Üçüncü Dalga Soylulaşma ve Devletin Rolü: Latin Amerika Örneği Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme

Öz

Bu çalışma, soylulaşma kavramına ilişkin farklı kuramsal yaklaşımları ve dönemleri ele almakta; özellikle üçüncü soylulaşma dalgasını ifade eden “devlet eliyle soylulaştırma” olgusuna odaklanmaktadır. Literatürde soylulaşmaya dair geniş bir birikim bulunmakla birlikte, çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika örnekleri üzerinde yoğunlaşmakta; gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki süreçlere ilişkin araştırmalar sınırlı kalmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, hakim literatürden yola çıkılarak soylulaşma kavramı, teorik arka planı, soylulaşma dalgaları, etki ve sonuçları bağlamında irdelenmekte; ancak soylulaşmanın küresel bir olgu olarak farklı coğrafyalarda farklı dinamikler etkisinde şekillendiği vurgulanarak, çok ölçekli bir değerlendirme ihtiyacı üzerinde durulmaktadır. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yaşanan “devlet eliyle soylulaştırma” süreçlerine odaklanılarak, Latin Amerika kentleri özelinde yaşanan sürecin neden ve sonuçları ile küresel kuzeye benzerlik ve farklılıkları tartışılmaktadır. Yapılan mekânsal müdahalelerde izlenen politika ve etkili aktörlerin süreci nasıl etkilediği; soylulaştırma sürecini meşrulaştırmaya yönelik düzenlemelerin neler olduğu; sakinlerin direniş mekanizmalarının kırılmasında kamunun rolü ile özel sektör ve vatandaş arasındaki ilişkide nasıl bir konum üstlendiği çalışmanın araştırma sorularıdır. Devlet eliyle soylulaştırma ve yerinden edilme ya da yeniden yerleştirme arasında kurulan bağlantının, Latin Amerika örneğinde ve Santiago (Şili) kenti özelinde nasıl bir süreç ortaya koyduğu sorgulanmaktadır. Çalışmanın, 2000’li yıllarla birlikte başta İstanbul olmak üzere Türkiye’deki kentsel dönüşüm tartışmalarına katkı sağlamak amacıyla, devlet eliyle soylulaştırma olgusuna yönelik sorulacak sorular ve karşılaştırmalı araştırmalar için bir zemin oluşturması beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Üçüncü dalga soylulaşma
• devlet eliyle soylulaştırma
• meşrulaştırma stratejileri
• yerinden edilme
• Latin Amerika

Third-Wave Gentrification and the Role of the State: An Assessment through the Latin American Case

Öz

This study examines different theoretical approaches and phases of gentrification, focusing particularly on the third wave defined as “state-led gentrification.” While the literature on gentrification is extensive, the majority of studies concentrate on cases in Europe and North America, with relatively limited research on processes in developing countries. Against this backdrop, the study reviews the concept of gentrification, its theoretical background, its different waves, and its impacts and outcomes through the dominant literature, while emphasizing that gentrification, as a global phenomenon, is shaped by diverse dynamics across geographies and therefore requires multi-scalar evaluation. By focusing on “state-led gentrification” processes in developing countries, the paper discusses their causes and consequences in Latin American cities, highlighting both similarities to and differences from the Global North. The analysis addresses how state interventions and influential actors shape the process, which regulatory frameworks are used to legitimize gentrification, the role of the state in weakening residents’ resistance mechanisms, and how the state positions itself in the relationship between the private sector and citizens. The study interrogates how the link between state-led gentrification and displacement or resettlement is articulated in the Latin American context and materialized in the specific case of Santiago, Chile. It is expected that the study will provide a foundation for further comparative research and critical inquiry into state-led gentrification, contributing to debates on urban transformation in Turkey -particularly in İstanbul- since the 2000s.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Third-wave gentrification
• state-led gentrification
• legitimation strategies
• displacement
• Latin America

Kaynakça

1. Aalbers, M. B. (2018) Introduction to the Forum: From Third to Fifth-Wave Gentrification. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 110(1), 1–11. [https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12332](https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12332).
2. Atkinson, R. (2003) Introduction: Misunderstood Saviour or Vengeful Wrecker? The Many Meanings and Problems of Gentrification. Urban Studies, 40(12), 2343–2350. [https://doi.org/10.1080/004.209.8032000136093](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1080/004.209.8032000136093).
3. Atkinson, R. (2004) The Evidence on the Impact of Gentrification: New Lessons for the Urban Renaissance? European Journal of Housing Policy, 4(1), 107–131. [https://doi.org/10.1080/146.167.1042000215479](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1080/146.167.1042000215479).
4. Atkinson, R., & Bridge, G. (2005) Introduction. R. Atkinson & G. Bridge (der.), Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism (1–17). London: Routledge.
5. Bektaş, Y., & Türkün, A. (2017) Kentsel Dönüşümde Karma Gelirli Konut Stratejisi ve Türkiye’ye Özgü Dinamikler: Ankara Altındağ-Gültepe Örneği. Megaron, 11(2), 263–279. [https://doi.org/10.5505/megaron.2017.85570](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.5505/megaron.2017.85570).
6. Bernt, M. (2016) How Post-Socialist is Gentrification? Observations in East Berlin and Saint Petersburg. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 57(4–5), 565–587. [https://doi.org/10.1080/15387.216.2016.1259079](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1080/15387.216.2016.1259079).
7. Betancur, J. J. (2014) Gentrification in Latin America: Overview and Critical Analysis. Urban Studies Research, Article 986961, 1–14. [https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/986961](https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/986961).
8. Bolt, G., Phillips, D., & Van Kempen, R. (2010) Housing Policy, (de)Segregation and Social Mixing: An International Perspective. Housing Studies, 25(2), 129–135. [https://doi.org/10.1080/026.730.30903564838](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1080/026.730.30903564838).

9. Brenner, N., & Schmid, C. (2012) Planetary Urbanization. M. Gandy (der.), Urban Constellations (10–13). Berlin: Jovis.
10. Brenner, N., & Schmid, C. (2015) Towards a New Epistemology of the Urban? City, 19(2–3), 151–182. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13604.813.2015.1014712](https://doi.org/10.1080/13604.813.2015.1014712).
11. Bülbül Akın, B. (2025) Habitus-Mekan Diyalektiği: Kozyatağı Mahallesi’nde Orta Sınıfın Yeniden Üretim ve Değişim Mekanizmaları [yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. İstanbul: Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
12. Bülbül Akın, B., & Türkün, A. (2019) Dar Gelirli Konut Alanlarının Dönüşümünde Sosyal Karma Politikası: Fikirtepe Örneği. Megaron, 14(1), 192–202. [https://doi.org/10.14744/MEGARON.2019.85047](https://doi.org/10.14744/MEGARON.2019.85047).
13. Camina, M. M., & Wood, M. J. (2009) Parallel Lives: Towards a Greater Understanding of What Mixed Communities Can Offer. Urban Studies, 46(2), 459–480. [https://doi.org/10.1177/004.209.8008099363](https://doi.org/10.1177/004.209.8008099363).
14. Davidson, M., & Lees, L. (2005) New-Build ‘Gentrification’ and London’s Riverside Renaissance. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 37(7), 1165–1190. [https://doi.org/10.1068/a3739](https://doi.org/10.1068/a3739).
15. Davidson, M., & Lees, L. (2010) New-Build Gentrification: Its Histories, Trajectories, and Critical Geographies. Population, Space and Place, 16(5), 395–411. [https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.584](https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.584).
16. Díaz-Parra, I. (2021) Generating a Critical Dialogue on Gentrification in Latin America. Progress in Human Geography, 45(3), 472–488. [https://doi.org/10.1177/030.913.2520926572](https://doi.org/10.1177/030.913.2520926572).
17. Florida, R. (2017) Soylulaştırma, Eşitsizlik ve Seçkinler Şehri ile Gelen Yeni Kentsel Kriz. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
18. Freeman, L. (2005) Displacement or Succession? Residential Mobility in Gentrifying Neighborhoods. Urban Affairs Review, 40(4), 463–491. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107.808.7404273341](https://doi.org/10.1177/107.808.7404273341).
19. Glass, R. (1964) London: Aspects of Change. London: MacGibbon & Kee.
20. Güvenç, M. (2006) “Gentrification” Kavramı Nasıl Türkçeleştirilmeli? Mimarist, 21, 39–45.
21. Hackworth, J., & Smith, N. (2001). The Changing State of Gentrification. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 92(4), 464–477. [https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00172](https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00172).
22. Halasz, J. R. (2018) The Super-Gentrification of Park Slope, Brooklyn. Urban Geography, 39(9), 1366–1390. [https://doi.org/10.1080/07352.166.2021.1877551](https://doi.org/10.1080/07352.166.2021.1877551).
23. Hall, D. (2017) Place and Displacement: Introduction. Urban Geography, 38(1), 5–7. [https://doi.org/10.1080/02723.638.2016.1139866](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1080/02723.638.2016.1139866).
24. Hamnett, C. (2003) Gentrification and the Middle-Class Remaking of Inner London, 1961–2001. Urban Studies, 40(12), 2401–2426. [https://doi.org/10.1080/004.209.8032000136138](https://doi.org/10.1080/004.209.8032000136138).
25. Hartman, C. (1984) The Right to Stay Put. C. Geisler & F. Popper (der.), Land Reform, American Style (302–318). Totowa: Rowman and Allanheld.
26. Harvey, D. (2009) Kapitalist Kent. T. Ali (der.), New Left Review 2008 Türkiye Seçkisi (181–202). İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı.
27. Huisman, C. (2014) Displacement Through Participation. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 105(2), 161–174. [https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12048](https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12048).
28. Inzulza-Contardo, J. A. (2012) “Latino Gentrification”?: Focusing on Physical and Socioeconomic Patterns of Change in Latin American Inner Cities. Urban Studies, 49(10), 2085–2107. [https://doi.org/10.1177/004.209.8011423425](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1177/004.209.8011423425).
29. Inzulza-Contardo, J. (2016) Contemporary Latin American Gentrification? Young Urban Professionals Discovering Historic Neighbourhoods. Urban Geography, 37(8), 1195–1214. [https://doi.org/10.1080/02723.638.2016.1147754](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1080/02723.638.2016.1147754).
30. İslam, T. (2009) Devlet Eksenli Soylulaşma ve Yerel Halk: Neslişah ve Hatice Sultan Mahalleleri (Sulukule) Örneği [yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. İstanbul: Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
31. İslam, T., & Ciravoğlu, A. (2006) “Soylulaştırma” ve İstanbul. Mimarist, 21, 37–38.
32. Janoschka, M., & Sequera, J. (2016) Gentrification in Latin America: Addressing the Politics and Geographies of Displacement. Urban Geography, 37(8), 1175–1194. [https://doi.org/10.1080/02723.638.2015.1103995](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1080/02723.638.2015.1103995).
33. Janoschka, M., Sequera, J., & Salinas, L. (2014) Gentrification in Spain and Latin America – A Critical Dialogue. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1234–1265. [https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12030](https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12030).
34. Joseph, M. L., Chaskin, R. J., & Webber, H. S. (2007) The Theoretical Basis for Addressing Poverty Through Mixed-Income Development. Urban Affairs Review, 42(3), 369–409. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107.808.7406294043](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1177/107.808.7406294043).
35. Kearns, A., & Forrest, R. (2000) Social Cohesion and Multilevel Urban Governance. Urban Studies, 37(5–6), 995–1017. [https://doi.org/10.1080/004.209.80050011208](https://doi.org/10.1080/004.209.80050011208).
36. Lees, L. (2003) Super-Gentrification: The Case of Brooklyn Heights, New York City. Urban Studies, 40(12), 2487–2509. [https://doi.org/10.1080/004.209.8032000136174](https://doi.org/10.1080/004.209.8032000136174).
37. Lees, L. (2008) Gentrification and Social Mixing: Towards an Inclusive Urban Renaissance? Urban Studies, 45(12), 2449–2470. [https://doi.org/10.1177/004.209.8008097099](https://doi.org/10.1177/004.209.8008097099).
38. Lees, L. (2012) The Geography of Gentrification: Thinking Through Comparative Urbanism. Progress in Human Geography, 36(2), 155–171. [https://doi.org/10.1177/030.913.2511412998](https://doi.org/10.1177/030.913.2511412998).
39. Lees, L., Slater, T., & Wyly, E. K. (2008) Gentrification. London: Routledge.
40. Ley, D. (1981) Inner-City Revitalization in Canada: A Vancouver Case Study. Canadian Geographer, 25(2), 124–148. [https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.1981.25.2.124](https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.1981.25.2.124).
41. Ley, D. (1986) Alternative Explanations for Inner-City Gentrification: A Canadian Assessment. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 76(4), 521–535. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1986.tb00134.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1986.tb00134.x)
42. López-Morales, E. (2013) Measuring the Invisible: The Dispossession of the Rent Gap as a Form of Displacement. RC21 Konferansı Bildiri Metni, Berlin.
43. López-Morales, E., & Herrera, N. (2024) (Dis)connecting Rent Gap and Gentrification in Verticalizing Cities: The Cases of Iquique and Antofagasta, Chile. Cities, 150, 105084. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105084](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105084).
44. López-Morales, E., Shin, H. B., & Lees, L. (2016) Latin American Gentrifications. Urban Geography, 37(8), 1091–1108. [https://doi.org/10.1080/02723.638.2016.1200335](https://doi.org/10.1080/02723.638.2016.1200335).
45. Marcuse, P. (1985) Gentrification, Abandonment, and Displacement: Connections, Causes, and Policy Responses in New York City. Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law, 28, 195–240.
46. Mermet, A. C. (2019) Global Retail Capital and the City: Towards an Intensification of Gentrification. Urban Geography, 38(8), 1158–1181. [https://doi.org/10.1080/02723.638.2016.1200328](https://doi.org/10.1080/02723.638.2016.1200328).
47. Musterd, S., & Andersson, R. (2005) Housing Mix, Social Mix, and Social Opportunities. Urban Affairs Review, 40(6), 761–790. [https://doi.org/10.1177/107.808.7405276006](https://doi.org/10.1177/107.808.7405276006).
48. Papachristos, A. V. et al. (2011) More Coffee, Less Crime? The Relationship between Gentrification and Neighborhood Crime Rates in Chicago, 1991 to 2005. City & Community, 10(3), 215–240. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2011.01371.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2011.01371.x).
49. Peck, J. (2005) Struggling with the Creative Class. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(4), 740–770. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2005.00620.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2005.00620.x).
50. Peck, J. (2009) The Creativity Fix. Variant, 34, 5–9.
51. Roy, A. (2009) Civic Governmentality: The Politics of Inclusion in Beirut and Mumbai. Antipode, 41(1), 159–179. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2008.00660.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2008.00660.x).
52. Shaw, K. (2008) Gentrification: What it is, Why it is, and What can be Done about it. Geography Compass, 2(5), 1697–1728. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00156.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00156.x).
53. Shin, H. B., & López-Morales, E. (2018) Beyond Anglo-American Gentrification Theory. L. Lees & M. Phillips (der.), Handbook of Gentrification Studies (13–25). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
54. Slater, T. (2011) Gentrification of the City. G. Bridge & S. Watson (der.), The New Companion to the City (571–585). Malden: Blackwell.
55. Slater, T. (2014) Unravelling False Choice Urbanism. City, 18(4–5), 517–524. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13604.813.2014.939472](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1080/13604.813.2014.939472).
56. Slater, T. (2016) Neil Smith. A. Latham & R. Koch (der.), Key Thinkers on Cities (282–290). London: Sage.
57. Smith, N. (1996) The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London: Routledge.
58. Smith, N. (2002) New Globalism, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global Urban Strategy. Antipode, 34(3), 427–450. [https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00249](https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00249).
59. Smith, N. (2006) Gentrification Generalized: From Local Anomaly to Urban “Regeneration” as Global Urban Strategy. G. Downey (der.), Frontiers of Capital: Ethnographic Reflections on the New Economy (191–208). Durham: Duke University Press.
60. Smith, N., & Williams, P. (der.) (2015) Kentin Mutenalaştırılması (M. Uzun, Çev.). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
61. Valle, M. M. (2021) Globalizing the Sociology of Gentrification. City & Community, 20(1), 59–70. [https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12507](https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12507).
62. Yakın, E., & Bektaş, Y. (2025) Can Mixed‑Income Housing Reduce Socio‑Spatial Stigmatization? The Case of Çinçin, Ankara. Journal of ...