Emprenye ve ısıl işlemin karaçam (Pinus nigra) ağacının fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri üzerine etkileri

Bilal Doğan; Osman Perçin

doi:10.33725/mamad.1806307

Araştırma Makalesi

Emprenye ve ısıl işlemin karaçam (Pinus nigra) ağacının fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri üzerine etkileri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 358 - 372, 16.12.2025

Bilal Doğan Osman Perçin

https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1806307

Öz

Bu çalışmada, bor bileşikleri ile emprenye işleminden sonra farklı sıcaklıklarda uygulanan ısıl işlemin ahşap malzemenin fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, deney örnekleri %1, %3 ve %5 konsantrasyonlarında boraks (Bx) ve borik asit (Ba) çözeltileriyle 48 saat daldırma yöntemiyle emprenye edilmiş ve ardından 150°C, 170°C, 190°C ve 210°C'de üç saat ısıl işlem uygulanmıştır. Deney örneklerinin hava kurusu yoğunluk, liflere paralel basınç direnci (BD) ve eğilme direnci (ED) değerleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, ısıl işlem uygulanmış deney örneklerinde yoğunluk değerlerinin, artan ısıl işlem sıcaklığıyla azaldığını göstermiştir. Öte yandan, bor bileşikleri ısıl işlem uygulanmamış deney örneklerinin yoğunluk değerlerini artırmıştır. Bor bileşikleri ile emprenye işlemi ve ısıl işlem uygulaması deney örneklerinin BD özelliklerinde hafif bir artışa neden olmuştur. Ayrıca, emprenye edilmiş ve ısıl işlem uygulanmış deney örneklerinin ED değerleri, düşük sıcaklıklarda arttığı, yüksek sıcaklıklarda ise azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Isıl işlem sırasında ED ve BD özelliklerinde görülen azalmaların, ısıl işlemden önce bor bileşikleri ile emprenye edilmesiyle hafifletildiği ve Bx ve Ba emprenye çözeltilerinin sırasıyla BD ve ED özellikleri üzerinde daha olumlu etkilere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bor , ısıl işlem , karaçam , fiziksel ve mekanik özellikler

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İleri Teknolojiler Anabilim Dalında Bilal Doğan tarafından hazırlanan “Boraks ve Borik Asit İle Emprenye Edilmiş ve Isıl İşlem Görmüş Karaçam Odununun Bazı Fiziksel Ve Mekanik Özellikleri” isimli yüksek lisans tezi esas alınarak üretilmiştir.

Teşekkür

Kaynakça

ASTM D1413-76 (1976). Standard test method of testing wood preservatives by laboratory soilblock cultures, Annual Book of ASTM Standard.
Aşçı, T., and Keskin, H., (2021). Strengthening the retention amount and leaching resistance of boron compounds used as impregnation material, Journal of Polytechnic, 24 (1), 103-112, DOI: 10.2339/politeknik.687698
Aşçı, T., (2016). Modification of performance features of boron compounds used as impregnation mateiıal. Ph.D. Thesis, Gazi University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
Awoyemi, L., and Westermark, U., (2005). Effects of borate impregnation on the response of wood strength to heat treatment, Wood Science and Technology, (2005) 39, 484–491, DOI: 10.1007/s00226-005-0001-5
Awoyemi, L.,(2008). Determination of optimum borate concentration for alleviating strength loss during heat treatment of wood, Wood Science and Technology, 42, 39–45, DOI: 10.1007/s00226-007-0139-4
Ayata, Ü., (2024). The effects of carbonate and vinegar mixture on selected surface properties of iatandza (Albizia ferruginea) wood, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 7(1), 17-25. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1457494
Aytin, A., (2013). Yabani kiraz (Cerasus avium (L.) monench) odununun fiziksel, mekanik ve teknolojik özellikleri üzerine yüksek sıcaklık uygulamasının etkisi, Doktora tezi, Düzce Universitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Düzce, Turkiye.
Bal, B. C., (2006). Amonyaklı bakır quat (ACQ) emprenye tuzu ile emprenye edilen sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) odununun bazı fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin araştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kahramanmaraş.
Bal, B.C., Altuntaş E., and Narlıoğlı N., (2023), Some selected properties of composite material produced from plastic furniture waste and wood flour, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 6(2), 233-244, DOI:10.33725/mamad.1384214
Bari, E., Jamali, A., Nazarnezhad, N., Nicholas, D. D., Humar, M., and Najafian, M., (2019). An innovative method for the chemical modification of Carpinus betulus wood: A methodology and approach study, Holzforschung, 73(9), 839-846, DOI: 10.1515/hf-2018-0242
Baysal E., (2003). Fire features of Scots pine wood impregnated with boron compounds and natural tanning materials, Erciyes University, Journal of Applied Science Institute, 19 (1-2), 59-69.
Boonstra M. J., (2008). A two-stage thermal modification of wood, Ph.D. dissertation in cosupervision, Ghent University and Université Henry Poincaré, Nancy-Fransa.
Boonstra, M. J., Van Acker, J., Tjeerdsma, B. F., and Kegel, E. V., (2007). Strength properties of thermally modified softwoods and its relation to polymeric structural wood constituents, Annals of Forest Science, 64(7), 679-690, DOI: 10.1051/forest:2007048
Can, A., Yildiz, S., Yildiz, U. C., and Tomak, E. D., (2010). Effects of boron impregnation and heat treatment on some physical and mechanical properties of spruce and pine wood. In: The 1st International Symposium on Turkish Japanese Environment and Forestry, Trabzon, Turkey, pp. 753-766.
Çavdar, A. D., Mengeloğlu, F., and Karakus, K., (2015). Effect of boric acid and borax on mechanical, fire and thermal properties of wood flour filled high density polyethylene composites, Measurement, 60, 6-12, DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2014.09.078
Dauvergne, E.T., Soulounganga, P., Gerardin, P., and Loubinoux, B., (2000). Glycerol/glyoxal: A new boron fixation system for wood preservation and dimensional stabilization, Holzforschung, 54, 123-126, DOI: 10.1515/HF.2000.021
Doğan, B. (2018). Boraks ve borik asit ile emprenye edilmiş ve ısıl işlem görmüş karaçam odununun bazı fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri, Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kütahya, Türkiye.
Doğan, B., Percin, O., and Sofuoglu, S. D., (2021). Effects of impregnation and heat treatment on density, bending and compression properties of black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) wood, Wood Material Science & Engineering, 17(6), 887-894, DOI: 10.1080/17480272.2021.1969685
Esteves, B. M., and Pereira, H. M., (2009). Wood modification by heat treatment: A review, BioResources, 4(1), 370-404, DOI: 10.15376/biores.4.1.370-404
Fengel, D., and Wegener, G., Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 613 pp. 1984.
ThermoWood Handbook (2003). Finnish Thermowood Association, Helsinki, Finland. https://asiakas.kotisivukone.com/files/en.thermowood.palvelee.fi/downloads/tw_handbook_080813.pdf (Accessed February 22, 2025).
Gecer, M., Baysal, E., Toker, H., Turkoglu, T., Vargun, E., and Yuksel, M., (2015). The effect of boron compounds impregnation on physical and mechanical properties of wood polymer composites, Wood Research, 60(5), 723-738.
Hill, C.A.S., Wood modification: chemical, thermal and other processes, John Wiley & Sons Ltd: West Sussex, England, 2006.
Johansson, D., (2008). Heat treatment of solid wood, effects on absorption, strength and colour, Doctoral Thesis. Luleå University of Technology, LTU Skellefteå, Division of Wood Physics 2008;53, ISSN: 1402–544.
Jones, D., and Sandberg, D., (2020). A review of wood modification globally–updated findings from COST FP1407, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Built Environment, 1-31, DOI: 10.37947/ipbe.2020.vol1.1
Kartal, S. N., and Imamura Y., (2004). Effects of N′-N-(1, 8-Naphthalyl) hydroxylamine (NHA-Na) and hydroxynaphthalimide (NHA-H) on boron leachability and biological degradation of wood, Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff, 62(5), 378-386, DOI: 10.1007/s00107-004-0500-3
Kartal, S. N., Hwang, W. J., and Imamura, Y., (2008). Combined effect of boron compounds and heat treatments on wood properties: Chemical and strength properties of wood, Journal of materials processing technology, 198(1-3), 234-240, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.07.001
Kartal, S.N., Green, F., and Clausen, C.A., (2009). Do the unique properties of nanometals affect leachability or efficacy against fungi and termites? International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 63(4), 490-495, DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.01.007
Keskin, H., Atar, M., and İzciler, M., (2009). Impacts of impregnation chemicals on combustion properties of the laminated wood materials produced combination of beech and poplar veneers, Construction and Building Materials, 23(2), 634-643, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.02.006
Korkut, S., and Kocaefe, D., (2009). Effect of heat treatment on wood properties, Düzce University Journal of Forestry, 5(2), 11‐34
Kotilainen, R., (2000). Chemical changes in wood during heating at 150–260 °C. Ph.D. Thesis, Jyvaskyla University, Research report 80, Finland.
Kubojima, Y., Okano, T., and Ohta, M., (2000). Bending strength and toughness of heat-treated wood, Journal of Wood Science, 46, 8-15
LeVan, S. L. and Winandy, J. E., (1990). Effects of fire retardant treatments on wood strength: A review, Wood and Fiber Science, 22(1), 113-131.
Li, D., Yang, S., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Ji, N., and Liu, J., (2023). Effects of heat treatment under different pressures on the properties of bamboo, Polymers, 15(14), 3074, 1-12, DOI: 10.3390/polym15143074
Liao, J., and Mubarok, M., (2024). Revolutionizing wood: cutting-edge modifications, functional wood-based composites, and innovative applications in wood industry—impacts and benefits, Edited by Zhou, X., IntechOpen, London, UK (2024).
Örs, Y., Atar, M. and Keskin, H., (2004) Bonding strength of some adhesives in wood materials impregnated with Imersol-Aqua, International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, 24, 287–294, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2003.10.007
Özçifçi, A., Altun, S., and Yapıcı, F., (2009). Effects of heat treatment on technological properties of wood, In 5th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS’09) Karabuk. Turkiye, May 13-15.
Sandberg, D., Kutnar, A., and Mantanis, G., (2017). Wood modification technologies-a review, Iforest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 10(6), 895-908, DOI: 10.3832/ifor2380-010
Sevim Korkut, D., and and Hızıroğlu, S., (2014). Experimental test of heat treatment effect on physical properties of red oak (Quercus falcate Michx.) and southern pine (Pinus taeda L.), Materials, 7(11), 7314-7323, DOI: 10.3390/ma7117314
Şen, S., and Hafızoğlu, H., (2001). The effects on the environment of some chemicals used in wood protection, National Industry – Environment Symposium and Gallery, Mersin, 25-27 April 2001, 753-758.
Şimşek Türker, Y., Kılınçarslan, Ş., and Işıldar, N., (2024). Numerical and experimental behavior of fiber reinforced polymer type and layer number effect on the flexural properties of heat-treated black pine wood, Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, 21(2), 279-289, DOI: 10.1007/s13196-024-00347-0
Toker, H., (2007). Borlu bileşiklerin ağaç malzemenin bazı fiziksel mekanik ve biyolojik özelliklerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye
Tomak, E. D., Viitanen, H., Yildiz, U. C., and Hughes, M., (2011). The combined effects of boron and oil heat treatment on the properties of beech and Scots pine wood. Part 2: Water absorption, compression strength, color changes, and decay resistance, Journal of Materials Science, 46(3), 608-615, DOI: 10.1007/s10853-010-4860-2
Winandy, J. E., (1997). Effects of fire retardant retention, borate buffers, and redrying temperature after treatment on thermal-induced degradation, Forest Products Journal, 47(6), 79-86
Won, K. R., Kim, T. H., Hwang, K. K., Chong, S. H., Hong, N. E., and Byeon, H. S., (2012). Effect of heat treatment on the bending strength and hardness of wood, Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Tech., 40(5), 303-310, DOI: 10.5658/WOOD.2012.40.5.303
Yıldız, S., Gezer, E.D., and Yıldız, U. C., (2006). Mechanical and chemical behaviour of spruce wood modified by heat, Building and Environment, 41(12). 1762-1766, DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.017
Zelinka, S. L., Altgen, M., Emmerich, L., Guigo, N., Keplinger, T., Kymäläinen, M., Thybring, E. E., and Thygesen, L. G., (2022). Review of wood modification and wood functionalization Technologies, Forests, 13(7), 1004, 1-46, DOI: 10.3390/f13071004
Zhang, J. W., Liu, H. H., Yang, L., Han, T. Q., and Yin, Q., (2020). Effect of moderate temperature thermal modification combined with wax impregnation on wood properties, Applied Sciences, 10(22), 8231, 1-12, DOI: 10.3390/app10228231

Effects of impregnation and heat treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of black pine (Pinus nigra) wood

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 358 - 372, 16.12.2025

Bilal Doğan Osman Perçin

https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1806307

Öz

In this study, the effect of impregnation with boron compounds followed by heat treatment at different temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of wood material was investigated. For this purpose, samples were impregnated with borax (Bx) and boric acid (Ba) solutions at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% using the immersion method for 48 hours, and then subjected to heat treatment at 150°C, 170°C, 190°C and 210°C for three hours. The air-dry density, compressive strength parallel to the grain (CS), and modulus of rupture (MOR) of the test samples were determined. The results indicated that air-dried density of heat-treated samples decreased with increasing heat treatment temperature. On the other hand, boron compounds increased air-dried density. The impregnation with boron compounds and heat treatment causes an slightly increase in CS properties of samples. It was also found that the MOR values of impregnated and heat treated samples increased at the initial stage of the heat treatment and decreased later. It was also determined that the decreases in MOR and CS during heat treatment were alleviated by impregnation with boron compounds before heat treatment and also the Bx and Ba impregnation solution was more favourable on the CS and MOR properties, respectively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Boron , heat treatment , black pine , physical and mechanical properties

Etik Beyan

This study was produced based on the master's thesis titled "Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Impregnated With Borax and Boric Acid and Heat Treated Black Pine Wood" prepared by Bilal Doğan in the Department of Advanced Technologies, Institute of Science, Kütahya Dumlupınar University.

Teşekkür

Kaynakça

ASTM D1413-76 (1976). Standard test method of testing wood preservatives by laboratory soilblock cultures, Annual Book of ASTM Standard.
Aşçı, T., and Keskin, H., (2021). Strengthening the retention amount and leaching resistance of boron compounds used as impregnation material, Journal of Polytechnic, 24 (1), 103-112, DOI: 10.2339/politeknik.687698
Aşçı, T., (2016). Modification of performance features of boron compounds used as impregnation mateiıal. Ph.D. Thesis, Gazi University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
Awoyemi, L., and Westermark, U., (2005). Effects of borate impregnation on the response of wood strength to heat treatment, Wood Science and Technology, (2005) 39, 484–491, DOI: 10.1007/s00226-005-0001-5
Awoyemi, L.,(2008). Determination of optimum borate concentration for alleviating strength loss during heat treatment of wood, Wood Science and Technology, 42, 39–45, DOI: 10.1007/s00226-007-0139-4
Ayata, Ü., (2024). The effects of carbonate and vinegar mixture on selected surface properties of iatandza (Albizia ferruginea) wood, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 7(1), 17-25. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1457494
Aytin, A., (2013). Yabani kiraz (Cerasus avium (L.) monench) odununun fiziksel, mekanik ve teknolojik özellikleri üzerine yüksek sıcaklık uygulamasının etkisi, Doktora tezi, Düzce Universitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Düzce, Turkiye.
Bal, B. C., (2006). Amonyaklı bakır quat (ACQ) emprenye tuzu ile emprenye edilen sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) odununun bazı fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin araştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kahramanmaraş.
Bal, B.C., Altuntaş E., and Narlıoğlı N., (2023), Some selected properties of composite material produced from plastic furniture waste and wood flour, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 6(2), 233-244, DOI:10.33725/mamad.1384214
Bari, E., Jamali, A., Nazarnezhad, N., Nicholas, D. D., Humar, M., and Najafian, M., (2019). An innovative method for the chemical modification of Carpinus betulus wood: A methodology and approach study, Holzforschung, 73(9), 839-846, DOI: 10.1515/hf-2018-0242
Baysal E., (2003). Fire features of Scots pine wood impregnated with boron compounds and natural tanning materials, Erciyes University, Journal of Applied Science Institute, 19 (1-2), 59-69.
Boonstra M. J., (2008). A two-stage thermal modification of wood, Ph.D. dissertation in cosupervision, Ghent University and Université Henry Poincaré, Nancy-Fransa.
Boonstra, M. J., Van Acker, J., Tjeerdsma, B. F., and Kegel, E. V., (2007). Strength properties of thermally modified softwoods and its relation to polymeric structural wood constituents, Annals of Forest Science, 64(7), 679-690, DOI: 10.1051/forest:2007048
Can, A., Yildiz, S., Yildiz, U. C., and Tomak, E. D., (2010). Effects of boron impregnation and heat treatment on some physical and mechanical properties of spruce and pine wood. In: The 1st International Symposium on Turkish Japanese Environment and Forestry, Trabzon, Turkey, pp. 753-766.
Çavdar, A. D., Mengeloğlu, F., and Karakus, K., (2015). Effect of boric acid and borax on mechanical, fire and thermal properties of wood flour filled high density polyethylene composites, Measurement, 60, 6-12, DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2014.09.078
Dauvergne, E.T., Soulounganga, P., Gerardin, P., and Loubinoux, B., (2000). Glycerol/glyoxal: A new boron fixation system for wood preservation and dimensional stabilization, Holzforschung, 54, 123-126, DOI: 10.1515/HF.2000.021
Doğan, B. (2018). Boraks ve borik asit ile emprenye edilmiş ve ısıl işlem görmüş karaçam odununun bazı fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri, Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kütahya, Türkiye.
Doğan, B., Percin, O., and Sofuoglu, S. D., (2021). Effects of impregnation and heat treatment on density, bending and compression properties of black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) wood, Wood Material Science & Engineering, 17(6), 887-894, DOI: 10.1080/17480272.2021.1969685
Esteves, B. M., and Pereira, H. M., (2009). Wood modification by heat treatment: A review, BioResources, 4(1), 370-404, DOI: 10.15376/biores.4.1.370-404
Fengel, D., and Wegener, G., Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 613 pp. 1984.
ThermoWood Handbook (2003). Finnish Thermowood Association, Helsinki, Finland. https://asiakas.kotisivukone.com/files/en.thermowood.palvelee.fi/downloads/tw_handbook_080813.pdf (Accessed February 22, 2025).
Gecer, M., Baysal, E., Toker, H., Turkoglu, T., Vargun, E., and Yuksel, M., (2015). The effect of boron compounds impregnation on physical and mechanical properties of wood polymer composites, Wood Research, 60(5), 723-738.
Hill, C.A.S., Wood modification: chemical, thermal and other processes, John Wiley & Sons Ltd: West Sussex, England, 2006.
Johansson, D., (2008). Heat treatment of solid wood, effects on absorption, strength and colour, Doctoral Thesis. Luleå University of Technology, LTU Skellefteå, Division of Wood Physics 2008;53, ISSN: 1402–544.
Jones, D., and Sandberg, D., (2020). A review of wood modification globally–updated findings from COST FP1407, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Built Environment, 1-31, DOI: 10.37947/ipbe.2020.vol1.1
Kartal, S. N., and Imamura Y., (2004). Effects of N′-N-(1, 8-Naphthalyl) hydroxylamine (NHA-Na) and hydroxynaphthalimide (NHA-H) on boron leachability and biological degradation of wood, Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff, 62(5), 378-386, DOI: 10.1007/s00107-004-0500-3
Kartal, S. N., Hwang, W. J., and Imamura, Y., (2008). Combined effect of boron compounds and heat treatments on wood properties: Chemical and strength properties of wood, Journal of materials processing technology, 198(1-3), 234-240, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.07.001
Kartal, S.N., Green, F., and Clausen, C.A., (2009). Do the unique properties of nanometals affect leachability or efficacy against fungi and termites? International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 63(4), 490-495, DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.01.007
Keskin, H., Atar, M., and İzciler, M., (2009). Impacts of impregnation chemicals on combustion properties of the laminated wood materials produced combination of beech and poplar veneers, Construction and Building Materials, 23(2), 634-643, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.02.006
Korkut, S., and Kocaefe, D., (2009). Effect of heat treatment on wood properties, Düzce University Journal of Forestry, 5(2), 11‐34
Kotilainen, R., (2000). Chemical changes in wood during heating at 150–260 °C. Ph.D. Thesis, Jyvaskyla University, Research report 80, Finland.
Kubojima, Y., Okano, T., and Ohta, M., (2000). Bending strength and toughness of heat-treated wood, Journal of Wood Science, 46, 8-15
LeVan, S. L. and Winandy, J. E., (1990). Effects of fire retardant treatments on wood strength: A review, Wood and Fiber Science, 22(1), 113-131.
Li, D., Yang, S., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Ji, N., and Liu, J., (2023). Effects of heat treatment under different pressures on the properties of bamboo, Polymers, 15(14), 3074, 1-12, DOI: 10.3390/polym15143074
Liao, J., and Mubarok, M., (2024). Revolutionizing wood: cutting-edge modifications, functional wood-based composites, and innovative applications in wood industry—impacts and benefits, Edited by Zhou, X., IntechOpen, London, UK (2024).
Örs, Y., Atar, M. and Keskin, H., (2004) Bonding strength of some adhesives in wood materials impregnated with Imersol-Aqua, International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, 24, 287–294, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2003.10.007
Özçifçi, A., Altun, S., and Yapıcı, F., (2009). Effects of heat treatment on technological properties of wood, In 5th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS’09) Karabuk. Turkiye, May 13-15.
Sandberg, D., Kutnar, A., and Mantanis, G., (2017). Wood modification technologies-a review, Iforest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 10(6), 895-908, DOI: 10.3832/ifor2380-010
Sevim Korkut, D., and and Hızıroğlu, S., (2014). Experimental test of heat treatment effect on physical properties of red oak (Quercus falcate Michx.) and southern pine (Pinus taeda L.), Materials, 7(11), 7314-7323, DOI: 10.3390/ma7117314
Şen, S., and Hafızoğlu, H., (2001). The effects on the environment of some chemicals used in wood protection, National Industry – Environment Symposium and Gallery, Mersin, 25-27 April 2001, 753-758.
Şimşek Türker, Y., Kılınçarslan, Ş., and Işıldar, N., (2024). Numerical and experimental behavior of fiber reinforced polymer type and layer number effect on the flexural properties of heat-treated black pine wood, Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, 21(2), 279-289, DOI: 10.1007/s13196-024-00347-0
Toker, H., (2007). Borlu bileşiklerin ağaç malzemenin bazı fiziksel mekanik ve biyolojik özelliklerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye
Tomak, E. D., Viitanen, H., Yildiz, U. C., and Hughes, M., (2011). The combined effects of boron and oil heat treatment on the properties of beech and Scots pine wood. Part 2: Water absorption, compression strength, color changes, and decay resistance, Journal of Materials Science, 46(3), 608-615, DOI: 10.1007/s10853-010-4860-2
Winandy, J. E., (1997). Effects of fire retardant retention, borate buffers, and redrying temperature after treatment on thermal-induced degradation, Forest Products Journal, 47(6), 79-86
Won, K. R., Kim, T. H., Hwang, K. K., Chong, S. H., Hong, N. E., and Byeon, H. S., (2012). Effect of heat treatment on the bending strength and hardness of wood, Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Tech., 40(5), 303-310, DOI: 10.5658/WOOD.2012.40.5.303
Yıldız, S., Gezer, E.D., and Yıldız, U. C., (2006). Mechanical and chemical behaviour of spruce wood modified by heat, Building and Environment, 41(12). 1762-1766, DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.017
Zelinka, S. L., Altgen, M., Emmerich, L., Guigo, N., Keplinger, T., Kymäläinen, M., Thybring, E. E., and Thygesen, L. G., (2022). Review of wood modification and wood functionalization Technologies, Forests, 13(7), 1004, 1-46, DOI: 10.3390/f13071004
Zhang, J. W., Liu, H. H., Yang, L., Han, T. Q., and Yin, Q., (2020). Effect of moderate temperature thermal modification combined with wax impregnation on wood properties, Applied Sciences, 10(22), 8231, 1-12, DOI: 10.3390/app10228231

Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Ahşap Fiziği ve Mekaniği
Bölüm	Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar	Bilal Doğan Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3987-447X Osman Perçin 0000-0003-0033-0918
Gönderilme Tarihi	18 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi	18 Kasım 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi	11 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi	16 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA	Doğan, B., & Perçin, O. (2025). Emprenye ve ısıl işlemin karaçam (Pinus nigra) ağacının fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 358-372. https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1806307

Amaç ve Kapsam

Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi (MAMAD), mobilya konusunu ön planda tutarak Dergi Park üzerinde yayın hayatına başlayan ilk akademik dergidir. Bu nedenle, bu alanda çalışma yapan araştırmacılara, mobilya ve ahşap malzeme ile ilgili olan tüm okuyuculara hizmet sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Açık erişim ve Uluslararası hakemli dergidir.

Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi; mobilya mekaniği, mobilya üst yüzey işlemleri, mobilya üretiminde kalite kontrol, mobilya ithalat ve ihracatı, bilgisayar destekli mobilya tasarımı, bilgisayar destekli mobilya üretimi konularında hazırlanan çalışmalara yer verecektir. Ayrıca, masif ahşap malzeme, ahşap esaslı kompozit malzemeler, odun plastik kompozit malzemeler, ahşap malzemenin işlenmesi, ahşap malzemenin güçlendirilmesi, ahşap malzemenin korunması, ahşap malzemenin modifikasyonu, ahşap malzemenin fiziksel, kimyasal, mekanik ve diğer teknolojik özelliklerini içeren araştırmalarda dergi kapsamındadır. Kâğıt ve kağıt hamuru üzerine yapılan çalışmalar derginin kapsamı dışındadır. Dergi, araştırma ve derleme türündeki olan makaleleri yayınlamaktadır. Diğer türlerde hazırlanan makaleleri kabul etmemektedir.

Yazım Kuralları

Makale,dergi ana sayfasından veya buradan indirilecek MAMAD şablon dosya 2025 'e göre hazırlanmalı ve copyright transfer form 2025 imzalanarak sisteme yüklenmelidir.

Makalenin sorumlu yazarı aşağıdaki kuralları uygulamalıdır.

1. Her yazarın ORCID ID verilmelidir.

2. Makale başlıkları (Türkçe ve İngilizce başlık), sayfada ortalı, 14 punto ve koyu yazılmalıdır (Bold).

3. Yazar İsimleri 12 Punto ve sadece ilk harfler büyük, normal yazılmalıdır (Bold değil).

4. Makale ilk sayfasında “Öz” ve “Abstract” konumu doğru ve bu kelimeler koyu yazılmalıdır (Bold)

5. Öz ve Abstract en az 150 ve en fazla 180 kelime olarak yazılmalıdır.

6. Anahtar kelimeler en az 3 en fazla 5 kelime verilmelidir.

7. Makale maksimum sayfa sayısı 16'dır.

8. Makale ilk sayfasının alt bilgi kısmında yazar bilgileri ve atıf bilgisi verilmelidir.

9. İlk sayfa alt bilgide satırlar alt çizgi ile ayrılmalıdır. (Örnek)

10. Giriş kısmına, makalenin ikinci sayfasından başlanmalıdır. Giriş kısmının son paragrafında çalışmanın amacı net olarak verilmelidir (Bu çalışmanın amacı...........dır).

11. Başlık numaralandırması doğru olarak verilmelidir.

12. Yazı stili "Times new roman" ve büyüklüğü "12 punto" yapılmalıdır (Makale başlıkları hariç). Çizelge içeriği, sığdırmak için 8 puntoya kadar küçültülebilir.

13. İtalik yazılması gereken ifadeler italik yapılmalıdır.

14. Paragraf başı girinti miktarları 0,5 cm ve paragraflar arası 6 nk yapılmalıdır.

15. Makalenin tüm bölümlerinde satır aralığı 1 olmalıdır.

16. Sayfa kenar boşlukları üstten ve alttan 3, diğer kenarlardan 2.5 yapılmalıdır.

17. Metin içinde yapılan atıflar doğru verilmelidir (Ali, Ayşe, Can,..1999 yanlış) (Ali ve ark., 1999 doğru) (Ali vd., 1999 yanlış).

18. Metin içinde aynı parantez içinde verilen atıflar arası noktalı virgül “;” kullanılmalıdır.

19. Formüller ve numaraları doğru verilmelidir. Formüller resim formatında verilmemelidir.

20. Şekil ve çizelge numaraları sırası doğru verilmelidir.

21. Şekil ve Çizelge başlıklarında Şekil 1 ve Çizelge 1 kelimeleri koyu (bold) verilmelidir.

22. Şekil ve Çizelge başlıkları soldan içerde verilmemelidir (paragraf girintisi 0).

23. Her şekil ve çizelgeye atıf yapılmalıdır.

24. Şekil ve çizelgeler ortalı konumda olmalıdır.

25. Şekillerde başlık alta ve çizelgelerde başlık üste yazılmalıdır.

26. Sonuçlar kısmı maddeler halinde verilmelidir.

27. Gerekli ise, teşekkür kısmı ve varsa proje numarası verilmelidir.

28. Metin içerisinde ve çizelge içeriğindeki rakamlarda ondalık ayırıcı nokta olarak verilmelidir.

29. Kaynaklarda “and” ifadesi ve “ve” ifadesi kullanılmalıdır (Örnek: Babiak, M., and Kúdela, J. Bal B.C., ve Efe F.T.)

30. Kaynaklar listesinde, yazar isimleri nokta ve virgül ile (Bal B.C.,), yıl parantez içinde (1999). parantezden sonra “.” ifadesi ile, sayı numarasından sonra parantezi takiben virgül “2(3), 25-35” sayfa numaraları arası tire (-) ifadesi ile, her bir kaynak satırı arasında 6 nk boşluk ile yazılmalıdır. Dergi, kitap ve tez isimleri italik yazılmalıdır. Kaynak bildiri ise tamamı dik yazılmalıdır. Kaynak çalışmanın ilk harfi hariç küçük harf olarak verilmelidir. Dergi isimleri tam veya kıda adı verilebilir. Atıf yapılan makalenin varsa DOI numarası verilmelidir.

31. Metin ve çizelgeler içindeki rakamların ayıracı nokta olmalıdır. (12.23 doğru, 12,23 yanlış)

Örnek kaynak gösterimi:

Bal, B. C., (2012). Genç odun ve olgun odunun lif morfolojisindeki farklılıklar üzerine bir araştırma, Düzce Üniversitesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 8(2), 29-35, DOI:....

Çavuş, V., ve Ayata, Ü., (2018). Manolya ağacı, akçaağaç ve tespih ağacı odunlarında vida tutma direnci üzerine bir araştırma. MAMAD, 1(2), 94-102, DOI:.... 10.33725/mamad.496615.

Bal, B.C., ve Kaba, O., (2019). Kahramanmaraş ilindeki ahşap oyma atölyelerinin üretim miktarları üzerine bir araştırma. III. International Mediterranean Forest and Environment Symposium (IMFES2019), 3-5.Ekim.2019, Bildiriler kitabı S:520-524, Kahramanmaraş/ Türkiye.

Omatça, İ., (2006). Ahşabın, oyuncak üretiminde kullanımı ve önemi, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Simav Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi, Mobilya ve Dekorasyon Eğitimi Bölümü, Lisans tezi.

ASTM 1761, (2012). Standart test methods for mechanical fasteners in wood,. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Philadelphia.
Bal, B.C., and Bektaş, İ., (2012). The physical properties of heartwood and sapwood of Eucalyptus grandis, ProLigno, 8 (4), 35-43.
Bal, B.C., ve Altuntaş, E., (2013). Masif ağaç malzeme ve tabakalı kaplama kerestenin vida tutma direnci üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma, Düzce University journal of forestry, 9(2),14-22.
Bozkurt, Y., Göker, Y., ve Erdin, N., (1993). Emprenye tekniği, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, No 425, İstanbul,1993.
Çolak, S., Aydın, İ., ve Çolakoǧlu, G., (2003). Okaliptüs (E. camaldulensis) ağacının farklı yüksekliklerinden alınan tomruklardan üretilmiş kontrplakların bazı mekanik özellikleri, Doğu Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 9, 95–111.
Çolak, G., (2024). Ahşap-plastik kompozitlerin endüstriyel üretim sürecine ilişkin yaşam döngüsü çevresel sürdürülebilirlik analizi, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bilecik, Türkiye.
DeCristoforo, R.J., (1988). The complete book of stationary power tool techniques. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. Two Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. 388p
Gaff, M., Vokaty, V., Babiak, M., and Bal. B.C., (2016). Coefficient of wood bendability as a function of selected factors, Construction and Building Materials, 126 (2016), 630-640, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.085
Rammer, D. R., (2010). Fastenings,wood handbook: wood as an engineering material, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190, Madison, WI (ss. 1–2).
TS 2478, (1976). Odunun statik eğilmede elastiklik modülünün tayini. türk standartları enstitüsü, Ankara.
URL-1, (2020). George III period satinwood work table, 1stDIBS, http://www.onlinegalleries.com/art-and-antiques (last access: 19.02.2020)
Yıldırım, M. N, Karaman, A., and Akınay, A., (2016). Finite element method application of wooden furniture, International conference on research in education science, 19 - 22 Mayıs 2016, ss.1258-1270, Muğla/Türkiye,

Etik İlkeler ve Yayın Politikası

PUBLICATION ETHICS and PUBLICATION MALPRACTICE STATEMENT

The publication process at Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal is the basis of the objective and respectful improvement and dissemination of information. Therefore, the procedures in this process improve the quality of the studies. Peer-reviewed studies support and materialize the scientific method. At this point, all parties included in the publication process (authors, readers and researchers, publisher, reviewers, and editors) must comply with the standards of ethical considerations. Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal expects all parties to hold the following ethical responsibilities.

The following ethical duties, responsibilities, and best practices are based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guide and policies.

ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF EDITORS

Editors of the Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal are accountable for everything published. This means the editors should
• strive to meet the needs of readers and authors.
• strive to improve their journal constantly;
• have processes in place to ensure the quality of the material they publish;
• champion freedom of expression;
• maintain the integrity of the academic record;
• preclude business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards;
• be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.

CODE OF CONDUCT AND BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR JOURNAL EDITORS

Best practice for editors would include

• actively seeking the views of authors, readers, reviewers, and editorial board members about ways of improving their journal’s processes

• encouraging and being aware of research into peer review and publishing and reassessing their journal’s processes in the light of new findings

• working to persuade their publisher to provide appropriate resources and guidance from experts (e.g. designers, lawyers)

• supporting initiatives designed to reduce research and publication misconduct

• supporting initiatives to educate researchers about publication ethics

• assessing the effects of their journal policies on author and reviewer behavior and revising policies, as required, to encourage responsible behavior and discourage misconduct

• ensuring that any press releases issued by their journal reflect the message of the reported article and put it into context

RELATIONS WITH AUTHORS

• Editors’ decisions to accept or reject a paper for publication should be based on the paper’s importance,

• originality, clarity, and the study’s validity and relevance to the journal's remit.

• Editors should not reverse decisions to accept submissions unless serious problems are identified with the submission.

• New editors should not overturn decisions to publish submissions made by the previous editor unless serious problems are identified.

• A description of peer review processes should be published, and editors should be ready to justify any important deviation from the described processes.

• Journals should have a declared mechanism for authors to appeal against editorial decisions.

• Editors should publish guidance to authors on everything that is expected of them. This guidance should be regularly updated and should refer or link to this code.

• Editors should guide criteria for authorship and/or who should be listed as a contributor following the standards within the relevant field.

ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF AUTHORS

• The submitted manuscript should not be submitted to multiple journals for simultaneous consideration.

• The submitted work should be original and not have been published elsewhere in any form or language unless the new work concerns expanding previous work.

• Results should be presented clearly and honestly without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation.

• No data, text, or theories by others are presented as if they were the author’s own. Proper acknowledgments to other works must be given; quotation marks are used for verbatim copying of material, and permissions must be secured for copyrighted material.

• The submitting corresponding author is responsible for ensuring all the other coauthors approve the manuscript article's publication.

• All authors have agreed to allow the corresponding author to serve as the correspondent with the editorial office to review the edited manuscript and proof.

• Plagiarism in any form constitutes a serious violation of publication ethics and is unacceptable. The journal has a strict policy against plagiarism and misconduct.

• All submitted manuscripts are checked for plagiarism using professional plagiarism-checking software (iThenticate).

• When necessary, articles will be retracted according to COPE retraction guidelines.

ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF REVIEWERS

• Reviewers assist the editorial board in making editorial decisions. Reviews should be conducted objectively, and observations should be formulated clearly with supporting arguments so that authors can use them to improve the paper.

• Reviewers should not consider manuscripts with conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.

• Reporting possible research misconduct.

• Suggest alternative reviewers if they cannot review the manuscript for any reason.

• Treating the manuscript as a confidential document.

• Ensuring that the manuscript is of high quality and original research.

• Reviewers should identify relevant published work that the authors have not cited. The relevant citation should accompany references to the ideas of others.

• The reviewer should not force Authors to cite the reviewer's published articles.

THE ETHICS APPROVAL(S)

All original research papers involving humans, animals, plants, biological material, protected or non-public datasets, collections, or sites must include a written statement under an Ethics Approval section, including the following:

• The name of the ethics committee(s) or institutional review board(s) involved.

• The number or ID of the ethics approval(s).

• A statement that human participants have provided informed consent before participating in the research.

• Research involving animals must adhere to ethical standards concerning animal welfare. All original research papers involving animals must:

• Follow international, national, and institutional guidelines for the humane treatment of animals.

• Editors of the Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal are accountable for everything published in the journal. This means the editors should
strive to meet the needs of readers and authors.
• strive to improve their journal constantly;
• have processes in place to ensure the quality of the material they publish;
• champion freedom of expression;
• maintain the integrity of the academic record;
• preclude business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards;
• be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.

Confidentiality
The editor and any editorial staff must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher, as appropriate.

Disclosure and conflicts of interest
Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted paper will not be used by the editor or the editorial board members for research purposes without the author's explicit written consent.

Fundamental errors in published works
When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, the author must notify the journal editor or publisher promptly and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper in the form of an erratum.

PUBLICATION POLICY
1. Copyright Transfer principles: All authors must sign the form. It is mandatory to have the signature of the corresponding author on the form. In case the signatures of the other author/authors cannot be reached due to inaccessibility, the correspondence author accepts the responsibility of the related author/authors. The submitted article must not be published elsewhere or under review in any journal for publication. All authors mentioned in the article have seen and approved the submitted article. The journal is not responsible for problems such as the order of names that may occur between authors. The article has been prepared in accordance with the spelling rules specified by the journal. As the author(s) of the article, we accept that we have waived the article's copyright, transferred this right to the Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, and authorized Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal to publish the article. Article author(s) accept that all texts, figures, graphics, photographs, and charts given in the article belong to the authors of the article and that any information received from other researchers is made by citing the source within the framework of ethical rules, and that the author(s) of the article is responsible for any issue that constitutes an ethical crime.

2. Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal has agreed to comply with the COPE Code of Conduct provisions for Journal Editors. All journal-related activities are to be carried out according to these rules.

3. The journal publishes two annual issues and does not publish special issues or additional issues.

4. Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal is an international, peer-reviewed, and open-access journal that does not charge an article processing fee, evaluation fee, printing fee, or any other fee for articles.

6. Personal information such as names, e-mail addresses, and telephone numbers entered in the management system of Furniture and Wood Materials Research Journal will only be used for the scientific purposes of this journal, in accordance with the Privacy Statement.

7. All articles published in Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal are archived and stored in pdf format through TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM, Life Sciences Database.

8. Furniture and Wooden Materials Research Journal does not accept advertisements.

9. Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal evaluates with a double-blind peer review process.

10. The articles sent to the Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal are first evaluated by the editor-in-chief. Articles not suitable for the scope of the journal are rejected at this stage.

11. If the articles suit the journal's scope, a referee review is started if there is no significant deficiency. The refereeing invitation period is 1 week, and the referee evaluation period is 2 weeks. The authors are given a minimum of 1 week and a maximum of 4 weeks to make the necessary corrections to the article in line with the opinions of the referees. A minimum of 1 day and a maximum of 7 days is given for the final control phase.

12. If the articles sent to the Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal have passed the preliminary evaluation stage and have been sent to the referees, they cannot withdraw the article.

13. Each article sent to the journal is reviewed by two referees. If both referees give a positive opinion, the article is accepted. If both referees agree on the negative opinion, the article is rejected. If one of the referees gives a positive opinion and the other a negative opinion, the opinion of a third referee is sought. A decision is made about the articles sent to the journal at the end of three months at the latest.
14. The articles sent to the journal are examined with the iThenticate program for plagiarism.

Ücret Politikası

Dergi hiç bir işlem için ücret talep etmemektedir.

Dizinler

Atıf Dizinleri

	Scopus
	TR Dizin
	Eurasian Scientific Journal Index
	ResearchBib
	idealonline
	Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)
	SJIFactor
	General Impact Factor
	COSMOS IF
	CiteFactor
	Sindex
	DRJI
	WorldCat
	Zeitschriftendatenbank (ZDB)
	Journal Factor
	EZB Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek
	CrossRef

Diğer Dizinler

	Asos indeks
	Sobiad
	IAD
	Erihplus
	Crossref
	CiteFactor
	İndex copernicus
	Acar indeks
	Cosmos indeks
	TR Dİzin
	Dimensions
	Scilit

Dergi Kurulları

Baş editör

Bekir Cihad BAL

Ahşap İşleme, Ahşap Yapılar ve Konstrüksiyonları, Ahşap Fiziği ve Mekaniği, Ahşap Esaslı Kompozitler, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği

Editör Kurulu Üyeleri

Murat ÖZALP

Kutahya dumlupinar university, Wood products industrial engineering

Mühendislik, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği, Ahşap İşleme, Ahşap Yapılar ve Konstrüksiyonları, Orman Biyokütlesi ve Biyoürünleri, Orman Entomolojisi ve Orman Koruma