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Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Kriptosporidiozis İshalleri

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 91 - 98, 01.03.2017

Öz

Neonatal buzağı ishalleri dünyada önemli buzağı kayıpları nedenlerindendir. Neonatal ishallerde Rotavirus en sık karşılaşılan etkenler arasında yer almasına karşın bazı sürülerde neonatal ishal vakalarında Cryptosporidium parvum en yoğun görülen etken olarak bildirilmektedir. Neonatal ishallerde C.parvum, Giardia intestinalis, Rotavirus, Coronavirus ve E. coli K99+ yaygınlıkları ve birbiriyle ilişkileri hakkındaki araştırmalar yetersizdir. Cryptosporidium spp. eradikasyonu zordur, kimyasallara dirençlidir. Çeşitli yönetim uygulamaları; yemlerin kontaminasyondan korunması, çiftlik ortamında parazit yükünün azaltılması, yüksek kaliteli kolostrum dahil olmak üzere, iyi beslenme, profilaktik/terapötik antimikrobiyal tedavi hastalık riskini azaltabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Anusz KZ, Mason PH, Riggs MW, Perryman LE. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in bovine faeces by monoclonal antibody caputre enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1990; 28:2770–2774.
  • Balatbat AB, Jordan GW, Tang YJ, Silva J. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum DNA in Human Feces by Nested PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1996; 34:1769–1772.
  • Björkman C, Svensson C, Christensson B, Verdier K. Cryptosporidium parvum and giardia intestinalis in calf diarrhoea in Sweden.Acta Vet. Scand. 2003; 44:145-152.
  • Blewett DA, Wright SE, Casemore DP, Booth NE, Jones CE. Infective dose size studies on Cryptosporidium parvum using gnotobiotic lambs. Water Science & Technology. 1993; 27:61–64.
  • Butler DG, Clarke RC. Diarrhoea and dysentery in calves. In: Gyles CL (ed), Escherichia coli in domestic animals and humans. CAB International, Oxon, 1994; 91-116.
  • Caccio SM, Thompson RC, McLauchlin J, Smith HV.Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol. 2005; 21:430-437.
  • Castro–Hermida JA, Quílez–Cinca J, López–Bernad, F, Sánchez–Acedo, C, Freire–Santos F, Ares–Mazás E. Treatment with b–cyclodextrin of natural Cryptosporidium parvum infections in lambs under field conditions. Int J Parasitol. 2001; 31:1134–1137.
  • Chartier C, Mallereau MP, Naciri M. Prophylaxis using paromomycin of natural cryptosporidial infection in neonatal kids. Prev Vet Med. 1996; 25: 357–361.
  • Current WL, Reese NC, Ernst JV, Bailey WS, Heyman MB, Weinstein WM. Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons: Studies on outbreak and experimental transmission. New Engl J Med. 1983; 308:1252–1258.
  • de Graaf DC, Vanopdenbosch E, Ortega-Mora LM, Abbassi H, Peeters JE. A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals. Int. J. Parasitol. 1999; 29:1269-1287.
  • de Verdier Klingenberg K, Svensson L.Group A rotavirus as a cause of neonatal enteritis in Sweden. Acta Vet. Scand. 1998; 39:195-199.
  • Delafosse A, Chartier C, Dupuy MC, Dumoulin M, Pors I, Paraud C. Cryptosporidium parvum infection and associated risk factors in dairy calves in western France. Prev Vet Med. 2015; 118:6-12.
  • Diaz P, Quílez J, Robinson G, Chalmers RM, Díez–Banos P, Morrondo P. Identification of Cryptosporidium xiaoi in diarrhoeic goat kids (Capra hircus) in Spain. Vet Parasitol. 2010; 172:132–134.
  • Enemark HL. Cryptosporidium. Studies of molecular characteristics and pathogenicity. PhD thesis, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University. Copenhagen. 2002.
  • Erman N. Beyazıt A, Oz I. Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in lambs and goat kids in Izmir province. Bornova Vet Kont Araşt Enst Derg. 2000; 25:33-38.
  • Fayer R, Speer CA, Dubey JP. The general biology of Cryptosporidium; In: Fayer, R., Ed Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 1–42. 1992.
  • Fayer R, Gasbarre L, Pasquali P, Canals A, Almeria S, Zarlenga D. Cryptosporidium parvum infection in bovine neonates: dynamic clinical, parasitic and immunologic patterns. Int. J. Parasitol. 1998; 28:49-56.
  • Fayer R, Trout JM, Graczyk TD, Lewis EJ. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Giardia and Eimeria infections in post–weaned and adult cattle on three Maryland farms. Vet Parasitol. 2000; 93:103–112.
  • Fayer R.Cryptosporidium: a water–borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol. 2004; 126:37–56. Fayer R, Santin M, Xiao L.Cryptosporidium bovis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus). J Parasitol. 2005; 91:624-629.
  • Fayer R, Santín M, Macarisin D.Cryptosporidium ubiquitum n. sp. in animals and humans. Vet Parasitol. 2010; 172:23–32.
  • Ferre I, Benito–Pena A, García U, Osoro K, Ortega–Mora LM. Effect of different decoquinate treatments on cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected Cashmere goat kids. Vet Rec. 2005; 157:261–262.
  • Foster DM, Smith GW. Pathophysiology of diarrhoea in calves. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2009; 25:13–36.
  • Garcia LS, Shimizu RY, Novak S, Carroll M, Chan F. Commercial assay for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens by rapid solid–phase qualitative immunochromatography. J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41:209–212.
  • Giadinis ND, Papadopoulos E, Panousis N, Papazahariadou M, Lafi SQ, Karatzias H. Effect of halofuginone lactate on treatment and prevention of lamb cryptosporidiosis: an extensive field trial. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2007; 30:578–582.
  • Gibbons CL, Gazzard BG, Ibrahim M, Morris–Jones S, Ong CSL, Awad–E–Kareim FM. Correlation between markers of strain variation in Cryptosporidium parvum: evidence of clonality. Parasitol Int. 1998; 47:139–147.
  • Gow S, Waldner C. An examination of the prevalence of and risk factors for shedding of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in cows and calves from western Canadian cow–calf herds. Vet Parasitol. 2006; 137:50–61.
  • Henricksen SA, Pohlenz JFL. Staining of cryptosporidia by a modified Ziehl–Neelsen technique. Acta Vet Scand. 1981; 22: 594.
  • Johnson EH, Windsor JJ, Muirhead DE, King GJ, Al–Busaidy R. Confirmation of the prophylactic value of paromomycin in a natural outbreak of caprine cryptosporidiosis. Vet Res Com. 2000; 24:63–67.
  • Johnston SP, Ballard MM, Beach MJ, Causer L, Wilkins PP. Evaluation of three commercial assays for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium organisms in fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41:623–626.
  • Kehl KSC, Cicirello H, Havens PL. Comparison of four different methods for detection of Cryptosporidium species. J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33:416–418.
  • Khelef D, Saib MZ, Akam A, Kaidi R, Chirila V, Cozma V, Adjou KT. Epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in cattle in Algeria. Revue Méd Vét. 2007; 158:260-264.
  • Klein P, Kleinova T, Volek Z, Simunek J. Effect of Cryptosporidium parvum infection on the absorptive capacity and paracellular permeability of the small intestine in neonatal calves. Vet Parasitol. 2008; 152:53–59.
  • Levine ND. Taxonomy review of the coccidian genus Cryptosporidium. J Protozool. 1984; l31:94–98.
  • Llorente MT, Clavel A, Varea M, Olivera S, Castillo FJ, Sahagun J, Rubio MC, Gomez–Lus R Evaluation of an Immuno–chromatographic dip–strip test for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in stool specimens. Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002; 21:624–625.
  • McAllister MM. Protozoosis of the calf: Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Sarcocystis and Neospora. Proceedings of the 14th World Buiatrics Congress, Nice, France.2006.
  • McDonough SP, Stull CL, Osburn BI.Enteric pathogens in intensively reared veal calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1994; 55:1516-1520.
  • Nektarios D Giadinis, Elias Papadopoulos, Shawkat Q. Lafi. Epidemiological Observations on Cryptosporidiosis in Diarrheic Goat Kids in Greece. Vet Med Int. 2015; Article ID 764193, 4 pages.
  • Noordeen F, Faizal, ACM, Rajapakse RPVJ, Horadagoda NU, Arulkanthan A. (2001). Excretion of Cryptosporidium oocysts by goats in relation to age and season in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Vet Parasitol. 2001; 99:79–85.
  • O'Donoghue PJ.Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals. Int. J. Parasitol. 1995; 25:139-195.
  • Olson ME, O'Handley RM, Ralston BJ, McAllister TA, Thompson RCA. Update on Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in cattle. Trends Parasitol. 2004; 20:185-91. Özkul IA, Alçiğir G, Karaer Z. Oğlaklarda cryptosporidiosis. VI. National Parasitology Congress. 1989; 26-29 September, İstanbul. 13.
  • Paraud C, Chartier C. Cryptosporidiosis in small ruminants. Small Rum Res. 2012; 103:93–97.
  • Paraud C, Guyot K, Chartier C. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in calves, lambs and goat kids reared in a same farm in France. In: 3rd International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference, 11–15 October 2009, Orvieto, Italy.
  • Paraud C, Pors I, Chartier C. Evaluation of oral tilmicosin efficacy against severe cryptosporidiosis in neonatal kids under field conditions. Vet Parasitol. 2010; 170:149–152.
  • Paul S, Chandra D, Tewar, AK, Banerjee PS, Ray DD, Boral R, Rao JR. Comparative evaluation and economic assessment of coprological diagnostic methods and PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in bovines. Vet Parasitol. 2009; 164:291–295.
  • Paul S, Sharma DK, Boral R, Mishra AK, Shivsharanappa N, Banerjee PS, Pawaiya RVS. Cryptosporidiosis in goats; a review. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2014; 2 (3S):49-54.
  • Quílez J, Sánchez-Acedo C, Cacho Ed, Clavel A, Causapé AC.Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in cattle in Aragón (northeast Spain). Vet. Parasitol. 1996; 66:139-146.
  • Rieuxa A, Parauda C, Porsa I, Chartier C. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from beef calves under one month of age over three successive years in one herd in western France. Vet Parasitol. 2014; 202:171–179.
  • Robert B, Ginter A, Collard A, Coppe P. Diagnosis of bovine cryptosporidiosis by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Vet Parasitol. 1990; 37:1–8.
  • Scott CA, Smith HV, Mtambo MMA, Gibbs HA. An epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium parvum in two herds of adult beef cattle. Vet. Parasitol. 1995; 277-288.
  • Sevinç F, Şimşek A, Uslu U.Massive Cryptosporidium parvum infection Associated with an Outbreak of Diarrhoea in Neonatal Goat Kids. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2005; 1317-1320.
  • Smerdonm WJ, Nichols T, Chalmers RM, Heine H, Reacher MH. Foot and mouth disease in livestock and reduced cryptosporidiosis in humans, England and Wales.Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9(1):22-28.
  • Snodgrass DR, Terzolo HR, Sherwood D, Campbell I, Menzies JD, Synge BA. Aetiology of diarrhoea in young calves. Vet. Rec. 1986;119:31-34.
  • Tzipori S. The aethiology and diagnosis of calf diarrhoea. Vet Rec. 1981; 108:510-515.
  • Tzipori S, Smith M, Halpin C, Angus KW, Sherwood D, Campbell I.Experimental cryptosporidiosis in calves: clinical manifestations and pathological findings. Vet Rec. 1983; 112(6):116-120.
  • Uga S, Matsuo J, Kono E, Kimura K, Inoue M, Rai SK, Ono K.Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection and pattern of oocyst shedding in calves in Japan. Vet. Parasitol. 2000; 94:27-32.
  • Viel H, Rocques H, Martin J, Chartier C. Efficacy of nitazoxanide against experimental cryptosporidiosis in goat neonates. Parasitological Res. 2007; 102:163–166.
  • Viring S, Olsson S-O, Alenius S, Emanuelsson U, Jacobsson S-O, Larsson B, Linde N, Uggla A.Studies of enteric pathogens and globulin levels of neonatal calves in Sweden. Acta Vet. Scand. 1993; 34:271-279.
  • Viu M, Quílez J, Sácedo C, del Cacho E, López–Bernad F. Field trial on the therapeutic efficacy of paromomycin on natural Cryptosporidium parvum infections in lambs. Vet Parasitol. 2000; 90:163–170.
  • Wade SE, Mohammed HO, Schaaf SL. Prevalence of Giardia sp.,Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium muris (C. andersoni) in 109 dairy herds in five counties of southeastern New York. Vet. Parasitol. 2000; 93:1-11.
  • Wahlström H. Zoonoses in Sweden up to and including 1999. National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala. 2001; 48.
  • Weber R, Bryan RT, Bishop HS, Wahlquist SP, Sullivan JJ, Juranek DD. Threshold of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool specimens: evidence of low sensitivity in current diagnostic methods. J Clin Microbiol. 1991; 29:1323–1327.
  • Wilson IJ. Inhibition and facillation of nucleic acid amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997;63:3746–3751.
  • Xiao L, Escalante L, Yang C, Sulaiman I, Escalante AA, Monsali RJ, Fayer R, Lal AA.Phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the small-subunit rRNA gene locus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999; 65:1578–1583.
  • Xiao L, Herd RP. Infection patterns of cryptosporidium and giardia in calves. Vet. Parasitol. 1994; 55:257-262.
  • Xiao L. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: An update. Exp Parasitol. 2010; 124:80–89.

Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea in Farm Animals

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 91 - 98, 01.03.2017

Öz

Neonatal calf diarrhea is the cause of significant calf losses all over the world. Rotavirus is the most common cause of neonatal diarrhea. In some cases, the most intense factor in neonatal diarrhea has been identified as C. parvum. However, C.parvum, G. intestinalis, Rotavirus, Coronavirus and E. coli K99+ prevalence and interrelated researches are inadequate. Cryptosporidium spp eradication is difficult, chemically resistant. Various management practices; Good nutrition, including high quality colostrum, prophylactic / therapeutic antimicrobial treatment can reduce the risk of disease, including the protection of feed from contamination, reduction of parasite loads in the farm environment.

Kaynakça

  • Anusz KZ, Mason PH, Riggs MW, Perryman LE. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in bovine faeces by monoclonal antibody caputre enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1990; 28:2770–2774.
  • Balatbat AB, Jordan GW, Tang YJ, Silva J. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum DNA in Human Feces by Nested PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1996; 34:1769–1772.
  • Björkman C, Svensson C, Christensson B, Verdier K. Cryptosporidium parvum and giardia intestinalis in calf diarrhoea in Sweden.Acta Vet. Scand. 2003; 44:145-152.
  • Blewett DA, Wright SE, Casemore DP, Booth NE, Jones CE. Infective dose size studies on Cryptosporidium parvum using gnotobiotic lambs. Water Science & Technology. 1993; 27:61–64.
  • Butler DG, Clarke RC. Diarrhoea and dysentery in calves. In: Gyles CL (ed), Escherichia coli in domestic animals and humans. CAB International, Oxon, 1994; 91-116.
  • Caccio SM, Thompson RC, McLauchlin J, Smith HV.Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol. 2005; 21:430-437.
  • Castro–Hermida JA, Quílez–Cinca J, López–Bernad, F, Sánchez–Acedo, C, Freire–Santos F, Ares–Mazás E. Treatment with b–cyclodextrin of natural Cryptosporidium parvum infections in lambs under field conditions. Int J Parasitol. 2001; 31:1134–1137.
  • Chartier C, Mallereau MP, Naciri M. Prophylaxis using paromomycin of natural cryptosporidial infection in neonatal kids. Prev Vet Med. 1996; 25: 357–361.
  • Current WL, Reese NC, Ernst JV, Bailey WS, Heyman MB, Weinstein WM. Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons: Studies on outbreak and experimental transmission. New Engl J Med. 1983; 308:1252–1258.
  • de Graaf DC, Vanopdenbosch E, Ortega-Mora LM, Abbassi H, Peeters JE. A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals. Int. J. Parasitol. 1999; 29:1269-1287.
  • de Verdier Klingenberg K, Svensson L.Group A rotavirus as a cause of neonatal enteritis in Sweden. Acta Vet. Scand. 1998; 39:195-199.
  • Delafosse A, Chartier C, Dupuy MC, Dumoulin M, Pors I, Paraud C. Cryptosporidium parvum infection and associated risk factors in dairy calves in western France. Prev Vet Med. 2015; 118:6-12.
  • Diaz P, Quílez J, Robinson G, Chalmers RM, Díez–Banos P, Morrondo P. Identification of Cryptosporidium xiaoi in diarrhoeic goat kids (Capra hircus) in Spain. Vet Parasitol. 2010; 172:132–134.
  • Enemark HL. Cryptosporidium. Studies of molecular characteristics and pathogenicity. PhD thesis, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University. Copenhagen. 2002.
  • Erman N. Beyazıt A, Oz I. Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in lambs and goat kids in Izmir province. Bornova Vet Kont Araşt Enst Derg. 2000; 25:33-38.
  • Fayer R, Speer CA, Dubey JP. The general biology of Cryptosporidium; In: Fayer, R., Ed Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 1–42. 1992.
  • Fayer R, Gasbarre L, Pasquali P, Canals A, Almeria S, Zarlenga D. Cryptosporidium parvum infection in bovine neonates: dynamic clinical, parasitic and immunologic patterns. Int. J. Parasitol. 1998; 28:49-56.
  • Fayer R, Trout JM, Graczyk TD, Lewis EJ. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Giardia and Eimeria infections in post–weaned and adult cattle on three Maryland farms. Vet Parasitol. 2000; 93:103–112.
  • Fayer R.Cryptosporidium: a water–borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol. 2004; 126:37–56. Fayer R, Santin M, Xiao L.Cryptosporidium bovis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus). J Parasitol. 2005; 91:624-629.
  • Fayer R, Santín M, Macarisin D.Cryptosporidium ubiquitum n. sp. in animals and humans. Vet Parasitol. 2010; 172:23–32.
  • Ferre I, Benito–Pena A, García U, Osoro K, Ortega–Mora LM. Effect of different decoquinate treatments on cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected Cashmere goat kids. Vet Rec. 2005; 157:261–262.
  • Foster DM, Smith GW. Pathophysiology of diarrhoea in calves. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2009; 25:13–36.
  • Garcia LS, Shimizu RY, Novak S, Carroll M, Chan F. Commercial assay for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens by rapid solid–phase qualitative immunochromatography. J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41:209–212.
  • Giadinis ND, Papadopoulos E, Panousis N, Papazahariadou M, Lafi SQ, Karatzias H. Effect of halofuginone lactate on treatment and prevention of lamb cryptosporidiosis: an extensive field trial. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2007; 30:578–582.
  • Gibbons CL, Gazzard BG, Ibrahim M, Morris–Jones S, Ong CSL, Awad–E–Kareim FM. Correlation between markers of strain variation in Cryptosporidium parvum: evidence of clonality. Parasitol Int. 1998; 47:139–147.
  • Gow S, Waldner C. An examination of the prevalence of and risk factors for shedding of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in cows and calves from western Canadian cow–calf herds. Vet Parasitol. 2006; 137:50–61.
  • Henricksen SA, Pohlenz JFL. Staining of cryptosporidia by a modified Ziehl–Neelsen technique. Acta Vet Scand. 1981; 22: 594.
  • Johnson EH, Windsor JJ, Muirhead DE, King GJ, Al–Busaidy R. Confirmation of the prophylactic value of paromomycin in a natural outbreak of caprine cryptosporidiosis. Vet Res Com. 2000; 24:63–67.
  • Johnston SP, Ballard MM, Beach MJ, Causer L, Wilkins PP. Evaluation of three commercial assays for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium organisms in fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41:623–626.
  • Kehl KSC, Cicirello H, Havens PL. Comparison of four different methods for detection of Cryptosporidium species. J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33:416–418.
  • Khelef D, Saib MZ, Akam A, Kaidi R, Chirila V, Cozma V, Adjou KT. Epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in cattle in Algeria. Revue Méd Vét. 2007; 158:260-264.
  • Klein P, Kleinova T, Volek Z, Simunek J. Effect of Cryptosporidium parvum infection on the absorptive capacity and paracellular permeability of the small intestine in neonatal calves. Vet Parasitol. 2008; 152:53–59.
  • Levine ND. Taxonomy review of the coccidian genus Cryptosporidium. J Protozool. 1984; l31:94–98.
  • Llorente MT, Clavel A, Varea M, Olivera S, Castillo FJ, Sahagun J, Rubio MC, Gomez–Lus R Evaluation of an Immuno–chromatographic dip–strip test for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in stool specimens. Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002; 21:624–625.
  • McAllister MM. Protozoosis of the calf: Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Sarcocystis and Neospora. Proceedings of the 14th World Buiatrics Congress, Nice, France.2006.
  • McDonough SP, Stull CL, Osburn BI.Enteric pathogens in intensively reared veal calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1994; 55:1516-1520.
  • Nektarios D Giadinis, Elias Papadopoulos, Shawkat Q. Lafi. Epidemiological Observations on Cryptosporidiosis in Diarrheic Goat Kids in Greece. Vet Med Int. 2015; Article ID 764193, 4 pages.
  • Noordeen F, Faizal, ACM, Rajapakse RPVJ, Horadagoda NU, Arulkanthan A. (2001). Excretion of Cryptosporidium oocysts by goats in relation to age and season in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Vet Parasitol. 2001; 99:79–85.
  • O'Donoghue PJ.Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals. Int. J. Parasitol. 1995; 25:139-195.
  • Olson ME, O'Handley RM, Ralston BJ, McAllister TA, Thompson RCA. Update on Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in cattle. Trends Parasitol. 2004; 20:185-91. Özkul IA, Alçiğir G, Karaer Z. Oğlaklarda cryptosporidiosis. VI. National Parasitology Congress. 1989; 26-29 September, İstanbul. 13.
  • Paraud C, Chartier C. Cryptosporidiosis in small ruminants. Small Rum Res. 2012; 103:93–97.
  • Paraud C, Guyot K, Chartier C. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in calves, lambs and goat kids reared in a same farm in France. In: 3rd International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference, 11–15 October 2009, Orvieto, Italy.
  • Paraud C, Pors I, Chartier C. Evaluation of oral tilmicosin efficacy against severe cryptosporidiosis in neonatal kids under field conditions. Vet Parasitol. 2010; 170:149–152.
  • Paul S, Chandra D, Tewar, AK, Banerjee PS, Ray DD, Boral R, Rao JR. Comparative evaluation and economic assessment of coprological diagnostic methods and PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in bovines. Vet Parasitol. 2009; 164:291–295.
  • Paul S, Sharma DK, Boral R, Mishra AK, Shivsharanappa N, Banerjee PS, Pawaiya RVS. Cryptosporidiosis in goats; a review. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2014; 2 (3S):49-54.
  • Quílez J, Sánchez-Acedo C, Cacho Ed, Clavel A, Causapé AC.Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in cattle in Aragón (northeast Spain). Vet. Parasitol. 1996; 66:139-146.
  • Rieuxa A, Parauda C, Porsa I, Chartier C. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from beef calves under one month of age over three successive years in one herd in western France. Vet Parasitol. 2014; 202:171–179.
  • Robert B, Ginter A, Collard A, Coppe P. Diagnosis of bovine cryptosporidiosis by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Vet Parasitol. 1990; 37:1–8.
  • Scott CA, Smith HV, Mtambo MMA, Gibbs HA. An epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium parvum in two herds of adult beef cattle. Vet. Parasitol. 1995; 277-288.
  • Sevinç F, Şimşek A, Uslu U.Massive Cryptosporidium parvum infection Associated with an Outbreak of Diarrhoea in Neonatal Goat Kids. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2005; 1317-1320.
  • Smerdonm WJ, Nichols T, Chalmers RM, Heine H, Reacher MH. Foot and mouth disease in livestock and reduced cryptosporidiosis in humans, England and Wales.Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9(1):22-28.
  • Snodgrass DR, Terzolo HR, Sherwood D, Campbell I, Menzies JD, Synge BA. Aetiology of diarrhoea in young calves. Vet. Rec. 1986;119:31-34.
  • Tzipori S. The aethiology and diagnosis of calf diarrhoea. Vet Rec. 1981; 108:510-515.
  • Tzipori S, Smith M, Halpin C, Angus KW, Sherwood D, Campbell I.Experimental cryptosporidiosis in calves: clinical manifestations and pathological findings. Vet Rec. 1983; 112(6):116-120.
  • Uga S, Matsuo J, Kono E, Kimura K, Inoue M, Rai SK, Ono K.Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection and pattern of oocyst shedding in calves in Japan. Vet. Parasitol. 2000; 94:27-32.
  • Viel H, Rocques H, Martin J, Chartier C. Efficacy of nitazoxanide against experimental cryptosporidiosis in goat neonates. Parasitological Res. 2007; 102:163–166.
  • Viring S, Olsson S-O, Alenius S, Emanuelsson U, Jacobsson S-O, Larsson B, Linde N, Uggla A.Studies of enteric pathogens and globulin levels of neonatal calves in Sweden. Acta Vet. Scand. 1993; 34:271-279.
  • Viu M, Quílez J, Sácedo C, del Cacho E, López–Bernad F. Field trial on the therapeutic efficacy of paromomycin on natural Cryptosporidium parvum infections in lambs. Vet Parasitol. 2000; 90:163–170.
  • Wade SE, Mohammed HO, Schaaf SL. Prevalence of Giardia sp.,Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium muris (C. andersoni) in 109 dairy herds in five counties of southeastern New York. Vet. Parasitol. 2000; 93:1-11.
  • Wahlström H. Zoonoses in Sweden up to and including 1999. National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala. 2001; 48.
  • Weber R, Bryan RT, Bishop HS, Wahlquist SP, Sullivan JJ, Juranek DD. Threshold of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool specimens: evidence of low sensitivity in current diagnostic methods. J Clin Microbiol. 1991; 29:1323–1327.
  • Wilson IJ. Inhibition and facillation of nucleic acid amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997;63:3746–3751.
  • Xiao L, Escalante L, Yang C, Sulaiman I, Escalante AA, Monsali RJ, Fayer R, Lal AA.Phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the small-subunit rRNA gene locus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999; 65:1578–1583.
  • Xiao L, Herd RP. Infection patterns of cryptosporidium and giardia in calves. Vet. Parasitol. 1994; 55:257-262.
  • Xiao L. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: An update. Exp Parasitol. 2010; 124:80–89.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm DERLEME
Yazarlar

Fatih Mehmet Birdane Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2017
Kabul Tarihi 29 Aralık 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Birdane, F. M. (2017). Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea in Farm Animals. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 10(2), 91-98.
AMA Birdane FM. Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea in Farm Animals. kvj. Haziran 2017;10(2):91-98.
Chicago Birdane, Fatih Mehmet. “Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea in Farm Animals”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 10, sy. 2 (Haziran 2017): 91-98.
EndNote Birdane FM (01 Haziran 2017) Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea in Farm Animals. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 10 2 91–98.
IEEE F. M. Birdane, “Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea in Farm Animals”, kvj, c. 10, sy. 2, ss. 91–98, 2017.
ISNAD Birdane, Fatih Mehmet. “Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea in Farm Animals”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 10/2 (Haziran 2017), 91-98.
JAMA Birdane FM. Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea in Farm Animals. kvj. 2017;10:91–98.
MLA Birdane, Fatih Mehmet. “Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea in Farm Animals”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 10, sy. 2, 2017, ss. 91-98.
Vancouver Birdane FM. Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea in Farm Animals. kvj. 2017;10(2):91-8.

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