The Positive Career Goal Discrepancy Scale: The Study Of Adaptation To Turkish, Validity And Reliability

Abstract

The aim of this study is to adapt the Positive Career Goal Discrepancy Scale into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric properties. In this respect, the scale was translated into Turkish by English language experts who have a good command of both languages. As a result of the evaluations made by experts in the field of career counseling, the most appropriate translations were selected, and the required arrangements were made. The final version of the Turkish form was reviewed by two Turkish language experts in terms of grammar rules and comprehensibility and prepared for use. The data of the study was collected from 344 undergraduate students. The construct validity of the scale was examined by confirmatory factor analysis. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the three-factor structure of the scale was confirmed, and the relationship of the items with the factors was revealed. The criterion-related validity of the scale was examined by correlation analysis, and a moderate positive correlation was found between positive career goal discrepancy and career optimism; a low negative correlation was found between positive career goal discrepancy and career goal discrepancy. The reliability of the scale was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and it was concluded that the reliability of the scale and its sub-scales was high. The findings of the study showed that the Turkish form of the Positive Career Goal Discrepancy Scale is a usable, valid, and reliable measurement tool.

Keywords

• Career
• Career Goal
• Career Goal Discrepancy
• Positive Career Goal Discrepancy
• Career Optimism

POZİTİF KARİYER HEDEF TUTARSIZLIĞI ÖLÇEĞİ: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLAMA, GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı Pozitif Kariyer Hedefi Tutarsızlığı Ölçeği'nin Türkçe'ye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesidir. Bu doğrultuda ölçek her iki dile de hâkim üç İngilizce alan uzmanı tarafından Türkçe'ye çevrilmiştir. Kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı alan uzmanlarınca yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda en uygun çeviriler seçilmiş ve gerekli düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Türkçe formun son hali iki Türk dili uzmanı tarafından dilbilgisi kuralları ve anlaşılabilirlik açısından gözden geçirilmiş ve uygulamaya hazır hale getirilmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri 344 lisans öğrencisinden toplanmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliliği doğrulayıcı faktör analiziyle incelenmiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeğin üç faktörlü yapısı doğrulanmış ve maddelerin faktörlerle olan ilişkisi ortaya koyulmuştur. Ölçeğin ölçüt-uyum geçerliliği korelasyon analizi ile incelenmiş, pozitif kariyer hedef tutarsızlığı ile kariyer iyimserliği arasında orta düzeyde pozitif yönlü; pozitif kariyer hedef tutarsızlığı ile kariyer hedef tutarsızlığı arasında düşük düzeyde negatif yönlü ilişki bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin güvenirliği Cronbach alfa katsayısı ile hesaplanmış, ölçeğin ve alt boyutlarının güvenirliğinin yüksek olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları Pozitif Kariyer Hedef Tutarsızlığı Ölçeği Türkçe formunun kullanılabilir, geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kariyer
• Kariyer Hedefi
• Kariyer Hedef Tutarsızlığı
• Pozitif Kariyer Hedef Tutarsızlığı
• Kariyer İyimserliği

Kaynakça

1. Adekola, B. (2011). Career planning and career management as correlates for career development and job satisfaction a case study of Nigerian bank employees. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 1(2), 100-112.
2. Akmal, S. Z., Creed, P. A., Hood, M., & Duffy, A. (2020). The positive career goal discrepancy scale: Development and initial validation. Journal of Career Assessment, 29(2), 338-354. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907272097637
3. Akyüz, H. E. (2018). Yapı geçerliliği için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi: Uygulamalı bir çalışma. BEÜ Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 186-198. https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.414490
4. Antonio, A., & Tuffley, D. (2015). First year university student engagement using digital curation and career goal setting. Research in Learning Technology, 17, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v23.28337
5. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
6. Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.
7. Atay, M. R. (2021). Lise öğrencilerinin kariyer hedeflerinde kariyer kararı öz-yeterliği ve kariyer sonuç beklentisinin rolü. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Samsun.
8. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191

9. Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175–1184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175
10. Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 248–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-l
11. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review, 52(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
12. Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983). Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(5), 1017–1028. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.5.1017
13. Betz, N. E., & Voyten, K. K. (1997). Efficacy and outcome expectations influence career exploration and decidedness. Career Development Qarterly, 46(2), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1997.tb01004.x
14. Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (2013). Career development and counselling: Putting theory and research to work (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
15. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (21. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
16. Carver, C. S. (2003). Pleasure as a sign you can attend to something else: Placing positive feelings within a general model of affect. Cognition and Emotion, 17(2), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930302294
17. Chetana, N., & Das Mohapatra, A. K. (2017). Career planning and career management as antecedents of career development: A study. Asian Journal of Management, 8(3), 614-618. https://doi.org/10.5958/2321-5763.2017.00098.1
18. Creed, P. A., & Hood, M. (2015). The development and initial validation of a scale to assess career goal discrepancies. Journal of Career Assessment, 23(2), 308-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714535175
19. Creed, P. A., Hood, M., & Hu, S. (2017). Personal orientation as an antecedent to career stress and employability confidence: The intervening roles of career goal-performance discrepancy and career goal importance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.12.007
20. Creed, P. A., Wamelink, T., & Hu, S. (2015). Antecedents and consequences to perceived career goal–progress discrepancies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87, 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.12.001
21. Çalık, T., & F. Ereş. (2006). Kariyer yönetimi tanımlar-kavramlar-ilkeler. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
22. Çüm, S., & Gelbal, S. (2015). Kayıp veriler yerine yaklaşık değer atamada kullanılan farklı yöntemlerin model veri uyumu üzerindeki etkisi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(35), 87-111. https://doi.org/10.21764/efd.89074
23. DeVellis, R. F. (2012). Scale development: Theory and applications (3rd ed.). Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
24. Donovan, J. J., & Hafsteinsson, L. G. (2006). The impact of goal-performance discrepancies, self-efficacy, and goal orientation on upward goal revision. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(4), 1046–1069. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00054.x
25. Fide Keskin, N., & Yıldız, E. (2023). Kariyer planlama ve kariyer memnuniyeti ilişkisi: sivil havacılık sektörü yer hizmetleri çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(2), 1999-2026. https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1174485
26. Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experience, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 64–86. https://doi.org/10.2307/256352
27. Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18(3), 326–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(81)90019-1
28. Hagmaier, T., Abele, A. E., & Goebel, K. (2018). How do career satisfaction and life satisfaction associate? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33(2), 142–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-09-2017-0326
29. Haratsis, J., Hood, M., & Creed, P. A. (2015). Career goals in young adults. Journal of Career Development, 42, 431-445. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845315572019
30. Havighurst, R. J. (1953). Human development and education. Oxford: Longmans, Green.
31. Hofmans, J., Dries, N., & Pepermans, R. (2008). The Career Satisfaction Scale: Response bias among men and women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(3), 397–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.08.001
32. Hojat, M., Kowitt, B., Doria, C., & Gonnella, J. S. (2010). Career satisfaction and professional accomplishments. Medical Education, 44(10), 969–976. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03735.x
33. Hu, L., & Bentler, M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
34. Hu, S., Creed, P. A., & Hood, M. (2016). Development and initial validation of a measure to assess career goal feedback. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 35(7), 657–669. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916654645
35. Höpfner J., & Keith, N. (2021). Goal missed, self-hit: Goal-setting, goal-failure, and their affective, motivational, and behavioral consequences. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 704790–704817. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.704790
36. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.94.3.319
37. Ilies, R., & Judge, T. A. (2005). Goal regulation across time: The effects of feedback and affect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 453–467. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.453
38. Joo, B.-K., & Lee, I. (2017). Workplace happiness: Work engagement, career satisfaction, and subjective well-being. Evidence-Based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, 5(2), 206–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/ebhrm-04-2015-0011
39. Kalafat, T. (2012). Kariyer geleceği ölçeği (KARGEL): Türk örneklemi için psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(38), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.43967
40. Kılıç, S. (2016). Cronbach'ın alfa güvenirlik katsayısı. Journal of Mood Disorders, 6(1), 47–48.
41. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York and London: The Guilford Press.
42. Klug, H. J. P., & Maier, G. W. (2014). Linking goal progress and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(1), 37–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9493-0
43. Kuzgun, Y. (2006). Meslek rehberliği ve danışmanlığına giriş (3. Baskı). Nobel Yayınları.
44. Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (1996). Social cognitive approach to career development: An overview. The Career Development Quarterly, 44(4), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1996.tb00448.x
45. Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79–122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
46. Lent, R. W., Lopez, A. M., Lopez, F. G., & Sheu, H.-B. (2008). Social cognitive career theory and the prediction of interests and choice goals in the computing disciplines. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.002
47. Lent, R. W., Sheu, H. Bin, Gloster, C. S., & Wilkins, G. (2010). Longitudinal test of the social cognitive model of choice in engineering students at historically black universities. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(3), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.09.002
48. Leontitsis, A., & Pagge, J. (2007). A simulation approach on Cronbach’s alpha statistical significance. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 73(5), 336–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2006.08.001
49. Locke, E. A., Shaw, K. N., Saari, L. M., & Latham, G. P. (1981). Goal setting and task performance: 1969-1980. Psychological Bulletin, 90(1), 125–152. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.90.1.125
50. Lord, R. G., Diefendorff, J. M., Schmidt, A. M., & Hall, R. J. (2010). Self-regulation at work. Annual Review of Psychology, 61(1), 543–568. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.0930
51. Lounsbury, J. W., Park, S.-H., Sundstrom, E., Williamson, J. M., & Pemberton, A. E. (2004). Personality, Career Satisfaction, and Life Satisfaction: Test of a Directional Model. Journal of Career Assessment, 12(4), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072704266658
52. Mavisu, H. (2010). Bireysel kariyer planlamanın aşamalarından biri olarak hedef belirleme ve kariyer başarısı ilişkisi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
53. McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64
54. Niles, G. S., & Harris-Bowlbey, J. (2013). 21.Yüzyılda kariyer gelişimi müdahaleleri (Çev. F. Korkut Owen). Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
55. Nisar, S. K., & Rasheed, M. I. (2019). Stress and performance: Investigating relationship between occupational stress, career satisfaction, and job performance of police employees. Journal of Public Affairs, e1986. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1986
56. Nurmi, J. E., Salmela-Aro, K., & Koivisto, P. (2002). Goal importance and related achievement beliefs and emotions during the transition from vocational school to work: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(2), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1866
57. Özyürek, R., & Kılıç-Atıcı, M. (2002). Üniversite öğrencilerinin meslek seçimi kararlarında kendilerine yardım eden kaynakların belirlenmesi. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 2(17), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.81965
58. Praskova, A., Creed, P. A., & Hood, M. (2014). The development and initial validation of a career calling scale for emerging adults. Journal of Career Assessment, 23(1), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714523089
59. Pişkin, M. (2002). Çocuğun kariyer planlamasında ailenin rolü. İçinde: 2001 Yılı Aile Raporu. (s.245-272). Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Aile Araştırma Kurumu Yayınları.
60. Rezaean, A., Hatami, S., & Dastar, H. (1994). Relationship between career management and career satisfaction. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine, 13(4), 217–221.
61. Rottinghaus, P. J., Day, S. X., & Borgen, F. H. (2005). The career futures inventory: A measure of career related adaptability and optimism. Journal of Career Assessment, 13(1), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072704270271
62. Sadowski, E., & Schrager, S. (2016). Achieving career satisfaction: Personal goal setting and prioritizing for the clinician educator. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 8(4), 494–497. https://doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-15-00304.1
63. Scherbaum, C. A., & Vancouver, J. B. (2010). If we produce discrepancies, then how? Testing a computational process model of positive goal revision. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(9), 2201–2231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00656.x
64. Schulenberg JE, Zarrett NR (2005) Mental health during emerging adulthood: Continuity and discontinuity in courses, causes, and functions. Washington DC US: American Psychological Association.
65. Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2016). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: Routledge.
66. Sharf, S. R. (2014). Applying career development theory to counseling (6th ed.). Independence, KY: Brooks/Cole.
67. Shulman, S., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2010). Understanding emerging adulthood from a goal-setting perspective. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2010(130), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.277
68. Spurk, D., Abele, A. E., & Volmer, J. (2011). The Career Satisfaction Scale: Longitudinal measurement invariance and latent growth analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(2), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2011.02028.x
69. Super, D. E. (1980). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16(3), 282–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(80)90056-1
70. Super, D. E., & Hall, D. T. (1978). Career development: Exploration and planning. Annual Review of Psychology, 29(1), 333–372. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.29.020178.002001
71. Şahin Kürşad, M., & Nartgün, Z. (2016). Kayıp veri sorununun çözümünde kullanılan farklı yöntemlerin ölçeklerin geçerlik ve güvenirliği bağlamında karşılaştırılması. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.95917
72. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
73. Temi, S. (2008). Bireylerin kariyer hedeflerinin oluşumu ve hedefleri belirleyen faktörler. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
74. Whiston, S. C. & Blustein, D. L. (2019). The impact of career interventions: Preparing our citizen for 21st century jobs. Career Developments Magazine, 35(2), 10-11.
75. Yerin-Güneri, O., Owen, D.W., Tanrıkulu, İ., Dolunay-Cuğ, F., & Büyükgöze Kavas, A. (2016). Eğitim Fakültesi öğrencilerinin kariyer gelişimi ihtiyaçlarının incelenmesi. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama, 12(1), 178-193.
76. Yam, F. C., Alkın, S., & Barut, Y. (2020). Kariyer hedef tutarsızlık ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 7(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.629970