Eko-Terörizm Kavramı Üzerine Bir Tartışma: Yeryüzü Kurtuluş Cephesi ve Hayvan Kurtuluş Cephesi’nin Analizi

Öz

11 Eylül’ün ardından, terörizm tüm dünyayı ilgilendiren bir mesele haline gelmiştir. O günden sonra, bir hayli tartışmalı bu kavramı yeniden tanımlamaya yönelik hem akademik hem de popüler tartışmalar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bir taraftan, siyasal otoriteler ve genel olarak güvenlik kurumları kavramın anlamını genişletmeye başlarken, diğer taraftan çok sayıda araştırmacı temel hak ve özgürlüklerin istismarını engellemek amacıyla terörizm kavramının sınırlarını çizmek ve ona belirli ve nesnel bir tanım vermek için çaba sarf etmiştir. Bu süreçte, uluslararası terörizmin yükselişine yönelik artan ilgiyi rağmen, diğer taraftan, ABD’de bir başka terörizm türünün -yerel terörizm- kendini göstermiş ve beraberinde tartışmaları tetiklemiştir. 2000’li yıllarda FBI ekolojik terörizmi ABD için en önemli tehlike olarak gördüğünü açıklamıştır. Bu çalışma, bir ekolojik örgütlenme olarak Dünya Kurtuluş Cephesi ve hayvan hakları örgütlenmesi olarak Hayvan Kurtuluş Cephesi’nin stratejileri ve kundaklama ve genel olarak mülkiyeti yok etmeye yönelik faaliyetlerini incelemek suretiyle bu örgütlenmelerin terörist olarak sınıflandırılıp sınıflandırılamayacağını tartışmak niyetindedir. Bu tartışmayı yürütebilmek için Ganor’ıun siillere ve sivil hedeflere zarar vermeye odalanan terörizm tanımını kullanacaktır. Eko-terörizm üzerine yapılacak tartışma üzerinden, çalışma, Ganor’ın terörizm tanımının eksik ve yetersiz yanlarını ortaya koyacak ve daha iyi yapılandırılmış bir terörizm tanımı sağlamak amacıyla gerekli kriterleri göstermeye çalışacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• terörizm
• eko-terörizm
• Dünya Kurtuluş Cephesi
• Hayvan Kurtuluş Cephesi

A Discussion on the Concept of Eco-Terrorism: An Analysis of the Earth Liberation Front and Animal Liberation Front

Öz

In the aftermath of 9/11, a vast scholarly debate has arisen to redefine the highly contested concept of terrorism. On one side, political authorities and security institutions gradually expanded the term’s meaning. On the other side, many scholars intended to give an objective and precise definition to prevent the abuse of fundamental rights and freedoms in the name of the war against terrorism. During the same period, despite the increasing attention given to the rise of international terrorism, in the US, another type of terrorism – domestic terrorism – has shown up and triggered a series of debates. In the 2000s, the FBI defined eco-terrorism as the most dangerous threat for the US as ecological groups damaged the property of innocent civilian people and committed terrorist attacks. This paper analyzes two ecological and animal rights movements (Earth Liberation Front, ELF and Animal Liberation Front, ALF). It focuses on these movements’ strategies and activities, such as arsons, monkey- wrenching and property damage to decide whether they can be classified as terrorists. For doing that, the article uses Ganor’s definition of terrorism. Through the debate on eco-terrorism, the article aims to put forward the still imprecise part of Ganor’s definition and demonstrate the necessary criteria to be established to provide a well-structured definition for the concept of terrorism. In this regard, the definitions suggested for terrorism must decide whether an act is accepted as violent when directed toward a civilian, or property damage can be conceptualized as violent. Moreover, the newly established definition must clearly explain who or what civilian targets are. Finally, the acts committed by the ELF and ALF must be evaluated on the ground of fear they provoked among people. This last criterion reveals the missing part of Ganor’s definition.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• terrorism
• eco-terrorism
• Earth Liberation Front
• Animal Liberation Front

Kaynakça

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