Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

To Create a CO2 Emission Reduction Scenario of a Mass Housing Settlement in Isparta, Turkey until 2050

Yıl 2020, , 62 - 75, 03.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.709911

Öz

Energy plans are at the center
of countries' development plans. The share of buildings in energy consumption
is about 40%. Energy consumption in buildings can be reduced by 25-45% with the
measures taken. The European Union has published the Energy Performance
Directive on Buildings (EPBD) to reduce the energy consumption of buildings.
European Union member and candidate countries are obliged to fulfill the
provisions of the regulation. Turkey is among the candidate countries for
accession to the European Union (EU). Therefore, the energy consumption of the
existing buildings and the reduction of CO
2 emissions were examined in
this study. Since The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts
that global temperatures will increase by a range of 1.1°C to 6.4°C by the end
of the twenty-first century, future climate data were also taken into
consideration in this study. For the study, measures were determined to achieve
the EU's total CO
2 emission reduction targets. A mass housing
settlement built by the Housing Development Administration (TOKİ) in Isparta
has been identified as the study area. Improving the heating systems of these
buildings, increasing the energy performance of the building envelope and the
production of electricity with photovoltaic (PV) panels were studied in this
study. As a result of the study, it was determined that it has 66% CO
2
emissions in 2020, 79% in 2030, and 84% less in 2050 compared to 1990.

Destekleyen Kurum

Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri (BAP) Birimi

Proje Numarası

8564

Teşekkür

This study was supported by Karadeniz Technical University through Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit.

Kaynakça

  • Amirkhani S., Bahadori-Jahromi, A., Mylona, A., Godfrey, P., Cook, D. (2019). Impact of Low-E Window Films on Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions of an Existing UK Hotel Building. Sustainability 11: 42-65.
  • Asimakopoulos, D.A., Santamouris, M., Farrou, I., Laskari, M., Saliari, M., Zanis, G., Giannakidis, G. (2012). Modelling the energy demand projection of the building sector in Greece in the 21st century. Energy and Buildings 49:488–498.
  • ASHRAE Standart 55 (2010). Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, ISSN 1041–2336, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
  • Baymak (2020). Baymak Solar Colectors Apollo-E Series, Sunmodule Sw 100 Poly RGB. https://www.baymak.com.tr/ana-sayfa. Accessed 25 Jan 2020.
  • BEP TR (2008). Energy Performance of Buildings Regulation. Ministry of Public Works and Settlements, Republic of Turkey Official Gazette, Ankara.
  • Buonomano, A., Calise, F., Palombo, A., Vicidomini, M. (2016). BIPVT systems for residential applications: an energy and economic analysis for European climates. Applied Energy 184: 1411–1431.
  • CEDBIK (2016). Housing Certificate Guide, Turkish Green Building Council.
  • CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2007). Energy performance of buildings - Economic evaluation procedure for energy systems in buildings. Standard EN 15459:2007, Brussels, 2007. CEN.
  • Chowdhury, A.A., Rasul, M.G., and Khan, M.M.K. (2008). Thermal-Comfort Analysis and Simulation for Various Low-Energy Cooling-Techonologies Applied to an Office Building in a Subtropical Climate. Applied Energy 85: 449-462.
  • Depecker, P., Menezo C., Virgone J., and Lepers S. (2001). Design of Buildings Shape and Energetic Consumption. Building and Environment 36(5): 627–635.
  • DesignBuilder Energy Simulation Software. https://designbuilder.co.uk//. Accessed 25 Feb 2020.
  • Domínguez-Amarillo, S., Fernández-Agüera, J., Sendra, J, J, Roaf, S. (2019). The performance of Mediterranean low-income housing in scenarios involving climate change, Energy & Buildings 202: 109374.
  • EED (2012). Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, 25 October.
  • Energy Policy Lighthouses, 2020. WEF World Ekonomic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/reports/energy-policy-lighthouses-the-little-green-book. Accessed 26 Oct 2019.
  • EPBD (2002). Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings, Official Journal of the European Union.
  • EU (a) (2019). European Union Topics. https://europa.eu/european-union/topics_en. Accessed 06 Jan 2019.
  • Family Structure Survey (2013). Turkish Republic Ministry of Family and SocialPolicies, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Ferrara, M., Fabrizio, E. (2017). Building Simulation (Innovation, Rapid Design, Design Support) & ICT Cost Optimal nZEBs in future climate scenarios. Energy Procedia 122: 877-882. Fragkos, P., Tasios, N., Paroussos, L., Capros, P., Tsani, S. (2017). Energy system impacts and policy implications of the European intended nationally determined contribution and low-carbon pathway to 2050. Energy Policy 100: 216–226.
  • Global Energy & CO2 Status Report (2018). International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-co2-status-report-2019. Accessed 10 Feb 2020.
  • Huang T. K., Hwang L. K. (2016). Future trends of residential building cooling energy and passive adaptation measures to counteract climate change: The case of Taiwan. Applied Energy 184:1230–1240.
  • IEA (a) (2019). International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/topics/. Accessed 10 Jan 2019.
  • IEA (b) (2019). International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-buildings/heat-pumps. Accessed 5 Feb 2020.
  • ETP (2017). Energy Technology Perspectives. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-technology-perspectives. Accessed 20 Jan 2019.
  • EU (a) (2019). European Union Topics. https://europa.eu/european-union/topics_en. Accessed 06 Jan 2019.
  • Hailu, G., Dash, P., Fung, A.S. (2015). Performance Evaluation of an Air Source Heat Pump Coupled with a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T) System under Cold Climatic Conditions. Energy Procedia 78: 1913-1918.
  • IPCC (2013). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment: Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/documentation. Accessed 22 Sep 2019.
  • Jentsch, M.F., AbuBakr, S.B., Patrick, A.B.J. (2008). Climate change future proofing of buildings generation and assessment of building simulation weather files. Energy and Buildings 40: 2148–2168.
  • Kaklauskas A., Kazimieras Zavadskas, E., Raslanas, S., Ginevicius, R., Komka, A., Malinauskas, P. (2006). Selection of low-e windows in retrofit of public buildings by applying multiple criteria method COPRAS: A Lithuanian case. Energy and Buildings 38: 454–462.
  • Kou, R., Zhong, Y., Kim, J. (2019). Elevating low-emissivity film for lower thermal transmittance. Energy & Buildings 193: 69–77.
  • Kurnitski, J., Kuusk, K., Tark, T., Uutar, A., Kalamees, T., Pikas, E. (2014). Energy and investment intensity of integrated renovation and 2030 cost optimal savings. Energy and Buildings 75: 51–59.
  • Kuo-Tsang Huang , Ruey-Lung Hwang (2016). Future trends of residential building cooling energy and passive adaptation measures to counteract climate change: The case of Taiwan, Applied Energy, 184:1230–1240.
  • Lerch, W., Heinz, A., & Heimrath, R. (2015). Direct use of solar energy as heat source for a heat pump in comparison to a conventional parallel solar air heat pump system. Energy and Buildings 100:34–42.
  • Maçka Kalfa, S., Haydaraslan, E., Sümer Haydaraslan, K., Yaşar, Y. (2018). Getting Buildings Closer to The Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings by Changes in Heating and Cooling Systems: The Case of Izmir. The 5th International Conference on Architecture and Built Environment with Awards, May 22-24, 2018, Venice, Italy, Book of Proceedings, 1260-1272p.
  • Martin-Palma, R.J., Vazquez, L., Martinez-Duart, J.M., Malats, R. (1998). Silver-based low-emissivity coatings for architectural windows: Optical and structural properties. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 53:55-66.
  • Meteonorm documentation software version 7.2. http://www.meteonorm. com. Accessed 25 Feb 2020.
  • MEU (2020). the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.
  • NEEAP (2018). The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. http://www.yegm.gov.tr/document/20180102M1_2018_eng.pdf. Ankara. Accessed 14 Jan 2019.
  • Nik., V.M., Mata, E., Kalagasidis, A. S. (2015). A statistical method for assessing retrofitting measures of buildingsand ranking their robustness against climate change. Energy and Buildings 88:262–275.
  • Nguyen, A. T. and Reiter S. (2014). Passive Designs and Strategies for Low-Cost Housing Using Simulation-Based Optimization and Different Thermal Comfort Criteria. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 7(1): 68–81.
  • Paris Climate Agreement (2016). Paris Climate Agreement. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf. Accessed 08 Jan 2019.
  • Solar Gard(2020). Solar Gard Ecolux 70. https://www.solargard.com/tr/product/ecolux/. Accessed 26 Jan 2019.
  • Solovyev A.A., Rabotkin, S.V., Kovsharov, N.F. (2015). Polymer films with multilayer low-E coatings. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 38: 373–380.
  • Stated Policies Scenario, 2019. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-model. Accessed 10 Jan 2019.
  • Sümer Haydaraslan, K., Yaşar, Y. (2018). Bina İç Mekân Sıcaklıklarının Kullanıcı Davranışına Göre Değişiminin Enerji Tüketimine Etkisi, Suleyman Demirel University. Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 22(3): 1217-1222.
  • TCEP (2017). Tracking Clean Energy Progress. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/topics/tracking-clean-energy-progress. Accessed 1 Dec 2019.
  • Technology Roadmap (2013). Energy efficient Building envelope. International Energy Agency. https://webstore.iea.org/technology-roadmaps. Accessed 27 Dec 2019.
  • Tsanas A. and Xifara A. (2012). Accurate quantitative estimation of energy performance of residential buildings using statistical machine learning tools. Energy and Buildings 49: 560-567.
  • TSE (2013). Turkish Standards Institution. Binalarda Isı Yalıtım Kuralları, Turkey.
  • TS 2164 (1988), Heating Installation Design Rules, Turkey.
  • TUIK (2020). Turkish Statistical Institute. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Start.do. Accessed 25 Feb 2020.
  • Wang, X., Chen, D., Ren, Z. (2010). Assessment of climate change impact on residential building heating and cooling energy requirement in Australia. Building and Environment 45:1663–1682.
  • Wang, H, Chen, Q. (2014). Impact of climate change heating and cooling energy use in buildingsin the United States. Energy and Buildings 82:428–436.
  • Wan, K., Li, D., Pan, W., Lam, J. (2012). Impact of climate change on building energy usein different climate zones and mitigation and adaptation implications, Applied Energy 97:274–282.
  • WEO (2018). World Energy Outlook, 2018. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/topics/world-energy-outlook. Accessed 6 Dec 2019.
  • Yaşar, Y., Maçka Kalfa, S. (2012). The effects of window alternatives on energy efficiency and building economy in high-rise residential buildings in moderate to humid climates. Energy Conversion and Management 64:170–181.
  • Zhang, A., Bokel R., Dobbelsteen A., Sun, Y., Huang Q., Zhang Q. (2017). Optimization of Thermal and Daylight Performance of School Buildings Based on a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm in the Cold Climate of China. Energy and Buildings 139: 371–384.
  • Xia L., Ma, Z., McLauchlan, C., Wang, S. (2017). Experimental investigation and control optimization of a ground source heat pump system. Applied Thermal Engineering 127: 70–80.

Isparta’da Bir Toplu Konut Yerleşiminin 2050 Yılına Kadar CO2 Salınımını Azaltma Senaryosunun Oluşturulması

Yıl 2020, , 62 - 75, 03.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.709911

Öz

Enerji planları, ülkelerin kalkınma planlarının merkezindedir. Binaların enerji tüketimindeki payı yaklaşık %40'tır. Alınan tedbirlerle binalarda enerji tüketimi %25-45 oranında azaltılabilmektedir. Avrupa Birliği, binaların enerji tüketimini azaltmak için Binalarda Enerji Performansı Direktifini (EPBD) yayınladı. Avrupa Birliği’ne üye ve aday ülkeler Avrupa Birliği’nin yayınladığı yönetmelik hükümlerini yerine getirmekle yükümlüdür. Türkiye, Avrupa Birliği'ne katılmaya aday ülkeler arasındadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada Avrupa Birliği’nin belirlediği hedefler doğrultusunda mevcut binaların enerji tüketimi ve CO2 emisyonlarının azaltılması incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Hükümetler Arası İklim Değişikliği Paneli’nde (IPCC) yirmi birinci yüzyılın sonunda küresel sıcaklıkların 1,1°C ile 6,4°C aralığında artacağını tahmin ettiğinden, bu çalışmada iklim değişikliği de dikkate alınmıştır. Çalışmada Avrupa Birliği’nin toplam CO2 emisyonu azaltma hedefle-rine ulaşmak için önlemler belirlenmiştir. Isparta'daki Toplu Konut İdaresi Başkanlığı (TOKİ) tarafından yaptırılan top-lu konut yerleşimi çalışma alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu binaların ısıtma sistemlerinin iyileştirilmesi, bina kabuğu enerji performansının artırılması ve fotovoltaik paneller ile elektrik üretimi araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda iklim değişikliği ve önlemlerin etkisi ile CO2 emisyonundaki değişimler incelenmiştir.

Proje Numarası

8564

Kaynakça

  • Amirkhani S., Bahadori-Jahromi, A., Mylona, A., Godfrey, P., Cook, D. (2019). Impact of Low-E Window Films on Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions of an Existing UK Hotel Building. Sustainability 11: 42-65.
  • Asimakopoulos, D.A., Santamouris, M., Farrou, I., Laskari, M., Saliari, M., Zanis, G., Giannakidis, G. (2012). Modelling the energy demand projection of the building sector in Greece in the 21st century. Energy and Buildings 49:488–498.
  • ASHRAE Standart 55 (2010). Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, ISSN 1041–2336, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
  • Baymak (2020). Baymak Solar Colectors Apollo-E Series, Sunmodule Sw 100 Poly RGB. https://www.baymak.com.tr/ana-sayfa. Accessed 25 Jan 2020.
  • BEP TR (2008). Energy Performance of Buildings Regulation. Ministry of Public Works and Settlements, Republic of Turkey Official Gazette, Ankara.
  • Buonomano, A., Calise, F., Palombo, A., Vicidomini, M. (2016). BIPVT systems for residential applications: an energy and economic analysis for European climates. Applied Energy 184: 1411–1431.
  • CEDBIK (2016). Housing Certificate Guide, Turkish Green Building Council.
  • CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2007). Energy performance of buildings - Economic evaluation procedure for energy systems in buildings. Standard EN 15459:2007, Brussels, 2007. CEN.
  • Chowdhury, A.A., Rasul, M.G., and Khan, M.M.K. (2008). Thermal-Comfort Analysis and Simulation for Various Low-Energy Cooling-Techonologies Applied to an Office Building in a Subtropical Climate. Applied Energy 85: 449-462.
  • Depecker, P., Menezo C., Virgone J., and Lepers S. (2001). Design of Buildings Shape and Energetic Consumption. Building and Environment 36(5): 627–635.
  • DesignBuilder Energy Simulation Software. https://designbuilder.co.uk//. Accessed 25 Feb 2020.
  • Domínguez-Amarillo, S., Fernández-Agüera, J., Sendra, J, J, Roaf, S. (2019). The performance of Mediterranean low-income housing in scenarios involving climate change, Energy & Buildings 202: 109374.
  • EED (2012). Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, 25 October.
  • Energy Policy Lighthouses, 2020. WEF World Ekonomic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/reports/energy-policy-lighthouses-the-little-green-book. Accessed 26 Oct 2019.
  • EPBD (2002). Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings, Official Journal of the European Union.
  • EU (a) (2019). European Union Topics. https://europa.eu/european-union/topics_en. Accessed 06 Jan 2019.
  • Family Structure Survey (2013). Turkish Republic Ministry of Family and SocialPolicies, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Ferrara, M., Fabrizio, E. (2017). Building Simulation (Innovation, Rapid Design, Design Support) & ICT Cost Optimal nZEBs in future climate scenarios. Energy Procedia 122: 877-882. Fragkos, P., Tasios, N., Paroussos, L., Capros, P., Tsani, S. (2017). Energy system impacts and policy implications of the European intended nationally determined contribution and low-carbon pathway to 2050. Energy Policy 100: 216–226.
  • Global Energy & CO2 Status Report (2018). International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-co2-status-report-2019. Accessed 10 Feb 2020.
  • Huang T. K., Hwang L. K. (2016). Future trends of residential building cooling energy and passive adaptation measures to counteract climate change: The case of Taiwan. Applied Energy 184:1230–1240.
  • IEA (a) (2019). International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/topics/. Accessed 10 Jan 2019.
  • IEA (b) (2019). International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-buildings/heat-pumps. Accessed 5 Feb 2020.
  • ETP (2017). Energy Technology Perspectives. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-technology-perspectives. Accessed 20 Jan 2019.
  • EU (a) (2019). European Union Topics. https://europa.eu/european-union/topics_en. Accessed 06 Jan 2019.
  • Hailu, G., Dash, P., Fung, A.S. (2015). Performance Evaluation of an Air Source Heat Pump Coupled with a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T) System under Cold Climatic Conditions. Energy Procedia 78: 1913-1918.
  • IPCC (2013). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment: Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/documentation. Accessed 22 Sep 2019.
  • Jentsch, M.F., AbuBakr, S.B., Patrick, A.B.J. (2008). Climate change future proofing of buildings generation and assessment of building simulation weather files. Energy and Buildings 40: 2148–2168.
  • Kaklauskas A., Kazimieras Zavadskas, E., Raslanas, S., Ginevicius, R., Komka, A., Malinauskas, P. (2006). Selection of low-e windows in retrofit of public buildings by applying multiple criteria method COPRAS: A Lithuanian case. Energy and Buildings 38: 454–462.
  • Kou, R., Zhong, Y., Kim, J. (2019). Elevating low-emissivity film for lower thermal transmittance. Energy & Buildings 193: 69–77.
  • Kurnitski, J., Kuusk, K., Tark, T., Uutar, A., Kalamees, T., Pikas, E. (2014). Energy and investment intensity of integrated renovation and 2030 cost optimal savings. Energy and Buildings 75: 51–59.
  • Kuo-Tsang Huang , Ruey-Lung Hwang (2016). Future trends of residential building cooling energy and passive adaptation measures to counteract climate change: The case of Taiwan, Applied Energy, 184:1230–1240.
  • Lerch, W., Heinz, A., & Heimrath, R. (2015). Direct use of solar energy as heat source for a heat pump in comparison to a conventional parallel solar air heat pump system. Energy and Buildings 100:34–42.
  • Maçka Kalfa, S., Haydaraslan, E., Sümer Haydaraslan, K., Yaşar, Y. (2018). Getting Buildings Closer to The Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings by Changes in Heating and Cooling Systems: The Case of Izmir. The 5th International Conference on Architecture and Built Environment with Awards, May 22-24, 2018, Venice, Italy, Book of Proceedings, 1260-1272p.
  • Martin-Palma, R.J., Vazquez, L., Martinez-Duart, J.M., Malats, R. (1998). Silver-based low-emissivity coatings for architectural windows: Optical and structural properties. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 53:55-66.
  • Meteonorm documentation software version 7.2. http://www.meteonorm. com. Accessed 25 Feb 2020.
  • MEU (2020). the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.
  • NEEAP (2018). The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. http://www.yegm.gov.tr/document/20180102M1_2018_eng.pdf. Ankara. Accessed 14 Jan 2019.
  • Nik., V.M., Mata, E., Kalagasidis, A. S. (2015). A statistical method for assessing retrofitting measures of buildingsand ranking their robustness against climate change. Energy and Buildings 88:262–275.
  • Nguyen, A. T. and Reiter S. (2014). Passive Designs and Strategies for Low-Cost Housing Using Simulation-Based Optimization and Different Thermal Comfort Criteria. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 7(1): 68–81.
  • Paris Climate Agreement (2016). Paris Climate Agreement. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf. Accessed 08 Jan 2019.
  • Solar Gard(2020). Solar Gard Ecolux 70. https://www.solargard.com/tr/product/ecolux/. Accessed 26 Jan 2019.
  • Solovyev A.A., Rabotkin, S.V., Kovsharov, N.F. (2015). Polymer films with multilayer low-E coatings. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 38: 373–380.
  • Stated Policies Scenario, 2019. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-model. Accessed 10 Jan 2019.
  • Sümer Haydaraslan, K., Yaşar, Y. (2018). Bina İç Mekân Sıcaklıklarının Kullanıcı Davranışına Göre Değişiminin Enerji Tüketimine Etkisi, Suleyman Demirel University. Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 22(3): 1217-1222.
  • TCEP (2017). Tracking Clean Energy Progress. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/topics/tracking-clean-energy-progress. Accessed 1 Dec 2019.
  • Technology Roadmap (2013). Energy efficient Building envelope. International Energy Agency. https://webstore.iea.org/technology-roadmaps. Accessed 27 Dec 2019.
  • Tsanas A. and Xifara A. (2012). Accurate quantitative estimation of energy performance of residential buildings using statistical machine learning tools. Energy and Buildings 49: 560-567.
  • TSE (2013). Turkish Standards Institution. Binalarda Isı Yalıtım Kuralları, Turkey.
  • TS 2164 (1988), Heating Installation Design Rules, Turkey.
  • TUIK (2020). Turkish Statistical Institute. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Start.do. Accessed 25 Feb 2020.
  • Wang, X., Chen, D., Ren, Z. (2010). Assessment of climate change impact on residential building heating and cooling energy requirement in Australia. Building and Environment 45:1663–1682.
  • Wang, H, Chen, Q. (2014). Impact of climate change heating and cooling energy use in buildingsin the United States. Energy and Buildings 82:428–436.
  • Wan, K., Li, D., Pan, W., Lam, J. (2012). Impact of climate change on building energy usein different climate zones and mitigation and adaptation implications, Applied Energy 97:274–282.
  • WEO (2018). World Energy Outlook, 2018. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/topics/world-energy-outlook. Accessed 6 Dec 2019.
  • Yaşar, Y., Maçka Kalfa, S. (2012). The effects of window alternatives on energy efficiency and building economy in high-rise residential buildings in moderate to humid climates. Energy Conversion and Management 64:170–181.
  • Zhang, A., Bokel R., Dobbelsteen A., Sun, Y., Huang Q., Zhang Q. (2017). Optimization of Thermal and Daylight Performance of School Buildings Based on a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm in the Cold Climate of China. Energy and Buildings 139: 371–384.
  • Xia L., Ma, Z., McLauchlan, C., Wang, S. (2017). Experimental investigation and control optimization of a ground source heat pump system. Applied Thermal Engineering 127: 70–80.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mimarlık
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Kübra Sümer Haydaraslan 0000-0003-0663-6141

Yalçın Yaşar Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-1899-750X

Proje Numarası 8564
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Haziran 2020
Kabul Tarihi 30 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA Sümer Haydaraslan, K., & Yaşar, Y. (2020). To Create a CO2 Emission Reduction Scenario of a Mass Housing Settlement in Isparta, Turkey until 2050. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(1), 62-75. https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.709911