Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Mantar Sektörü ve Sürdürülebilirlik

Öz

Bu çalışmada dünyada ve Türkiye’deki mantar sektörünün güncel durumu ve sektördeki büyümenin devamlılığını sağlamak için sürdürülebilirlik konuları üzerinde durulmuştur. Mantar sektörünün mevcut durumunu ortaya koymak için Türkiye’deki küçük, orta ve büyük ölçekli mantar işletmeleriyle yapılan anketlerden ve TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu) ile FAO (Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü)’ya ait ikincil verilerden yararlanılmıştır. 2022 yılında 48.33 milyon tona ulaşan küresel mantar ve trüf üretiminin %94’ünü Çin sağlamaktadır. Çin, 45.43 milyon ton mantar ve trüf üretimi ile mantar üretimi, tüketimi ve ihracatında dünya lideri konumundadır. Ülkeler arasında başta Çin olmak üzere sırasıyla Hindistan, Rusya ve Türkiye’de mantar üretimi hız kesmeden artmaktadır. Türkiye’de, son 20 yılda mantar üretiminde belirgin bir artış meydana gelmiş ve 2023 yılı verilerine göre mantar üretimi 85000 tona yükselmiştir. Türkiye’de 2023 yılı itibari ile kişi başına düşen yıllık mantar tüketim miktarı yaklaşık 996 g’dır. Bu miktar, Avrupa’da halihazırda kişi başına 3 kg olan ve Türkiye’de de şu anda ulaşılması hedeflenen tüketim miktarının çok altındadır. Kültür mantarı tüketim alışkanlıklarının artması, mantarların sağlık bakımından yararları ve işlevsel gıda olarak kabul edilmesi hem dünyada hem de Türkiye’de tüketici taleplerini önemli ölçüde artırmıştır. Bu durum, özellikle Türkiye’de mantar sektörüne yapılacak yatırımların önümüzdeki 20 yıl içerisinde hızla artma eğiliminde olacağını göstermektedir. Mantar yetiştiriciliği, gıda güvenliği, ekonomik kalkınma ve çevre dostu tarım için kritik öneme sahiptir. Kültür mantarı sektöründeki hızlı büyüme, üretim sürecinde karşılaşılan problemlerin artışını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Mantar üretim sürecinde ortaya çıkan teknik problemlerin yanında, büyüyen sektörün resmi makamlar tarafından çözülmesi gereken sorunları da giderek artmaktadır. Makalede mantar yetiştiriciliğinin sürdürülebilirliği, sorunların giderilmesinde sürdürülebilirlik odaklı yenilikçi çözümler üzerinde durulmuş ve mantarların farklı alanlarda değerlendirilmesi konularına da değinilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Atık mantar substratı
• Mantar üretimi
• Misel bazlı materyaller
• Sürdürülebilirlik
• Tüketim

Mushroom Industry in the World and Türkiye and Sustainability

Öz

The current status of the mushroom sector in the world and Türkiye and sustainability issues to ensure the sustainability of growth in the sector were discussed in the study. To reveal the current status of the mushroom sector, surveys conducted with small, medium and large-scale mushroom enterprises in Türkiye and secondary data obtained from FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and TÜİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) were used. China provides 94% of the global mushroom and truffle production, which reached 48.33 million tons in 2022. China is the world leader in mushroom production, consumption and export with the 45.43 million tons of mushroom and truffle production. Mushroom production is increasing rapidly in China, India, Russia and Türkiye, respectively. Mushroom production is increasing without slowing down, primarily in China, followed by India, Russia, and Türkiye, respectively. In Türkiye, there has been a significant increase in mushroom production in the last two decades and mushroom production has increased to 85000 tons according to the data of 2023. As of 2023, the annual mushroom consumption per capita in Türkiye is about 996 g. This amount is quite lower than the present consumption of 3 kg per capita in Europe which is also considered the current target amount to reach in Türkiye. The increase in mushroom consumption habits, the health benefits of mushrooms and their acceptance as functional foods have significantly increased consumer demands both in the world and in Türkiye. This situation shows that investments to be made in the mushroom sector, especially in Türkiye, will tend to increase rapidly in the next 20 years. Mushroom cultivation is of critical importance for food security, economic development and environmentally friendly agriculture. The rapid growth in the mushroom sector has also brought about an increase in the problems encountered in the production process. In addition to the technical problems that arise in the mushroom production process, the problems of the growing sector that need to be solved by the official authorities are also increasing. The article focuses on the sustainability of mushroom cultivation, innovative solutions focused on sustainability in eliminating the problems and also touches on the issues of evaluating mushrooms in different areas.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Spent mushroom substrate
• mushroom production
• Mycelium-based materials
• Sustainability
• Consumption

Kaynakça

1. Abdelshafy, A. M., Luo, Z., Belwal, T., Ban, Z., ve Li, L. (2023). A comprehensive review on preservation of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes): techniques, research advances and influence on quality traits. Food Reviews International, 39(5), 2742-2775.
2. Albayrak, Ü., Gölcük, A., ve Aktaş, S. (2024). Agaricus bisporus’ ta görüntü tabanlı hastalık sınıflandırması için kapsamlı veri seti. Mantar Dergisi, 15(1), 29-42.
3. Attias, N., Danai, O., Abitbol, T., Tarazi, E., Ezov, N., Pereman, I., ve Grobman, Y. J. (2020). Mycelium bio-composites in industrial design and architecture: Comparative review and experimental analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246, 119037.
4. Avinç, G. M., ve Selçuk, S. A. (2024). Bio-design as a basis for the creation of new architectural materials: Experience of the Faculty of Architecture of Gazi University. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 12(2), 643-667.
5. Baars, J., ve Hesen, H. (2008). Experience with sporeless strains of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in commercial production. Mushroom Science, 17, 774-87.
6. Bitting, S., Derme, T., Lee, J., Van Mele, T., Dillenburger, B., ve Block, P. (2022). Challenges and opportunities in scaling up architectural applications of mycelium-based materials with digital fabrication. Biomimetics, 7(2), 44.
7. Bulam, S., Pekşen, A., ve Üstün, N. Ş. (2019). Yenebilir ve tıbbi mantarların gıda ürünlerinde kullanım potansiyeli. Mantar Dergisi, 10(3), 137-151.
8. Cao, Y., Wu, L., Xia, Q., Yi, K., ve Li, Y. (2024). Novel post-harvest preservation techniques for edible fungi: A review. Foods, 13(10), 1554.

9. Castellanos-Reyes, K., Villalobos-Carvajal, R., ve Beldarrain-Iznaga, T. (2021). Fresh mushroom preservation techniques. Foods, 10(9), 2126.
10. Coles, P. S., Mazin, M., ve Nogin, G. (2021). The association between mushroom sciarid flies, cultural techniques, and green mold disease incidence on commercial mushroom farms. Journal of Economic Entomology, 114(2), 555-559.
11. Çavuşoğlu, S., Uzun, Y., Yılmaz, N., Ercişli, S., Eren, E., Ekiert, H., Elansary, H. O., ve Szopa, A. (2021). Maintaining the quality and storage life of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) with gum, agar, sodium alginate, egg white protein, and lecithin coating. Journal of Fungi, 7(8), 614.
12. De Cianni, R., Varese, G. C., ve Mancuso, T. (2023). A further step toward sustainable development: The case of the edible mushroom supply chain. Foods, 12(18), 3433.
13. Devochkina, N. L., Dugunieva, L. G., Razin, A. F., Ivanova, M. I., ve Nurmetov, R. D. (2018). Investment attractiveness of the industrial mushroom production. Economics of Agriculture of Russia, 11, 52-59.
14. Duran, H., Pekşen, A., ve Eren, E. (2023). Vermicompost, rose oil processing waste compost, and spent coconut fiber as casing material in button mushroom cultivation. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13(5), 4317-4329.
15. El Kolaly, W., Ma, W., Li, M., ve Darwesh, M. (2020). The investigation of energy production and mushroom yield in greenhouse production based on mono photovoltaic cells effect. Renewable Energy, 159, 506-518.
16. Eren, E., ve Boztok, K. (2013). Farklı artık materyallerin Agaricus bisporus mantar üretiminde örtü toprağı olarak kullanılabilme olanakları. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 3(1), 9-16.
17. Eren, E., Çetin, M., ve Pekşen, A. (2021). Torba ve blok pres yetiştirme sistemlerinin Agaricus bisporus mantarının verim ve morfolojik özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 210-216.
18. Eren, E., ve Pekşen, A. (2014). Türkiye’de kültür mantarı üretimi, sorunları ve çözüm yolları. 1. Ulusal Mikoloji Günleri (1-4 Eylül 2014) Özet Kitabı, (s 29), Erzurum.
19. Eren, E., ve Pekşen, A. (2016). Türkiye’de kültür mantarı sektörünün durumu ve geleceğine bakış. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 4(3), 189-196.
20. Eren, E., ve Pekşen, A. (2019). Türkiye’de kültür mantarı üretimi ve teknolojik gelişmeler. Mantar Dergisi, 10(3), 225-233.
21. Erkal, S., ve Aksu, Ş. (2000). Türkiye'de kültür mantarı sektöründeki gelişmeler ve işletmelerin yapısal özellikleri. Türkiye 6. Yemeklik Mantar Kongresi (20-22 Eylül 2000), 55-68, Bergama, İzmir.
22. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) (2024). http://www.fao.org, (Erişim tarihi: 05.10.2024).
23. Feng, Y., Xu, H., Sun, Y., Xia, R., Hou, Z., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Pan, S., Fan, Y., Zhu, J., ve Xin, G. (2023). Review of packaging for improving storage quality of fresh edible mushrooms. Packaging Technology and Science, 36(8), 629-646.
24. Gezer, E. D., Uçar, E., ve Gümüşkaya, E. (2024). Physical and mechanical properties of mycelium-based fiberboards. BioResources, 19(2), 3421.
25. Ghafoor, A., ve Niazi, A. R. (2024). Pleurotus spp: an ultimate solution to the emerging calamities of the world. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1-38.
26. Goglio, P., Ponsioen, T., Carrasco, J., Milenkovi, I., Kiwala, L., Van Mierlo, K., Helmes, R., Tei, F., Oosterkamp, E., ve Pérez, M. (2024). An environmental assessment of Agaricus bisporus ((JE Lange) Imbach) mushroom production systems across Europe. European Journal of Agronomy, 155, 127108.
27. Gong, X., Li, S., Carson, M. A., Chang, S. X., Wu, Q., Wang, L., An, Z., ve Sun, X. (2019). Spent mushroom substrate and cattle manure amendments enhance the transformation of garden waste into vermicomposts using the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Journal of Environmental Management, 248, 109263.
28. González, A., Cruz, M., Losoya, C., Nobre, C., Loredo, A., Rodríguez, R., Contreras, J., ve Belmares, R. (2020). Edible mushrooms as a novel protein source for functional foods. Food & Function, 11(9), 7400-7414.
29. Grimm, D., Kuenz, A., ve Rahmann, G. (2021). Integration of mushroom production into circular food chains. Organic Agriculture, 11(2), 309-317.
30. Guo, Y., Chen, X., Gong, P., Wang, R., Qi, Z., Deng, Z., Han, A., Long, H., Wang, J., Yao, W., Yang, W, Wang, J., ve Li, N. (2023). Advances in postharvest storage and preservation strategies for Pleurotus eryngii. Foods, 12(5), 1046.
31. Guo, W., Tang, X., Cui, S., Zhang, Q., Zhao, J., Mao, B., ve Zhang, H. (2024). Recent advance in quality preservation of non-thermal preservation technology of fresh mushroom: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 64(22), 7878-7894.
32. Gülser, C., ve Pekşen, A. (2003). Using tea waste as a new casing material in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus (L.) Sing.) cultivation. Bioresource Technology, 88(2), 153-156.
33. Hatvani, L., Kredics, L., Allaga, H., Manczinger, L., Vágvölgyi, C., Kuti, K., ve Geösel, A. (2017). First report of Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum green mold on Agaricus bisporus in Europe. Plant Disease, 101(6), 1052.
34. Holt, G. A., Mcintyre, G., Flagg, D., Bayer, E., Wanjura, J. D., ve Pelletier, M. G. (2012). Fungal mycelium and cotton plant materials in the manufacture of biodegradable molded packaging material: Evaluation study of select blends of cotton byproducts. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, 6(4), 431-439.
35. Jasinska, A. (2023). Sustainability of mushroom cultivation systems. Horticulturae, 9(11), 1191.
36. Jones, M., Bhat, T., Huynh, T., Kandare, E., Yuen, R., Wang, C. H., ve John, S. (2018). Waste‐derived low‐cost mycelium composite construction materials with improved fire safety. Fire and Materials, 42(7), 816-825.
37. Jones, M., Huynh, T., Dekiwadia, C., Daver, F., ve John, S. (2017). Mycelium composites: a review of engineering characteristics and growth kinetics. Journal of Bionanoscience, 11(4), 241-257.
38. Jones, M., Mautner, A., Luenco, S., Bismarck, A., ve John, S. (2020). Engineered mycelium composite construction materials from fungal biorefineries: A critical review. Materials & Design, 187, 108397.
39. Joung, E. Y., Jung, H. Y., ve Jang, M. J. (2021). Cultural characteristics of a new spore-less cultivar 'Chungheung 1ho' for Lentinula edodes sawdust cultivation. Journal of Mushroom, 19(3), 251-255.
40. Khan, Z. U., Aisikaer, G., Khan, R. U., Bu, J., Jiang, Z., Ni, Z., ve Ying, T. (2014). Effects of composite chemical pretreatment on maintaining quality in button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) during postharvest storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 95, 36-41.
41. Kim, J. H., Kang, Y. J., Kim, Y. J., Lee, C. Y., Choi, J. Y., Lee, C. J., Ha, T. M., ve Lim, G. J. (2023). Characteristics of newly bred spore-less cultivar Lentinula edodes 'Daedam' for sawdust cultivation. Journal of Mushroom, 21(3), 154-159.
42. Koparan, Y., Alkan, S., ve Harmankaya, H. (2024). Mantardan deri görünümlü sürdürülebilir yenilikçi yüzey oluşturma; “Fomes fomentarius”. Mantar Dergisi, 15(2), 132-146.
43. Kousar, A., Khan, H. A., Farid, S., Zhao, Q., ve Zeb, I. (2024). Recent advances on environmentally sustainable valorization of spent mushroom substrate: A review. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 18(2), 639-651.
44. Krishnamoorthi, R., Srinivash, M., Mahalingam, P. U., ve Malaikozhundan, B. (2022). Dietary nutrients in edible mushroom, Agaricus bisporus and their radical scavenging, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. Process Biochemistry, 121, 10-17.
45. Kumar, K. (2020). Nutraceutical potential and processing aspects of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus species). Current Nutrition & Food Science, 16(1), 3-14.
46. Kuştaş, S., ve Gezer, E. D. (2024). Physical and mechanical properties of mycelium-based ınsulation materials produced from desilicated wheat straws-Part A. BioResources, 19(1).
47. Kutbay, N. H., Yavuzcan, H. G., ve Aktaş, S. (2021). Mantarın bağlayıcı olarak kullanıldığı bir kompozit malzemenin üretilmesi ve tutuşma süresi ile su alma özelliklerinin tespiti. Politeknik Dergisi, 1-1.
48. Lam, S. S., Lee, X. Y., Nam, W. L., Phang, X. Y., Liew, R. K., Yek, P. N., Ho, Y. L., Ma, N. L., ve Rosli, M. H. (2019). Microwave vacuum pyrolysis conversion of waste mushroom substrate into biochar for use as growth medium in mushroom cultivation. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 94(5), 1406-1415.
49. Lau, K. L., Tsang, Y. Y., ve Chiu, S. W. (2003). Use of spent mushroom compost to bioremediate PAH-contaminated samples. Chemosphere, 52(9), 1539-1546.
50. Leong, Y. K., Ma, T. W., Chang, J. S., ve Yang, F. C. (2022). Recent advances and future directions on the valorization of spent mushroom substrate (SMS): A review. Bioresource Technology, 344, 126157.
51. Li, X., Liu, Q., Li, W., Li, Q., Qian, Z., Liu, X., ve Dong, C. (2019). A breakthrough in the artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps on a large-scale and its impact on science, the economy, and industry. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 39(2), 181-191.
52. Li, C., ve Xu, S. (2022). Edible mushroom industry in China: Current state and perspectives. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 106(11), 3949-3955.
53. Liu, W., He, P., Shi, X., Zhang, Y., Perez-Moreno, J., ve Yu, F. (2023). Large-scale field cultivation of Morchella and relevance of basic knowledge for its steady production. Journal of Fungi, 9(8), 855.
54. Liu, Q., Ma, H., Zhang, Y., ve Dong, C. (2018). Artificial cultivation of true morels: current state, issues and perspectives. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 38(2), 259-271.
55. Lingam, D., Narayan, S., Mamun, K., ve Charan, D. (2023). Engineered mycelium-based composite materials: Comprehensive study of various properties and applications. Construction and Building Materials, 391, 131841.
56. Lopez, J. C. C., Thepanondh, S., Sachdev, H., Avelar, A. M. P., ve del Carmen Leon, M. C. (2021). Sustainability and economic feasibility through the production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) p. Kumm.) derived from the waste of coffee-industry: a case study in the western area of San Salvador, El Salvador.
57. Łysakowska, P., Sobota, A., ve Wirkijowska, A. (2023). Medicinal mushrooms: their bioactive components, nutritional value and application in functional food production-A review. Molecules, 28(14), 5393.
58. Mahari, W. A. W., Peng, W., Nam, W. L., Yang, H., Lee, X. Y., Lee, Y. K., Şiew, R. K., Ma, N. L., Mohammad, A., Sonne, C., Le, Q. V., Show, P. L., Chen, W., ve Lam, S. S. (2020). A review on valorization of oyster mushroom and waste generated in the mushroom cultivation industry. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 400, 123156.
59. Nabavi-Pelesaraei, A., Ghasemi-Mobtaker, H., Salehi, M., Rafiee, S., Chau, K. W., ve Ebrahimi, R. (2023). Machine learning models of exergoenvironmental damages and emissions social cost for mushroom production. Agronomy, 13(3), 737.
60. Nanje Gowda, N. E., ve Chennappa, G. (2021). Mushroom cultivation: a sustainable solution for the management of agriculture crop residues. Recent Advances in Mushroom Cultivation Technology and Its Application. Rohini, New Delhi: Bright Sky Publications, 15-26.
61. Niazi, A. R., ve Ghafoor, A. (2021). Different ways to exploit mushrooms: A review. All life, 14(1), 450-460.
62. Nishida, C., ve Yatera, K. (2022). The impact of ambient environmental and occupational pollution on respiratory diseases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2788.
63. Okuda, Y. (2022). Sustainability perspectives for future continuity of mushroom production: The bright and dark sides. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, 1026508.
64. Pandey, V. V., Kumari, A., Kumar, M., Saxena, J., Kainthola, C., ve Pandey, A. (2018). Mushroom cultivation: Substantial key to food security. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(4), 1325-1331.
65. Pardo, A., Juan, J. D., ve Pardo, J. E. (2003). Performance of composted vine shoots as a peat alternative in casing materials for mushroom cultivation. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 5(1), 11-15.
66. Pavlík, M., ve Halaj, D. (2019). Production and investment evaluation of oyster mushroom cultivation on the waste dendromass: a case study on aspen wood in Slovakia. Scandinavian journal of Forest Research, 34(4), 313-318.
67. Pekşen, A. (2013). Mantarların insan hayatı ve sağlığındaki yeri. Bahçe Haber, 2(1), 10-15.
68. Pekşen, A. (2014). Türkiye’de kültür mantarı yetiştiriciliği. Yemeklik Kültür Mantarı Çalıştayı (12-13 Mayıs 2014), 19-23.
69. Pekşen, A., ve Yamaç, M. (2016). Atık mantar kompostu/substratının kullanım alanları-1: Özellikleri ve önemi. Mantar Dergisi, 7(1), 49-60.
70. Pelletier, M. G., Holt, G. A., Wanjura, J. D., Bayer, E., ve McIntyre, G. (2013). An evaluation study of mycelium based acoustic absorbers grown on agricultural by-product substrates. Industrial Crops and Products, 51, 480-485.
71. Pérez-Chávez, A. M., Mayer, L., ve Albertó, E. (2019). Mushroom cultivation and biogas production: A sustainable reuse of organic resources. Energy for Sustainable Development, 50, 50-60.
72. Polat, E., ve Önel, Ö. (2021). An alternative new casing material in the production of Agaricus bisporus. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 34(3), 261-266.
73. Prange, A., Sarı, M., von Ameln, S., Hajdu, C., Hambitzer, R., Ellinger, S., ve Hormes, J. (2019). Characterization of selenium speciation in selenium-enriched button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and selenized yeasts (dietary supplement) using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 51, 164-168.
74. Royse, D. J., Baars, J., ve Tan, Q. (2017). Current overview of mushroom production in the world. Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Technology and Applications, 5-13.
75. Rukhiran, M., Sutanthavibul, C., Boonsong, S., ve Netinant, P. (2023). IoT-based mushroom cultivation system with solar renewable energy integration: Assessing the sustainable impact of the yield and quality. Sustainability, 15(18), 13968.
76. Šašić Zorić, L., Janjušević, L., Djisalov, M., Knežić, T., Vunduk, J., Milenković, I., ve Gadjanski, I. (2023). Molecular approaches for detection of Trichoderma green mold disease in edible mushroom production. Biology, 12(2), 299.
77. Sesli, E., Asan, A., Selçuk, F. (ed.). Abacı Günyar, Ö., Akata, I., Akgül, H., Aktaş, S., Alkan, S., Allı, H., Aydoğdu, H., Berikten, D., Demirel, K., Demirel, R., Doğan, H.H., Erdoğdu, M., Ergül, C. C., Eroğlu, G., Giray, G., Halikî Uztan, A., Kabaktepe, Ş., Kadaifçiler, D., Kalyoncu, F., Karaltı, İ., Kaşık, G., Kaya, A., Keleş, A., Kırbağ, S., Kıvanç, M., Ocak, İ., Ökten, S., Özkale, E, Öztürk, C., Sevindik, M., Şen, B., Şen, İ., Türkekul, İ., Ulukapı, M., Uzun, Ya., Uzun ve Yu., Yoltaş, A. (2020). Türkiye mantarları listesi (The checklist of fungi of Turkey). XVII + 1177 Sayfa. Ali Nihat Gökyiğit Vakfı Yayını, İstanbul. http://satis.ang.org.tr/
78. Shirur, M., Barh, A., ve Annepu, S. K. (2021). Sustainable Production of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Implications on Mushroom Consumption. Climate Change and Resilient Food Systems: Issues, Challenges and Way Forward, 315-346.
79. Singh, M., Kamal, S., ve Sharma, V. P. (2017). Status and trends in world mushroom production-I. Mushroom Research, 26(1): 1-20.
80. Singh, M., Kamal, S., ve Sharma, V. P. (2020). Status and trends in world mushroom production-III World production of different mushroom species in 21st century. Mushroom Research, 29(2), 75-111.
81. Soylu, M. K., Baybaş, B., Ryu, Y., ve Kim, J. (2023). Türkiye’de yapılan mantar ıslah çalışmaları ve geliştirilen mantar çeşitleri. Alatarım, 22(2), 136-145.
82. Thakur, M. P. (2014). Present status and future prospects of tropical mushroom cultivation in India: a review. Indian Phytopath, 67(2), 113-125.
83. Thakur, M. P. (2020). Advances in mushroom production: Key to food, nutritional and employment security: A review. Indian Phytopathology, 73, 377-395.
84. TÜİK (2024). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. http://www.tuik.gov.tr (Erişim tarihi: 25.09.2024).
85. UMDI (2024). UMDIS Mushroom Agency. https://umdis.org/2023-year-for-global-mushroom-production-umdis-summed-up-results-for-21-countries-incl-largest/ (Erişim tarihi: 01.10.2024).
86. Umor, N. A., Ismail, S., Abdullah, S., Huzaifah, M. H. R., Huzir, N. M., Mahmood, N. A. N., ve Zahrim, A. Y. (2021). Zero waste management of spent mushroom compost. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 23(5), 1726-1736.
87. URL-1 (2024). Index Fungorum. https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp (Erişim tarihi: 26.10.2024).
88. URL-2 (2024). The Dutch mushroom industry is the second largest in Europe. https://www.gombaforum.hu/en/2024/economy/the-dutch-mushroom-industry-is-the-second-largest-in-europe. (Erişim tarihi: 16.10.2024).
89. URL-3 (2024). Peat-free casing soil for sustainable mushroom cultivation. https://www.gombaforum.hu/en/2024/technology/peat-free-casing-soil-for-sustainable-mushroom- cultivation/ (Erişim tarihi: 06.10.2024).
90. URL-4 (2024). Mantar Tescil Raporu. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Tohumluk Tescil ve Sertifikasyon Merkez Müdürlüğü. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/BUGEM/TTSM/Belgeler/Yay%C4%B1nlar/Tescil%20Raporlar%C4%B1/2024/SEBZE%20T%C3%9CRLER%C4%B0/Mantar%20Tescil%20Raporu.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 18.10.2024)
91. URL-5 (2024). Sylvan cultivating excellence. https://www.sylvaninc.com/strains (Erişim tarihi: 21.10.2024)
92. URL-6 (2024). Biodegradable bags to revolutionise mushroom farming. Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology https://aibn.uq.edu.au/article/2023/06/biodegradable-bags-revolutionise-mushroom-farming. https://tinyurl.com/28bxa283 (Erişim tarihi: 02.09.2024)
93. URL-7 (2024). Ecovative. https://ecovative.com, (Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2024).
94. URL-8 (2024). Mycoworks. https://www.mycoworks.com (Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2024).
95. URL-9 (2024). Bolt Threads. https://boltthreads.com (Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2024).
96. URL-10 (2024). Grado Zero Espace. https://www.gzespace.com (Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2024).
97. URL-11 (2024). Muskin. https://www.gzespace.com/research-muskin.html (Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2024).
98. URL-12 (2024). Mogu. https://www.mogu.bio (Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2024).
99. Wimmers, G., Klick, J., Tackaberry, L., Zwiesigk, C., Egger, K., ve Massicotte, H. (2019). Fundamental studies for designing insulation panels from wood shavings and filamentous fungi. BioResources, 14(3), 5506-5520.
100. Xing, Y., Brewer, M., El-Gharabawy, H., Griffith, G., ve Jones, P. (2018). Growing and testing mycelium bricks as building insulation materials. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 121, p. 022032). IOP Publishing. Yamaç, M., ve Pekşen, A. (2016). Atık mantar kompostu/substratının kullanım alanları-2: Lignoselülozik enzim ekstraksiyonu. Mantar Dergisi, 7(1), 66-77. Zhang, K., Pu, Y. Y., ve Sun, D. W. (2018). Recent advances in quality preservation of postharvest mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus): A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 78, 72-82.