0 June 17 1993; Copy right (c. Sps inc. 1989-1993)
72. Şanlı Y. Mikotoksinler. Veteriner Klinik Toksikoloji, (Ed. Sezai Kaya), sh: 283-306, Medisan Yayınevi, Medisan Yayın Serisi no:21, Ankara.1995.
73. Thorton RF. Factors effecting the urinary excretion of urea nitrogen in cattle: I. Sodium chloride and water loads. Aust J Agric Res. 1970; 21: 131–144.
74. Valadares SC, Broderick GA, Valadares RFD, Clayton MK. Effect of replacing alfalfa silage with high moisture corn on nutrient utilization and milk production. J Dairy Sci. 2000; 83: 106–114.
75. Van Knegsel ATM,. Van der Drift SGA, Horneman M, de Roos APW, Kemp B, Graat EAM. Short communication: Ketone body concentration in milk determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: Value for the detection of hyperketonemia in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2010; 93: 3065–3069.
76. Wambugu M, Wahome RG, Gachuiri C, Tanner J, Kaitho R. Evaluation of the use of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) as an indicator of nutritional status of dairy cattle in smallholder farms in kiambu district. Paper presented at the Faculty of Vet. Med. Biennial Conference, Kabete Campus, University of Nairobi, 5-7 August. 1998.
77. Wikipedia. Accesion date: 2017. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Üre
78. Yoon T, Lee JH, Kim CK, Chung YC, Kim CH. Effects of Milk Production, Season, Parity and Lactation Period onVariations of Milk Urea Nitrogen Concentrationand Milk Components of Holstein Dairy Cows* Asian-Australian J Anim Sci. 2004; 17(4): 479-484.