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The Incidence, Clinical, Haematological and Biochemical Measurement of Blood Parameters of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Cattle Bredding by the Public in Uşak Region

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 30 - 38, 01.03.2016

Öz

The aim of this study was to determinate incidence along with possible changes in clinical, heamtological and blood biochemical parameters in cattle naturally infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). A total of 296 cattle obtained from 21 different farms, vaccinated and unvaccinated against BVDV, aged from 1 months to 8 age, were evaluated. After virological determinations, animals divided into three groups created as: while 38 animals of 296 vaccinated against IBR was composed to the first group and named Vaccinated and shown antibody (+), the second group was included 25 animals which no vaccinated against IBR, but shown antibody (+) and remaining 232 animals appointed as unvaccinated and shown no-antibody (-) against IBR. Hematological findings included neutrophil and monocyte percentage were the highest (P<.05) along with lymphopenia in non vaccinated and antibody (+) group cattle. Blood AST, GGT enzyme activities and TP, CREA concentrations of the same group were determined higher (P<0.05) in non vaccinated and antibody (+) group cattle while mean ALB concentration was lower (P<0.05). In conclusion, evaluation of IBR infection along with heamtological and biochemical measurements would be more useful for veterinarians with regard to animal health in practice in cattle.

Kaynakça

  • Ackermann M, Belak S, Bitsch V, Edwards S, Moussa A, Rockborn G, Thiry E. Round table on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis / infectious pustular vulvovaginitis virus infection diagnosis and control. Vet. Microbiol. 1990; 23: 361-363.
  • Alkan F, Özkul A, Karaoğlu MT, Bilge S, Akça Y, Burgu İ, Yeşilbağ K, Oğuzoğlu TC. Sığırlarda viral nedenli solunum sistemi enfeksiyonlarının seroepidemiyolojisi. A. Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg. 1997; 44(1): 73–80
  • Ampe B, Duchateau L, Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, Dupont A, Kerkhofs P, Thiry E, Dispas M. Assessment of the long-term effect of vaccination on transmission of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in cattle herds hyperimmunized with glycoprotein E–deleted marker vaccine. Am J Vet Res. 2012; 73(11):1787-1793.
  • Baker JA, Mcentee K, Gillespie JH. Effects of infectious infectious bovine rhinotracteitis /infectious pustuler vuvovaginitis virus in newborn calves. Cornell Vet. 1960; 50: 156– 170
  • Bartha A, Hadju G, Aldasy P, Paczolay G. Occurence of encephalitis caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in calves in hungary. Acta Vet. Acad. Sci. Hung. 1969; 19: 145–151.
  • Beck BE. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis encephelomyelitis in cattle and its differential diagnosis. Can. Vet..J. 1975; 16: 269-271.
  • Bilge S. Kan ve süt serumlarında IBR/IPV antikorlarının nötralizasyon testi ile saptanması ve süt örneklerinden virüs izolasyonu. A. Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg. 1998; 45: 313–321
  • Blood DCH, Henderson JA, Radostits OM. Veterinary medicine. Eight Edition. Bailiere Tindall, London, 1991. Brujeni GN, Poorbazargani TT, Nadin-Davıs S, Tolooie M, Barjesteh N. Bovine immunodeficiency virus and bovine leukomia virus and their mixed infection in IranianHolstein cattle. J. Infect Dev. Ctries. 2010; 4(9):576-579.
  • Burgu I, Akca Y. First isolation of IBR virus in Turkey. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 1987; 19: 56.
  • Bwangamoi O, Kaminjolo IS. Isolation of IBR/IPV virus from the semen and skin lesions of bulls at Kabete Kenya, Zenbtl.Vet.Med. 1971; 188: 262-269.
  • Chirase NK, Hutcheson DP, Thompson GB, Spears JW. Recovery rate and plasma zinc and copper concentrations of steer calves fed organic and inorganic zinc and manganese sources with or without injectable copper and challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitisvirus. J. Anim. Sci. 1994; 72(1): 212-219.
  • Chow TL, Molello JA, Owen NV. Abortion experimentally induced in cattle by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 1964; 144: 1005–1007.
  • Çabalar M, Akça Y. Fertilite problemli ineklerde enfeksiyoz bovine rhinotracheitis/enfeksiyoz pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) virus izolasyonu ve seroepidemiyolojisi. A. Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg. 1994; 41(3–4), 337–349
  • Çoban S, Idilman R, Erden E, Tüzün A. Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in predicting sustained virological response in individuals with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatogastroenterology. 2011; 58(109):1301-1306.
  • Durham PJ. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and its role in bovine abortion. N. Z. Vet. J. 1974; 22(10):175-80.
  • Durham PJ, Forbes-Faulkner JC, Poole WS. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus: experimental attempts at inducing bovine abortion with a New Zealand isolate. N. Z. Vet. J.1975; 23(5): 93-94.
  • Düzgüneş O, Kesici T, Kavuncu O, Gürbüz F. Araştırma ve deneme metotları (Ġstatistik Metotlar II). Ankara Üniv. Zir. Fak., Ankara. 1987; No: 1021.
  • Elitok B. Sığırların bazı ön mide hastalıkları ve primer ketozisin karaciğer işlevleri üzerine etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Elazığ, 1999.
  • Fenner F. Herpesviruses: Veterinary Virology, Academic Press, London, 1987; pp. 339–373
  • Galan RJ, Cidoncha EC, Martin MF, Rodriguez CC, Almeida CV, Verdugo RM. Antiviral regimen complexity index as an independent predictor of sustained virologic response in patient with chronic hepatitis C. J. Manag. Care Pharm. 2013; 19(6):448-453.
  • Ghirotti G, Semproni G, Meneghi DE, Mungaba FN, Nannini D, Calzetta G, Paganico G. Seroprevalances of selected cattle disease in the kafue flats of Zambia. Vet Res Commun. 1991; 15: 25-36.
  • Gillepsie JH, Mcentee K, Kendrick TW, Wagner WC. Comparison of infectious puslular vulvo- vaginitis virus with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, Cornell Vet. 1959; 49: 288-297.
  • Grissett GP, White BJ, Anderson DE, Larson RE, Miesner MD. Effect of ambient temperature on viral replication and serum antibody titers following administration of a commercial intranasal modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-parainfluenza-3 virus vaccine to beef cattle housed in high– and moderate–ambient temperature environments. Am J. Vet. Res. 2014; 75(12):1076- 1082.
  • Gürtürk S, Finci E, Burgu İ. Yurdumuz sığırlarında Enfeksiyöz Rhinotracheitis (IBR) üzerinde araştırmalar. ITürkiye’de sığırlarda IBR virusuna karşı antikor dağılımı üzerinde serolojik çalışmalar. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 1974; 21: 34-46.
  • Hunhes JP, Olander HJ, Wada M. Keratoconjunctivitis associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. J.Am.Vet.Med.Ass. 1964; 145: 32-39.
  • Kaerber G. In diagnostic procedures for viral and rickettsial Disease. Public Health. Ass. 1964; 3,48–50
  • Kahrs RF. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis: a review and update. J.A.V.M.A. 1977; 171(10):1055-1064.
  • Kamaraj G, Rana SK, Srinivasan VA. Serological response in cattle immunized with inactivated oil and Algel adjuvant vaccines against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. New Microbiol. 2009; 32(2): 135-141.
  • Kendrick JW. Effects of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis on the fetus.J. A. V. M. A. 1973; 163(7): 852–854
  • Kim MH, Yun CH, Ko JY, Kang JS, Kim HS, Kang SJ, Lee WS, Kim JH. Changes of immuno- physiological characteristics in neonatal calves experimentally challenged with mixture of live bacteria and virus. J. Dairy Sci. 2009; 92(11):5534-5543.
  • Mahajan V, Banga HS, Deka D, Filia G, Gupta A. Comparison of diagnostic tests for diagnosis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in natural cases of bovineabortion. J. Comp. Pathol. 2013; 149(4):391-401.
  • Mc Dermott JJ, Kadohira M, O'Callaghan CJ,Shoukri MM. A comparison of different models for assessing variations in the sero-prevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis by farm, area and district in Kenya. Prev. Vet. Med. 1997; 32(3-4):219-234
  • Mc Kercher DG. Bovine Herpesvirus–1 Infections: Infectious Bovine rhinotracheitis, Infectious pustular Vulvovaginitis. In: Kaplan, A. S. (Editor): The Herpesviruses. Academic Press, New York, 1973; pp.428–442
  • Miller JM, Van Der Maaten MJ. Experimentally induced infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection during early pregnancy: effection the bovine corpus luteum and conceptus. Am. J of Vet. Res. 1986; 47 (2): 223–228.
  • Murphy FA, Gibbs EPJ, Horzinek MG, Studdert MJ. Herpesviridae. In:Veterinary Virology Chapter 18, Academic Press. 1999; pp.411-418.
  • Nandi S, Kumar M, Manohar M, Chauhan RS. Bovine herpes virus infections in cattle. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2009; 10(1):85-98.
  • Newman LE. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine virus diarrhea J. Dairy Sci. 1976; 59(6):1179- 83.
  • Penny CD. Investigation of respiratory disease in IBR vaccinated dairy herds. Vet. Rec. 2013; 172(4): 109- 110.
  • Richeson JT, Beck PA, Gadberry MS, Gunter SA, Hess TW, Hubbell DS, Jones C. Effects of on- arrival versus delaved modified live virus vaccination on health, performance, and serum infectious bovine rhinotracheitis titers of newly received beef calves. J. Anim. Sci. 2008;86(4):999- 1005.
  • Rouse BT, Babiuk LA. Defense mechanisms against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus: inhibition of virus infection by murine macrophages. Infect Immun. 1975; 11(3):505-511.
  • Rosner SF. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis: clinical review, immunity and control. J.A.V.M.A. 1968; 153(12):1631-8.
  • Rypula K. The effects of experimental infection with bovine diarrhoea virus (BVD-V) on lymphocyte subpopulation in the peripheral blood of pigs.Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 2003; 6(3):189-193.
  • Schutz JS, Carroll JA, Gasbarre LC, Shelton TA, Nordstrom ST, Hutcheson JP, Van Campen H, Engle TE. Effects of gastrointestinal parasites on parasite burden, rectal temperature, and antibody titer responses to vaccination and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus challenge. J. Anim. Sci. 2011; 90(6):1948-1954.
  • Sholliei M, Falkenberg A, Jeffery A, Elsasser T, Best T, Buntyn JO, Schmidt B. Evaluation of endocrine and immune responses of steers challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. A.J.W.R. 2013; 74 (12): 1522-1529.
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Uşak Bölgesinde Halk Elinde Bulunan Sığırlarda Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Hastalığının Görülme Sıklığı, Klinik, Hematolojik ve Biyokimyasal Kan Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 30 - 38, 01.03.2016

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) ile doğal enfekte sığırlarda insidensle birlikte klinik, hematolojik ve serum biyokimyasal parametrelerinin birlikte değerlendirilmesiydi. Çalışma 21 adet çiftlikte, yaşları 1 ay ile 8 yaş arasında değişen aşılı veya aşısız toplam 296 sığırda değerlendirildi. Virolojik tetkiklerden sonra hayvanlar 3 gruba ayrıldı: Ġlk grup IBR aşılı ve IBR Antikor (+) (n=38), 2. grup; aşısız ve IBR Antikor (+) (n=25), 3. grup IBR aşısız ve IBR antikor (-) ve (n=232) olarak belirlendi. Jinekolojik muayene ile solunum ve gastrointestinal sistemin muayeneleri yapıldı. Serum biyokimyal ve hematolojik bulgular belirlendi. Grup 2’de lenfopeni ile birlikte nötrofil ve monosit sayılarının diğer gruplara göre yüksek olduğu görüldü (P<0.05). Aynı grubun biyokimyasal analizlerinde; AST, GGT enzim aktiviteleri ile TP ve CREA konsantrasyonlarının da aşısısz ve antikor (+) grupta yüksek, ALB konsantrasyonunun ise düşük olduğu saptandı (P<0.05).Sonuç olarak, IBR enfeksiyonunun hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametrelerle birlikte değerlendirilmesinin hayvan sağlığı ile pratikte ilgilenen veterinerler için oldukça faydalı olacağı görüldü.

Kaynakça

  • Ackermann M, Belak S, Bitsch V, Edwards S, Moussa A, Rockborn G, Thiry E. Round table on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis / infectious pustular vulvovaginitis virus infection diagnosis and control. Vet. Microbiol. 1990; 23: 361-363.
  • Alkan F, Özkul A, Karaoğlu MT, Bilge S, Akça Y, Burgu İ, Yeşilbağ K, Oğuzoğlu TC. Sığırlarda viral nedenli solunum sistemi enfeksiyonlarının seroepidemiyolojisi. A. Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg. 1997; 44(1): 73–80
  • Ampe B, Duchateau L, Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, Dupont A, Kerkhofs P, Thiry E, Dispas M. Assessment of the long-term effect of vaccination on transmission of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in cattle herds hyperimmunized with glycoprotein E–deleted marker vaccine. Am J Vet Res. 2012; 73(11):1787-1793.
  • Baker JA, Mcentee K, Gillespie JH. Effects of infectious infectious bovine rhinotracteitis /infectious pustuler vuvovaginitis virus in newborn calves. Cornell Vet. 1960; 50: 156– 170
  • Bartha A, Hadju G, Aldasy P, Paczolay G. Occurence of encephalitis caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in calves in hungary. Acta Vet. Acad. Sci. Hung. 1969; 19: 145–151.
  • Beck BE. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis encephelomyelitis in cattle and its differential diagnosis. Can. Vet..J. 1975; 16: 269-271.
  • Bilge S. Kan ve süt serumlarında IBR/IPV antikorlarının nötralizasyon testi ile saptanması ve süt örneklerinden virüs izolasyonu. A. Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg. 1998; 45: 313–321
  • Blood DCH, Henderson JA, Radostits OM. Veterinary medicine. Eight Edition. Bailiere Tindall, London, 1991. Brujeni GN, Poorbazargani TT, Nadin-Davıs S, Tolooie M, Barjesteh N. Bovine immunodeficiency virus and bovine leukomia virus and their mixed infection in IranianHolstein cattle. J. Infect Dev. Ctries. 2010; 4(9):576-579.
  • Burgu I, Akca Y. First isolation of IBR virus in Turkey. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 1987; 19: 56.
  • Bwangamoi O, Kaminjolo IS. Isolation of IBR/IPV virus from the semen and skin lesions of bulls at Kabete Kenya, Zenbtl.Vet.Med. 1971; 188: 262-269.
  • Chirase NK, Hutcheson DP, Thompson GB, Spears JW. Recovery rate and plasma zinc and copper concentrations of steer calves fed organic and inorganic zinc and manganese sources with or without injectable copper and challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitisvirus. J. Anim. Sci. 1994; 72(1): 212-219.
  • Chow TL, Molello JA, Owen NV. Abortion experimentally induced in cattle by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 1964; 144: 1005–1007.
  • Çabalar M, Akça Y. Fertilite problemli ineklerde enfeksiyoz bovine rhinotracheitis/enfeksiyoz pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) virus izolasyonu ve seroepidemiyolojisi. A. Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg. 1994; 41(3–4), 337–349
  • Çoban S, Idilman R, Erden E, Tüzün A. Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in predicting sustained virological response in individuals with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatogastroenterology. 2011; 58(109):1301-1306.
  • Durham PJ. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and its role in bovine abortion. N. Z. Vet. J. 1974; 22(10):175-80.
  • Durham PJ, Forbes-Faulkner JC, Poole WS. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus: experimental attempts at inducing bovine abortion with a New Zealand isolate. N. Z. Vet. J.1975; 23(5): 93-94.
  • Düzgüneş O, Kesici T, Kavuncu O, Gürbüz F. Araştırma ve deneme metotları (Ġstatistik Metotlar II). Ankara Üniv. Zir. Fak., Ankara. 1987; No: 1021.
  • Elitok B. Sığırların bazı ön mide hastalıkları ve primer ketozisin karaciğer işlevleri üzerine etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Elazığ, 1999.
  • Fenner F. Herpesviruses: Veterinary Virology, Academic Press, London, 1987; pp. 339–373
  • Galan RJ, Cidoncha EC, Martin MF, Rodriguez CC, Almeida CV, Verdugo RM. Antiviral regimen complexity index as an independent predictor of sustained virologic response in patient with chronic hepatitis C. J. Manag. Care Pharm. 2013; 19(6):448-453.
  • Ghirotti G, Semproni G, Meneghi DE, Mungaba FN, Nannini D, Calzetta G, Paganico G. Seroprevalances of selected cattle disease in the kafue flats of Zambia. Vet Res Commun. 1991; 15: 25-36.
  • Gillepsie JH, Mcentee K, Kendrick TW, Wagner WC. Comparison of infectious puslular vulvo- vaginitis virus with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, Cornell Vet. 1959; 49: 288-297.
  • Grissett GP, White BJ, Anderson DE, Larson RE, Miesner MD. Effect of ambient temperature on viral replication and serum antibody titers following administration of a commercial intranasal modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-parainfluenza-3 virus vaccine to beef cattle housed in high– and moderate–ambient temperature environments. Am J. Vet. Res. 2014; 75(12):1076- 1082.
  • Gürtürk S, Finci E, Burgu İ. Yurdumuz sığırlarında Enfeksiyöz Rhinotracheitis (IBR) üzerinde araştırmalar. ITürkiye’de sığırlarda IBR virusuna karşı antikor dağılımı üzerinde serolojik çalışmalar. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 1974; 21: 34-46.
  • Hunhes JP, Olander HJ, Wada M. Keratoconjunctivitis associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. J.Am.Vet.Med.Ass. 1964; 145: 32-39.
  • Kaerber G. In diagnostic procedures for viral and rickettsial Disease. Public Health. Ass. 1964; 3,48–50
  • Kahrs RF. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis: a review and update. J.A.V.M.A. 1977; 171(10):1055-1064.
  • Kamaraj G, Rana SK, Srinivasan VA. Serological response in cattle immunized with inactivated oil and Algel adjuvant vaccines against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. New Microbiol. 2009; 32(2): 135-141.
  • Kendrick JW. Effects of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis on the fetus.J. A. V. M. A. 1973; 163(7): 852–854
  • Kim MH, Yun CH, Ko JY, Kang JS, Kim HS, Kang SJ, Lee WS, Kim JH. Changes of immuno- physiological characteristics in neonatal calves experimentally challenged with mixture of live bacteria and virus. J. Dairy Sci. 2009; 92(11):5534-5543.
  • Mahajan V, Banga HS, Deka D, Filia G, Gupta A. Comparison of diagnostic tests for diagnosis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in natural cases of bovineabortion. J. Comp. Pathol. 2013; 149(4):391-401.
  • Mc Dermott JJ, Kadohira M, O'Callaghan CJ,Shoukri MM. A comparison of different models for assessing variations in the sero-prevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis by farm, area and district in Kenya. Prev. Vet. Med. 1997; 32(3-4):219-234
  • Mc Kercher DG. Bovine Herpesvirus–1 Infections: Infectious Bovine rhinotracheitis, Infectious pustular Vulvovaginitis. In: Kaplan, A. S. (Editor): The Herpesviruses. Academic Press, New York, 1973; pp.428–442
  • Miller JM, Van Der Maaten MJ. Experimentally induced infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection during early pregnancy: effection the bovine corpus luteum and conceptus. Am. J of Vet. Res. 1986; 47 (2): 223–228.
  • Murphy FA, Gibbs EPJ, Horzinek MG, Studdert MJ. Herpesviridae. In:Veterinary Virology Chapter 18, Academic Press. 1999; pp.411-418.
  • Nandi S, Kumar M, Manohar M, Chauhan RS. Bovine herpes virus infections in cattle. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2009; 10(1):85-98.
  • Newman LE. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine virus diarrhea J. Dairy Sci. 1976; 59(6):1179- 83.
  • Penny CD. Investigation of respiratory disease in IBR vaccinated dairy herds. Vet. Rec. 2013; 172(4): 109- 110.
  • Richeson JT, Beck PA, Gadberry MS, Gunter SA, Hess TW, Hubbell DS, Jones C. Effects of on- arrival versus delaved modified live virus vaccination on health, performance, and serum infectious bovine rhinotracheitis titers of newly received beef calves. J. Anim. Sci. 2008;86(4):999- 1005.
  • Rouse BT, Babiuk LA. Defense mechanisms against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus: inhibition of virus infection by murine macrophages. Infect Immun. 1975; 11(3):505-511.
  • Rosner SF. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis: clinical review, immunity and control. J.A.V.M.A. 1968; 153(12):1631-8.
  • Rypula K. The effects of experimental infection with bovine diarrhoea virus (BVD-V) on lymphocyte subpopulation in the peripheral blood of pigs.Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 2003; 6(3):189-193.
  • Schutz JS, Carroll JA, Gasbarre LC, Shelton TA, Nordstrom ST, Hutcheson JP, Van Campen H, Engle TE. Effects of gastrointestinal parasites on parasite burden, rectal temperature, and antibody titer responses to vaccination and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus challenge. J. Anim. Sci. 2011; 90(6):1948-1954.
  • Sholliei M, Falkenberg A, Jeffery A, Elsasser T, Best T, Buntyn JO, Schmidt B. Evaluation of endocrine and immune responses of steers challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. A.J.W.R. 2013; 74 (12): 1522-1529.
  • Stabel JR, Spears JW, Brown TT. Effect of copper deficiency on tissue, blood characteristics, and immune function of calves challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and Pasteurella hemolytica. J. Anim. Sci. 1993; 71:1247-1255.
  • Steves FE, Heuschele WP. IBR abortion and its control. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 1973; 68(2):164- 166.
  • Straub OC, Bengeldorff HJ, Wizigmann G. Untersuchung zum Nachweis des bovinen Herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV1) mittels Intrakutanest. II. Mitteilung: Experimentelle Untersuchungen. J. Vet. Med. B. 1990; 37, 35–46.
  • Stubbings DP, Cameron IR. Bovine abortion associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection. Vet Rec. 1981; 108(5):101-102.
  • Studdert MJ. A brief review of studies of bovine and equine herpesviruses. Aust. Vet. J. 1989; 66(12): 401–402.
  • Suresh KB, Sudharshana KL, Rajasekhar M. Seroprevalance of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in India. Indian Vet. J. 1999; 76: 5–9.
  • Susan VM, Onuina M, Aguilar RE, Murakaini Y. Prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-I, Parainifluenza- 3, bovine rotavirus, bovine viral diarrhea, bovine adenovirus-7 bovine leukemia virus and bluetongue virus antibodies in cattle in Mexico. Jpn. J Vet. Res. 1983; 31: 125-132.
  • Swenson CL, Erskine RJ, Bartlett PC. Impact of bovine leukemia virus infection on neutrophil and lymphocyte concentrations in dairy cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2013; 243(1):131-135.
  • Tan MT, Yıldırım Y, Erol N, Güngör AB. The seroprevalance of Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) and Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) in Selected Dairy Herds in Aydın Province, Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2006; 30: 323-357.
  • Thorsen J, Henderson JP. Survey for antibody to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) and parainfluenza 3 (PI3) in moose sera. J. Wildl. Dis. 1971; 7(2): 93-95.
  • Tunca R, Sozmen M, Erdogan H, Citil M, Uzlu E, Ozen H, Gokce E. Determination of cardiac troponin I in the blood and heart of calves with foot and mouth disease. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2008; 20(5):598-605.
  • Uren MF, Murphy GM. Studies on the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever in sentinel cattle. II. Haematological and biochemical data. Vet. Microbiol. 1985; 10(6):505-515.
  • Van Donkersgoed J, Babiuk LA. Diagnosis and managing the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Vet. Med. 1991; 1: 86–94.
  • Van Malderen G, Van Opdenbosch E, Wellemans G. Bovien herpes virus 1 en 4: een sero- epidemiologisch onderzoek van de Belgische rundveestapel. Vl. Diergeneesk. Tijdschr. 1987; 56 (4): 364–371.
  • Van Wuijckhuise L, Frankena K, Van Oijen MA, Meijer L. Analysis of symptoms associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccination. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 2001; 12(6):173-180.
  • Waldner CL. Serological status for N. caninum, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus at pregnancy testing and reproductive performance in beef herds. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2005; 90(3-4):219-242.
  • Weich V, Herrmann E, Chung TL, Sarrazin C, Hinrichsen H, Buggisch P, Gerlach T, Klinker H, Spengler U, Bergk A, Zeuzem S, Berg T. The determination of GGT is the most reliable predictor of nonresponsiveness to interferon-alpha based therapy in HCV type-1 infection. J Gastroenterol. 2011; 46(12):1427-1436.
  • Woelffer EA. Diagnosis of bovine abortion. J. A. V. M. A. 1972; 16(11): 1284–1287.
  • Yates WD. A review of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever pneumonia and viral-bacterial synergism in respiratory disease of cattle. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1982; 46(3):225-263.
  • Yavru S, Şimsek A, Öztürk F. The serological and virological investigation for the infection of bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1) of bulls.Vet Bil Derg. 1998; 14:101-110.
  • Yıldırım Y, Yılmaz V, Majarashin FRA. Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi sınır illerinde bulunan sığırlarda viral solunum sistemi enfeksiyonlarının Seroprevalansı. Kafkas Uni Vet Fak Derg. 2009;15(4):601-606.
  • Zuffa A, Salaj J, Dusek I, Cernik K. Incidence of antiboides against viruses of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), parainfluenza (PI-3) and mucosal disease (VDV) in young cattle herds in the region of south western Slovakia. Vet Med (Praha). 1972; 17(6): 309-320.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Armağan Çam Bu kişi benim

Bülent Elitok

Sibel Gür Bu kişi benim

Özgül Mukaddes Elitok Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2016
Kabul Tarihi 19 Ocak 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çam, A., Elitok, B., Gür, S., Elitok, Ö. M. (2016). Uşak Bölgesinde Halk Elinde Bulunan Sığırlarda Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Hastalığının Görülme Sıklığı, Klinik, Hematolojik ve Biyokimyasal Kan Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 9(1), 30-38.
AMA Çam A, Elitok B, Gür S, Elitok ÖM. Uşak Bölgesinde Halk Elinde Bulunan Sığırlarda Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Hastalığının Görülme Sıklığı, Klinik, Hematolojik ve Biyokimyasal Kan Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi. kvj. Mart 2016;9(1):30-38.
Chicago Çam, Armağan, Bülent Elitok, Sibel Gür, ve Özgül Mukaddes Elitok. “Uşak Bölgesinde Halk Elinde Bulunan Sığırlarda Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Hastalığının Görülme Sıklığı, Klinik, Hematolojik Ve Biyokimyasal Kan Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 9, sy. 1 (Mart 2016): 30-38.
EndNote Çam A, Elitok B, Gür S, Elitok ÖM (01 Mart 2016) Uşak Bölgesinde Halk Elinde Bulunan Sığırlarda Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Hastalığının Görülme Sıklığı, Klinik, Hematolojik ve Biyokimyasal Kan Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 9 1 30–38.
IEEE A. Çam, B. Elitok, S. Gür, ve Ö. M. Elitok, “Uşak Bölgesinde Halk Elinde Bulunan Sığırlarda Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Hastalığının Görülme Sıklığı, Klinik, Hematolojik ve Biyokimyasal Kan Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi”, kvj, c. 9, sy. 1, ss. 30–38, 2016.
ISNAD Çam, Armağan vd. “Uşak Bölgesinde Halk Elinde Bulunan Sığırlarda Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Hastalığının Görülme Sıklığı, Klinik, Hematolojik Ve Biyokimyasal Kan Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 9/1 (Mart 2016), 30-38.
JAMA Çam A, Elitok B, Gür S, Elitok ÖM. Uşak Bölgesinde Halk Elinde Bulunan Sığırlarda Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Hastalığının Görülme Sıklığı, Klinik, Hematolojik ve Biyokimyasal Kan Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi. kvj. 2016;9:30–38.
MLA Çam, Armağan vd. “Uşak Bölgesinde Halk Elinde Bulunan Sığırlarda Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Hastalığının Görülme Sıklığı, Klinik, Hematolojik Ve Biyokimyasal Kan Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 9, sy. 1, 2016, ss. 30-38.
Vancouver Çam A, Elitok B, Gür S, Elitok ÖM. Uşak Bölgesinde Halk Elinde Bulunan Sığırlarda Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Hastalığının Görülme Sıklığı, Klinik, Hematolojik ve Biyokimyasal Kan Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi. kvj. 2016;9(1):30-8.

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