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Afyonkarahisar İlinde Faaliyet Gösteren Süt İşletmelerinin, Hijyen ve Sanitasyon Koşullarına Uygunluğunun Araştırılması

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 29 - 37, 01.12.2015

Gökhan Akarca , Oktay Tomar Abdullah Çağlar

Öz

The objectives of this study was investigate contamination of dairy workers with Listeria, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter and Escherichia coli. For this study, the swabs samples were taken from 30 employees hand, cloths, boots and gloves in five different dairy factories located in Afyonkarahisar province. It was determined of the samples taken from the hands of workers 2% Listeria spp., 3,33% Salmonella spp., 2,67% Campylobacter spp. and 0,67 % Escherichia coli. Likewise it was determined of the samples taken from the clothing of workers, 0,67% Listeria spp., 3,33% Salmonella spp. and 2% Escherichia coli. Campylobacter spp. wasn’t detected. The percentage of bacteria Employees of the dairies in samples taken from the boots and gloves detected respectively for boats; 9,33, 10, 4,67 ve 5,33and for gloves 0,67, 0,67, 1,33 ve 1,33.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afyonkarahisar Süt İşletmesi Hijyen ve Sanitasyon

Kaynakça

  • Akkaya L, Alışarlı M. Afyonkarahisar’da Tüketime Sunulan Peynirlerde Listeria monocytogenes ve Salmonella spp. Varlığının Belirlenmesi, YYU Vet Fak Derg, 2006; 17 (1-2):87-91.
  • Akkaya l, Alişarlı M, Çetinkaya Z, Kara R, Telli R. Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7/O157, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. In beef slaughterhouse environments, equipment and workers. Journal of Muscle Foods, 2008; 19, 261–274.
  • Akkaya L, Atabey Hİ, Gok V, Kara R. Detection of Listeria species in fresh fish and fish market environment by IMS Technique in Turkey. Arch Lebensmittelhyg, 2011; 62, 16-19.
  • Aksakoğlu G, Ellidokuz H. Bulaşıcı Hastalıklarla Savaş İlkeleri. Açılım Yayıncılık. İzmir, 1996; pp:87–88.
  • Anonim. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp., International Standard, ISO (International Standardization Organization) 6579,Switzerland;2002.
  • Anonim. Herkese Sağlık, Türkiye’nin Hedef ve Stratejileri. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara. 2001.
  • Anonim. Horizontal Method for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes ISO 11290 - 1 / A1;2004.
  • Anonim. Manual of diagnostic test and vaccines for terestrial animals.
  • http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.09.03_CAMPYLO.pdf. Chapter.2.9.3,2008.
  • Anonim. Tekiner, İ.H. http://www.diyetonline.com/GIDA_GUVENLIGI_ve_SAGLIK2-makale-33.aspx. Erişim Tarihi : 15.04.2015
  • Atasever M. Besin is yerlerinde hijyen, besinlerin hazırlanması ve muhafazası. Y.Y.Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg., 2000; 11(2): 117-122
  • Aygun O, Pehlivanlar S. Listeria spp. in the raw milk and dairy products in Antakya, Turkey. Food Control, 2006;17: 676-9.
  • Azak GM, Kılıç H, Hızlısoy H, Abay S. Erzincan ili tulum peynirlerinden Listeria spp. izolasyonu ve identifikasyonu. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 2012; 9(3) 149-156.
  • Baird RM, Corry J, Curtis GDV, Mossel DAA, Skovgaard NP. Pharmoccopoeia of culture media for food microbiology-additional monographs media for Listeria spp. Int. J. Food Microbiol.,1989; 9: 89-127.
  • Banwart GJ. Basic Food Microbiology, Avi Publishing Comp, Westport, Connecticut, USA.1983.
  • Bean NH, Griffin PM.Foodborne disease outbrekas in the United States, 1973-1987: Pathogens, vehiclesand trends. J.food Prot.,1990; 53 (9) 804.
  • Brayn F. Risks of Practices, Procedures and Processes that Lead to Outbreaks of Foodborne Diseases. J Food Prot, 1998; 51: 663-673.
  • Clayton DA, Griffith CJ, Price P, Peters AC. Food handlers’ beliefs and self-reported practices, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2002; 12, 25–39.
  • Cody SH, Abbott SL, Marfin AA, Schulz B, Wagner P, Robbins K, Mohle-Boetani JC, Vugia DJ. Two outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT104 infections linked to raw-milk cheese in Northern California. JAMA, 1999; 281(19): 1805-1810.
  • Cogan TA, Slader J, Bloomfield SF, Humphery TJ. Achieving hygiene in the domestic kitchen: The effectiveness of commonly used cleaning procedures, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2002; 92, 885–892.
  • Colak H, Hampikyan H, Bingol EB, Ulusoy B. Prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in Tulum cheese. Food Control, 2007;18: 576-9.
  • Cruickshnk JG. Food handlers and food poisoing. Brit. Med. J., 1990;300: 207-208.
  • Curtis GDV, Mitchell RG, King AF, Griffin, EJ. (1989). A selective differential medium for the isolation of L. monocytogenes. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.1998; pp:95-98.
  • Davidson RJ, Sprung, CE, Rayman MK. Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica in Manitoba raw milk. Canadian Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J. 1989; 22:70–74.
  • De Buyser ML, Dufour B, Marie M, Lafarge V. Implication of milk and milk products in food-borne disease in France and different industrialized countries. Int J Food Microbiol, 2001; 67 (1-2): 1-17
  • Diker KS. Campylobacteriaceae familyası. In “Özel Mikrobiyoloji”, Medisan, Ankara.1997.
  • Diliellol L. Methods in Food and Dairy Microbiology. Av publishiny Company inc. Westport, Connecticut,1982; pp: 117-120.
  • Djuretic T, Wall PG, Nichols G. General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease associated with milk and dairy products in England and Wales: 1992 to 1996. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly, 1997;7: 41-5.
  • Domínguez C, Gómez I, Zumalacárregui J. Prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter in retail chicken meat in Spain, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2002; 72, 165–168.
  • Doyle MP, Roman DJ. Prevalence and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in unpasteurized milk. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 44:1154–1158
  • Eley AR. Microbiological Food Poisoning, Champmann & Hall, London.1992.
  • Erol İ. Salmonella Enfeksiyonlarının Zoonotik Önemi Türkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci. 2010; 1(2):105-113
  • Ewen C, Todd D. Economic loss from foodborne disease outbreaks associated with food servise establishments. J. Food Prot., 1985; 48(2): 169-180.
  • Farber JM, Daley E, Coates F. Feeding trials of Listeria monocytogenes with a nonhuman primate model. J Clin Microbiol,1991; 29: 2606 -8.
  • Flowers RS, D’aust JY, Andrews, WH, Bailey JS. Salmonella In: Compendium of the Methods for the Microbiological Examinations of Foods. Ed. C. Vanderzant, D.F. Spilttstoesser. American Public Health Assocition., 1992; 371-422.
  • Giray H, Sosyal A. Türkiye’de Gıda Güvenliği ve Mevzuatı. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni, 2007: 6(6).
  • Gray ML, Killinger AH. Listeria monocytogenes and listeric infections, Bacteriol Rev. 1966 Jun, 1967; 30(2): 309–382.
  • Greenwood MH, Coetzee EF, Ford BM, Gill P, Hooper WL, Matthews SCV, Patric S. The microiology of selected retail food products with an evolation of vialable counting methods. J. Hyg. Camb.,1984; 92, 67-77.
  • Hassan L, Mohammed HO, McDonough PL, Gonzalez RN. A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in New York dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci., 2000; 83:2441–2447.
  • Headrick ML, Korangy S, Bean NH, Angula FJ, Altekruse SF, Potter ME, Klontz KC. The epidemiology of raw milk-associated foodborne disease outbreaks reported in the United States 1973 through 1992. Am J Public Health, 1998; 88: 1219-1221.
  • Hidchins AD. Listeria monocytogenes. Chapter 10. In: FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 7th ed. AOAC Int. Arlington VA, 2002; pp:148-149.
  • Hoffman PS, Blankenship LC. Significance of Campylobacter in foods. In “Developments in Food Microbiology-2”: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers.1986.
  • Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Williams ST. Berger’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, nineth ed. Williams & Wilkins,Baltimore, 1994; pp. 787-787.
  • ISO 16649-2 Horizontal Method for the detection of Escherichia coli.
  • Jayarao BM, Henning DR. Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk. J. Dairy Sci. 2001; 84:2157–2162.
  • Kalkan A. Et Satıs Yerlerinin ve Personelinin Hijyenik Kontrolü Üzerine Araştırmalar, A.Ü. Sag. Bil. Enst., Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.1993.
  • Kalorey DR, Warke SR, Kurkure NV, Rawool DB, Barbuddhe SB. Listeria
  • Kılıç S. Süt Mikrobiyolojisi. Sidaş Yayınları, İzmir.2010.
  • Marriott NG. Principles of Food Sanitation, 2nd Ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.1995.
  • Martins IM, Kabuki DY, Kuaye AY. Determination and Characteriztion of pathogens found in dairy products. Rev.Inst. Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, 2009; 68(3):359-65.
  • Mc Lauchlin J. Listeria monocytogenes recent advances in the taxomy and epidemiogy of listeriosis in human. Journal of applied bacteriology, 1987; 63,1-11.
  • Medeiros D, Hofmann L. Isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter from food, MFLP-46. Laboratory procedure, health products and food branch, Ottawa, Canada.2002.
  • Montviller R, Chen Y, Scaffner W. Risk Assessment of Hand Washing Efficacy Using Literature and Experimental Data. Int J Food Microbiol, 2002; 73: 305-313.
  • Nachamkin I. Campylobacter jejuni. In “Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers”, ASM Press, Washington, D.C.2001.
  • Ravenhill G. Hygiene and health, the employers responsibility. Food, Flavouring, Ingredients, Packaging and Processing, 1980; 1, 38.
  • Richmond M. The Microbiological Safety of Foods, 2. Vol., HMSO, London.1991.
  • Scott E, Blomfıeld SF. The survival and transfer of microbial contamination cloths hands and utensils. J. Appl. Bact., 1990; 68: 271-278.
  • Sert ŞT. Edirne il merkezindeki hastanelerde mutfak personel hijyeninin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gıda Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı.2006.
  • Shojaei H, Shooshtaripoor J, Amiri M. Efficacy of simple hand-washing in reduction of microbial hand contamination of Iranian food handlers. Food Research International, 2006; 39 525–529.
  • Siqueira RS, Dodd CER, Rees CED. Phage amplification assay as rapid method for Salmonella detection. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2003;34, 118–120.
  • Solomon EB, Hoover DG. Campylobacter jejuni: a bacterial paradox. Journal of Food Safety, 1999;19, 121-136.
  • species in bovine raw milk: A large survey of Central India. Food Control,2008;19: 109-12.
  • Temelli S, Cem Şen MK, Anar Ş. Et Parçalama Ünitelerinde ve Beyaz Peynir Üretiminde Çalışan Personel Ellerinin Hijyenik Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi Uludag Univ. J. Fac. Vet. Med. 2006; 24, 1-2-3-4: 75-80.
  • Temiz A. Gıda sanayinde temizlik ve dezenfeksiyon. Gıda Sanayii, 1988; 10: 39-45.
  • Uğur M, Nazlı B, Bostan, K. Gıda Hijyeni. Teknik Yayınları, İstanbul.1999.
  • Ünlütürk A, Turantaş F. Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi. 4. baskı. Mengi Tan Basımevi, İzmir.2014.
  • Van Kessel JA, JS Karns L, Gorski BJ, Mc.Cluskey BJ, Perdue ML. Prevalence of Salmonellae, Listeria monocytogenes and fecal coliforms in bulk tank milk on U.S. dairies. J. Dairy Sci.,2004; 87:2822–2830.
  • Villar RG, Macek MD, Simons S, Hayes PS, Goldoft MJ, Lewis JH, Rowan LL, Hursh D, Patnode M, Mcad PS. Investigation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype typhimurium DT104 infections linked to raw-milk cheese in Washington state. JAMA,1999; 281(19): 1811-1816.
  • Walker E, Pritchard C, Forsythe S. Food handlers’ Hygiene Knowledge in Small Food Businesses. Food Control 2003; 14: 339-343.
  • Yılmaz E. Salmonella Enfeksiyonlarının Epidemiyolojisi. Türkiye Klinikleri J Inf Dis-Special Topics.,2013; 6(2):7-13 Zorba NN. Gıda Kaynaklı İnvazif Enfeksiyonlar, İn Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi (eds) Osman Erkmen. Elif Yayınevi Ankara.2012.

Investigation of Dairy Factories in the Province Of Afyonkarahisar, Hygiene and Sanitation Conditions Sufficiency

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 29 - 37, 01.12.2015

Gökhan Akarca , Oktay Tomar Abdullah Çağlar

Öz

The objectives of this study was investigate contamination of dairy workers with Listeria, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter and Escherichia coli. For this study, the swabs samples were taken from 30 employees hand, cloths, boots and gloves in five different dairy factories located in Afyonkarahisar province. It was determined of the samples taken from the hands of workers 2% Listeria spp., 3,33% Salmonella spp., 2,67% Campylobacter spp. and 0,67 % Escherichia coli. Likewise it was determined of the samples taken from the clothing of workers, 0,67% Listeria spp., 3,33% Salmonella spp. and 2% Escherichia coli. Campylobacter spp. wasn’t detected. The percentage of bacteria Employees of the dairies in samples taken from the boots and gloves detected respectively for boats; 9,33, 10, 4,67 ve 5,33and for gloves 0,67, 0,67, 1,33 ve 1,33.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afyonkarahisar Dairy Factories Hygiene and Sanitation

Kaynakça

  • Akkaya L, Alışarlı M. Afyonkarahisar’da Tüketime Sunulan Peynirlerde Listeria monocytogenes ve Salmonella spp. Varlığının Belirlenmesi, YYU Vet Fak Derg, 2006; 17 (1-2):87-91.
  • Akkaya l, Alişarlı M, Çetinkaya Z, Kara R, Telli R. Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7/O157, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. In beef slaughterhouse environments, equipment and workers. Journal of Muscle Foods, 2008; 19, 261–274.
  • Akkaya L, Atabey Hİ, Gok V, Kara R. Detection of Listeria species in fresh fish and fish market environment by IMS Technique in Turkey. Arch Lebensmittelhyg, 2011; 62, 16-19.
  • Aksakoğlu G, Ellidokuz H. Bulaşıcı Hastalıklarla Savaş İlkeleri. Açılım Yayıncılık. İzmir, 1996; pp:87–88.
  • Anonim. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp., International Standard, ISO (International Standardization Organization) 6579,Switzerland;2002.
  • Anonim. Herkese Sağlık, Türkiye’nin Hedef ve Stratejileri. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara. 2001.
  • Anonim. Horizontal Method for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes ISO 11290 - 1 / A1;2004.
  • Anonim. Manual of diagnostic test and vaccines for terestrial animals.
  • http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.09.03_CAMPYLO.pdf. Chapter.2.9.3,2008.
  • Anonim. Tekiner, İ.H. http://www.diyetonline.com/GIDA_GUVENLIGI_ve_SAGLIK2-makale-33.aspx. Erişim Tarihi : 15.04.2015
  • Atasever M. Besin is yerlerinde hijyen, besinlerin hazırlanması ve muhafazası. Y.Y.Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg., 2000; 11(2): 117-122
  • Aygun O, Pehlivanlar S. Listeria spp. in the raw milk and dairy products in Antakya, Turkey. Food Control, 2006;17: 676-9.
  • Azak GM, Kılıç H, Hızlısoy H, Abay S. Erzincan ili tulum peynirlerinden Listeria spp. izolasyonu ve identifikasyonu. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 2012; 9(3) 149-156.
  • Baird RM, Corry J, Curtis GDV, Mossel DAA, Skovgaard NP. Pharmoccopoeia of culture media for food microbiology-additional monographs media for Listeria spp. Int. J. Food Microbiol.,1989; 9: 89-127.
  • Banwart GJ. Basic Food Microbiology, Avi Publishing Comp, Westport, Connecticut, USA.1983.
  • Bean NH, Griffin PM.Foodborne disease outbrekas in the United States, 1973-1987: Pathogens, vehiclesand trends. J.food Prot.,1990; 53 (9) 804.
  • Brayn F. Risks of Practices, Procedures and Processes that Lead to Outbreaks of Foodborne Diseases. J Food Prot, 1998; 51: 663-673.
  • Clayton DA, Griffith CJ, Price P, Peters AC. Food handlers’ beliefs and self-reported practices, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2002; 12, 25–39.
  • Cody SH, Abbott SL, Marfin AA, Schulz B, Wagner P, Robbins K, Mohle-Boetani JC, Vugia DJ. Two outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT104 infections linked to raw-milk cheese in Northern California. JAMA, 1999; 281(19): 1805-1810.
  • Cogan TA, Slader J, Bloomfield SF, Humphery TJ. Achieving hygiene in the domestic kitchen: The effectiveness of commonly used cleaning procedures, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2002; 92, 885–892.
  • Colak H, Hampikyan H, Bingol EB, Ulusoy B. Prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in Tulum cheese. Food Control, 2007;18: 576-9.
  • Cruickshnk JG. Food handlers and food poisoing. Brit. Med. J., 1990;300: 207-208.
  • Curtis GDV, Mitchell RG, King AF, Griffin, EJ. (1989). A selective differential medium for the isolation of L. monocytogenes. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.1998; pp:95-98.
  • Davidson RJ, Sprung, CE, Rayman MK. Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica in Manitoba raw milk. Canadian Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J. 1989; 22:70–74.
  • De Buyser ML, Dufour B, Marie M, Lafarge V. Implication of milk and milk products in food-borne disease in France and different industrialized countries. Int J Food Microbiol, 2001; 67 (1-2): 1-17
  • Diker KS. Campylobacteriaceae familyası. In “Özel Mikrobiyoloji”, Medisan, Ankara.1997.
  • Diliellol L. Methods in Food and Dairy Microbiology. Av publishiny Company inc. Westport, Connecticut,1982; pp: 117-120.
  • Djuretic T, Wall PG, Nichols G. General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease associated with milk and dairy products in England and Wales: 1992 to 1996. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly, 1997;7: 41-5.
  • Domínguez C, Gómez I, Zumalacárregui J. Prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter in retail chicken meat in Spain, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2002; 72, 165–168.
  • Doyle MP, Roman DJ. Prevalence and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in unpasteurized milk. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 44:1154–1158
  • Eley AR. Microbiological Food Poisoning, Champmann & Hall, London.1992.
  • Erol İ. Salmonella Enfeksiyonlarının Zoonotik Önemi Türkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci. 2010; 1(2):105-113
  • Ewen C, Todd D. Economic loss from foodborne disease outbreaks associated with food servise establishments. J. Food Prot., 1985; 48(2): 169-180.
  • Farber JM, Daley E, Coates F. Feeding trials of Listeria monocytogenes with a nonhuman primate model. J Clin Microbiol,1991; 29: 2606 -8.
  • Flowers RS, D’aust JY, Andrews, WH, Bailey JS. Salmonella In: Compendium of the Methods for the Microbiological Examinations of Foods. Ed. C. Vanderzant, D.F. Spilttstoesser. American Public Health Assocition., 1992; 371-422.
  • Giray H, Sosyal A. Türkiye’de Gıda Güvenliği ve Mevzuatı. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni, 2007: 6(6).
  • Gray ML, Killinger AH. Listeria monocytogenes and listeric infections, Bacteriol Rev. 1966 Jun, 1967; 30(2): 309–382.
  • Greenwood MH, Coetzee EF, Ford BM, Gill P, Hooper WL, Matthews SCV, Patric S. The microiology of selected retail food products with an evolation of vialable counting methods. J. Hyg. Camb.,1984; 92, 67-77.
  • Hassan L, Mohammed HO, McDonough PL, Gonzalez RN. A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in New York dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci., 2000; 83:2441–2447.
  • Headrick ML, Korangy S, Bean NH, Angula FJ, Altekruse SF, Potter ME, Klontz KC. The epidemiology of raw milk-associated foodborne disease outbreaks reported in the United States 1973 through 1992. Am J Public Health, 1998; 88: 1219-1221.
  • Hidchins AD. Listeria monocytogenes. Chapter 10. In: FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 7th ed. AOAC Int. Arlington VA, 2002; pp:148-149.
  • Hoffman PS, Blankenship LC. Significance of Campylobacter in foods. In “Developments in Food Microbiology-2”: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers.1986.
  • Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Williams ST. Berger’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, nineth ed. Williams & Wilkins,Baltimore, 1994; pp. 787-787.
  • ISO 16649-2 Horizontal Method for the detection of Escherichia coli.
  • Jayarao BM, Henning DR. Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk. J. Dairy Sci. 2001; 84:2157–2162.
  • Kalkan A. Et Satıs Yerlerinin ve Personelinin Hijyenik Kontrolü Üzerine Araştırmalar, A.Ü. Sag. Bil. Enst., Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.1993.
  • Kalorey DR, Warke SR, Kurkure NV, Rawool DB, Barbuddhe SB. Listeria
  • Kılıç S. Süt Mikrobiyolojisi. Sidaş Yayınları, İzmir.2010.
  • Marriott NG. Principles of Food Sanitation, 2nd Ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.1995.
  • Martins IM, Kabuki DY, Kuaye AY. Determination and Characteriztion of pathogens found in dairy products. Rev.Inst. Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, 2009; 68(3):359-65.
  • Mc Lauchlin J. Listeria monocytogenes recent advances in the taxomy and epidemiogy of listeriosis in human. Journal of applied bacteriology, 1987; 63,1-11.
  • Medeiros D, Hofmann L. Isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter from food, MFLP-46. Laboratory procedure, health products and food branch, Ottawa, Canada.2002.
  • Montviller R, Chen Y, Scaffner W. Risk Assessment of Hand Washing Efficacy Using Literature and Experimental Data. Int J Food Microbiol, 2002; 73: 305-313.
  • Nachamkin I. Campylobacter jejuni. In “Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers”, ASM Press, Washington, D.C.2001.
  • Ravenhill G. Hygiene and health, the employers responsibility. Food, Flavouring, Ingredients, Packaging and Processing, 1980; 1, 38.
  • Richmond M. The Microbiological Safety of Foods, 2. Vol., HMSO, London.1991.
  • Scott E, Blomfıeld SF. The survival and transfer of microbial contamination cloths hands and utensils. J. Appl. Bact., 1990; 68: 271-278.
  • Sert ŞT. Edirne il merkezindeki hastanelerde mutfak personel hijyeninin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gıda Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı.2006.
  • Shojaei H, Shooshtaripoor J, Amiri M. Efficacy of simple hand-washing in reduction of microbial hand contamination of Iranian food handlers. Food Research International, 2006; 39 525–529.
  • Siqueira RS, Dodd CER, Rees CED. Phage amplification assay as rapid method for Salmonella detection. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2003;34, 118–120.
  • Solomon EB, Hoover DG. Campylobacter jejuni: a bacterial paradox. Journal of Food Safety, 1999;19, 121-136.
  • species in bovine raw milk: A large survey of Central India. Food Control,2008;19: 109-12.
  • Temelli S, Cem Şen MK, Anar Ş. Et Parçalama Ünitelerinde ve Beyaz Peynir Üretiminde Çalışan Personel Ellerinin Hijyenik Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi Uludag Univ. J. Fac. Vet. Med. 2006; 24, 1-2-3-4: 75-80.
  • Temiz A. Gıda sanayinde temizlik ve dezenfeksiyon. Gıda Sanayii, 1988; 10: 39-45.
  • Uğur M, Nazlı B, Bostan, K. Gıda Hijyeni. Teknik Yayınları, İstanbul.1999.
  • Ünlütürk A, Turantaş F. Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi. 4. baskı. Mengi Tan Basımevi, İzmir.2014.
  • Van Kessel JA, JS Karns L, Gorski BJ, Mc.Cluskey BJ, Perdue ML. Prevalence of Salmonellae, Listeria monocytogenes and fecal coliforms in bulk tank milk on U.S. dairies. J. Dairy Sci.,2004; 87:2822–2830.
  • Villar RG, Macek MD, Simons S, Hayes PS, Goldoft MJ, Lewis JH, Rowan LL, Hursh D, Patnode M, Mcad PS. Investigation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype typhimurium DT104 infections linked to raw-milk cheese in Washington state. JAMA,1999; 281(19): 1811-1816.
  • Walker E, Pritchard C, Forsythe S. Food handlers’ Hygiene Knowledge in Small Food Businesses. Food Control 2003; 14: 339-343.
  • Yılmaz E. Salmonella Enfeksiyonlarının Epidemiyolojisi. Türkiye Klinikleri J Inf Dis-Special Topics.,2013; 6(2):7-13 Zorba NN. Gıda Kaynaklı İnvazif Enfeksiyonlar, İn Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi (eds) Osman Erkmen. Elif Yayınevi Ankara.2012.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Gökhan Akarca

Oktay Tomar Bu kişi benim

Abdullah Çağlar Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2015
Kabul Tarihi 18 Ağustos 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Akarca, G., Tomar, O., & Çağlar, A. (2015). Investigation of Dairy Factories in the Province Of Afyonkarahisar, Hygiene and Sanitation Conditions Sufficiency. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 8(2), 29-37.
AMA Akarca G, Tomar O, Çağlar A. Investigation of Dairy Factories in the Province Of Afyonkarahisar, Hygiene and Sanitation Conditions Sufficiency. kvj. Haziran 2015;8(2):29-37.
Chicago Akarca, Gökhan, Oktay Tomar, ve Abdullah Çağlar. “Investigation of Dairy Factories in the Province Of Afyonkarahisar, Hygiene and Sanitation Conditions Sufficiency”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 8, sy. 2 (Haziran 2015): 29-37.
EndNote Akarca G, Tomar O, Çağlar A (01 Haziran 2015) Investigation of Dairy Factories in the Province Of Afyonkarahisar, Hygiene and Sanitation Conditions Sufficiency. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 8 2 29–37.
IEEE G. Akarca, O. Tomar, ve A. Çağlar, “Investigation of Dairy Factories in the Province Of Afyonkarahisar, Hygiene and Sanitation Conditions Sufficiency”, kvj, c. 8, sy. 2, ss. 29–37, 2015.
ISNAD Akarca, Gökhan vd. “Investigation of Dairy Factories in the Province Of Afyonkarahisar, Hygiene and Sanitation Conditions Sufficiency”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 8/2 (Haziran 2015), 29-37.
JAMA Akarca G, Tomar O, Çağlar A. Investigation of Dairy Factories in the Province Of Afyonkarahisar, Hygiene and Sanitation Conditions Sufficiency. kvj. 2015;8:29–37.
MLA Akarca, Gökhan vd. “Investigation of Dairy Factories in the Province Of Afyonkarahisar, Hygiene and Sanitation Conditions Sufficiency”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 8, sy. 2, 2015, ss. 29-37.
Vancouver Akarca G, Tomar O, Çağlar A. Investigation of Dairy Factories in the Province Of Afyonkarahisar, Hygiene and Sanitation Conditions Sufficiency. kvj. 2015;8(2):29-37.
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