Çevre Kirliliği ve Turizm Sektörü Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Seçilmiş Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri Örneği

Öz

Çevre kirliliği ve turizm sektörü ilişkisi turizmin sürdürülebilirliği açısından önemlidir. Bu amaçla çalışmada, popüler turistik destinasyonları içine alan seçilmiş 15 Avrupa Birliği üyesi ülkenin 1990-2019 yılları arasındaki partikül madde 2.5 (PM2.5) değeri analize dahil edilerek çevre ve turizm sektörü arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. PM2.5, gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla, enerji tüketimi, turist varışları ve dış ticaret açığı verileri araştırmada kullanılan değişkenlerdir. Nedensellik analizi sonucuna göre, turist varışlarından ve enerji kullanımından çevre kirliliğini temsil eden PM2.5’e doğru bir nedensellik vardır. Dış ticaret ve gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla değişkenleri için ise PM2.5 ile herhangi bir nedensellik bulgusuna ulaşılamamıştır. Ayrıca analiz sonucunda, enerji kullanımı değişkeninden hem gayrisafi yurt içi hasılaya hem de turist varışlarına doğru istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve tek yönlü bir nedensellik saptanmışken enerji kullanımı ile dış ticaret açığı arasında nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilememiştir. Bununla birlikte dış ticaret açığı değişkeninden de turist varışlarına doğru istatistiksel olarak anlamlı tek yönlü bir nedensellik bulunmuştur. Son olarak gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla ve turist varışları arasında ise istatistiksel olarak güçlü bir anlamlılıkla çift yönlü nedenselliğin varlığı ispat edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çevre Kirliliği
• Turizm
• PM2.5

The Causality Relationship between Environmental Pollution and Tourism Sector: The Case of Selected European Union Countries

Abstract

The relationship between environmental pollution and tourism sector is important for the tourism’s sustainability. For this purpose, the study investigates the relationship between particulate matter 2.5 (PM2,5) and the environment and tourism sector between 1990-2019 for 15 selected European Union member countries, including popular tourist destinations, by causality analysis. PM2.5, gross domestic product, energy consumption, tourist arrivals, and foreign trade deficit data are the variables used in the study. The results of the casuality analysis show that there is a one-way link between the number of tourists and the amount of energy used and PM2,5, which is a measure of enviromental pollution. For foreign trade and gross domestic product variables, no causality was found with PM2.5. In addition, as a result of the analysis, a statistically significant and unidirectional causality was found from energy use variable to both gross domestic product and tourist arrivals, while no causality relationship was found between energy use and foreign trade deficit. However, a statistically significant unidirectional causality was found from the foreign trade deficit variable to tourist arrivals. Finally, it was statically proven that there is a two-way casual relationship between gross domestic product and tourist arrivals.

Keywords

• Environmental Pollution
• Tourism
• PM2.5

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