Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 154 - 179, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1212968

Öz

Kaynakça

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Suriye Krizinde Mezhepçiliğin Araçsallaştırılması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 154 - 179, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1212968

Öz

2011 Suriye kriziyle birlikte Sünni-Şii ayrımı Ortadoğu bölgesindeki siyaset açısından en önemli faktörlerden biri haline gelmiştir. Özellikle Suriye’deki çatışmalarda mezhep gruplarının birbirlerini varoluşsal birer tehdit olarak algılamasıyla krizde zaman zaman mezhepsel bir boyut öne çıkmıştır. Fakat bu dönüşüm, temel olarak mezhepçiliğin tarihsel köklerine dayanmanın ötesinde, liderin ve siyasi elitlerin iktidarın güvenliğini sağlamak için mezhepsel kimlikleri birer araç olarak kullanmasının bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu makale Suriye krizinde mezhepsel araçsallaştırmanın kimler tarafından, nasıl yapıldığını ve bu politikanın çatışmaları ne yönde etkilediğini tartışmaktadır. Makalede Suriye krizinin karmaşık mezhepsel boyutunun primordializm yaklaşımıyla açıklanamayacağı görüşünden hareket edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda primordializm yerine Enstrümantalizm yaklaşımı kullanılarak Beşar Esad yönetiminin mezhepsel kimlikleri iktidarının sürekliliğini sağlamak amacıyla araçsallaştırdığı savı tartışılmaktadır. Bunun için de Suriye’de siyasal iktidarın söylem, eylem ve politikaları incelenerek Suriye krizinde mezhepçiliğin nasıl araçsallaştırıldığı açıklanmaktadır.
Suriye krizinde mezhepçiliğin araçsallaştırılması politikasının Esad’ın çatışmaları kendi lehine çevirmesinde ve varlığını korumasında önemli bir yere sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Öte yandan bu politikanın birçok olumsuz sonucu olduğu ve tehlikeli bir süreci beraberinde getirdiği de göz ardı edilmemelidir. Mezhepçiliği araçsallaştırma politikası, toplumun kimlik çizgilerine göre bölünmesi, mezhep grupları arasındaki hoşgörünün ortadan kalkması ve Ortadoğu bölgesinde kimlik temelli düşmanlıkların ortaya çıkması gibi nesilleri etkileyecek sorunlara yol açmıştır. Bu da mezhepçiliğin araçsallaştırılmasının kısa vadede avantaj sağlayan bir politika olmasına rağmen uzun vadede büyük sorunlar yaratacağını göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

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Instrumantalisation of Sectarianism in Syrian Crisis

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 154 - 179, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1212968

Öz

Sunni-Shiite divide has become one of the most important factors for politics in the Middle Eastern region after the 2011 Syrian crisis. The sectarian dimension of the crisis has come into prominence from time to time in the conflicts in Syria, especially when sectarian groups perceive each other as existential threats. However, this transformation has yet to emerge as a result of the historical roots of sectarianism, but of the leader and political elites using sectarian identities as a tool to ensure the security of power. This article discusses how and by whom sectarian instrumentalization has been applied in the Syrian crisis and how this policy affected the conflicts. In this article, it is argued that the complex sectarian dimension of the Syrian crisis cannot be explained by the primordialism approach. In this context, the Instrumentalism approach has been used to discuss the argument that Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad and his administration instrumentalized the sectarian identity to preserve his authority. For this reason, the actions, discourses and policies of the government have been analyzed to explain how sectarianism was instrumentalized in the Syrian crisis.
In the Syrian crisis, the policy of instrumentalizing sectarianism has played an important role in Assad’s ability to turn the conflict in his favor and preserve his existence. On the other hand, it should be noticed that this policy has many negative consequences and brings along a dangerous process. The policy of instrumentalizing sectarianism has led to problems that will affect generations, such as the division of society according to identity lines, the disappearance of tolerance between sectarian groups, and the emergence of identity-based hostilities in the Middle East region. This shows that although the instrumentalization of sectarianism is a policy that provides advantages in the short term, it will create major problems in the long run.

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  • Khatib, H. (2017, 21 Şubat). Radicalization in European Prisons Between Prevention and Instrumentalization of Religion (Erişim tarihi: 05 Ağustos 2022). https://www.eurasiareview.com/21022017- radicalization-in-european-prisons-between-prevention-and-instrumentalization-of-religion- oped/
  • Khatib, L. (2017). Syria, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Qatar: the ‘sectarianization’of the Syrian conflict and undermining of democratization in the region. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 10(3), 341- 361. DOI: 10.1080/13530.194.2017.1408456
  • Khatib, L. (2018). Tutelary authoritarianism and the shifts between secularism and Islam in Syria. In The Syrian Uprising (pp. 92-105). Routledge.
  • Leith, Murray Stewart (2006) Nationalism and national identity in Scottish politics. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.
  • Levitt, M. (2021, 26 Eylül). The Assad Regime’s Business Model for Supporting the Islamic State. The Washington Institute (Erişim tarihi: 10 Temmuz 2022). https://www.bing.com/ search?q=The+Assad+Regime’s+Business+Model+for+Supporting+the+Islamic+Statevecvid= 8580b16376d14336916b3aea7112cd2cveaqs=edge..69i57j69i64.736j0j1vepglt=41ve FORM=ANNTA1vePC=U531
  • Los Angeles Times, (2015, 06 Aralık). How does Islamic State make money off oil fields in Syria and Iraq? (Erişim tarihi: 02 Ağustos 2022). https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-islamic-state- oil-qa-20151206-story.html
  • Makdisi, U. (2000). The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-century Ottoman Lebanon. Univ of California Press.
  • Martini, A. (2020). The Syrian Wars of Words: İnternational and Local İnstrumentalisations of the War on Terror. Third World Quarterly, 41(4), 725-743. DOI: 10.1080/01436.597.2019.1699784
  • Matar, L. (2016). The Political Economy of Investment in Syria. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Menshawy, M. (2022). The Irony of Sectarianism: Sectarianizing by Desectarianizing in Syria. Digest of Middle East Studies, 31(2), 131-150. DOI: 10.1111/dome.12263
  • Mobaied, S. (2019). The Baatho-Assadist System, a System of Political Instrumentalisation. Open Journal of Political Science, 10(1), 124-133. DOI: 10.4236/ojps.2020.101009
  • Mohamed Husein Gaas (2019): Primordialism vs. instrumentalism in Somali society: is an alternative needed?, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, DOI: 10.1080/02589.001.2018.1559279
  • O’Leary, B. (2001). Instrumentalist theories of nationalism. Encyclopedia of Nationalism, 148-153.
  • Olanrewaju, I., Omotoso, F., Alabi, J., & Ayodele, O. (2019, June). Proto-Nationalism, Instrumentalism and the Liberian Civil War: Challenges for Economic Development. In 6th International Conference on Education, Social Sciences and Humanities, Istanbul, Turkey (pp. 24-26).
  • Omelicheva, M. Y. (2016). Islam and Power Legitimation: Instrumentalisation of Religion in Central Asian States. Contemporary Politics, 22(2), 144-163. DOI: 10.1080/13569.775.2016.1153287
  • Ozkirimli, U. (2017). Theories of nationalism: A critical introduction. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Phillips, C. (2015). Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria. Third World Quarterly, 36(2), 357-376. DOI: 10.1080/01436.597.2015.1015788
  • Reed, J. (2015, 09 Haziran). Will Assad Put Himself in US Crosshairs by Working With ISIL? (Erişim tarihi: 14 Ağustos 2022). https://www.justsecurity.org/23528/assad-put-crosshairs-working-isil/
  • Reuters, 2013, 23 Mart). Fearing stark future, Syrian Alawites meet in Cairo, (Erişim tarihi: 05 Ekim 2022). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-alawites-idUSBRE92M00G20130323
  • Reyko Huang (2019): Religious Instrumentalism in Violent Conflict, Ethnopolitics, DOI: 10.1080/17449.057.2019.1676525
  • Sağıroğlu, C. (2022). Milliyetçilik ve Siyasal Şiddetin Araçsallaştırılması: Tamil Örneği. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (41), 242-277.
  • Schmidt, S. (2018). The Power of ‘Sultanism’: Why Syria’s Non-violent Protests did not Lead to a Democratic Transition in The Syrian Uprising, Routledge (pp. 30-43).
  • Shaery-Yazdi, R. ve Ümit Üngör, U. (2022). Mass Violence in Syria: Continuity and Change. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 49(3), 397-402.
  • Sluglett, P. (2016). Deadly implications: The Rise of Sectarianism in Syria. The Levant in Turmoil (pp. 39- 55). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Spencer, R. (2014, 20 Ocak). ‘Syria’s Duplicity over al-Qaeda Means West Will not Trust Assad’, The Telegraph (Erişim tarihi: 20 Ağustos 2022). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ middleeast/syria/10585394/Syrias-duplicity-over-al-Qaeda-means-West-will-nottrust-Assad.html;
  • Spencer, R. (2016, 11 Mayıs). Four jihadists, one prison: all released by Assad and all now dead. The Telegraph (Erişim tarihi: 19 Temmuz 2022).
  • TDA, (2016, 26 Şubat). Sectarianism in Syria: Survey Study. The Day After. https://tda-sy.org/2016/02/26/1435/
  • The Guardian, (2011, 28 Mayıs). ‘One, One, One, the Syrian People are One’ (Erişim tarihi: 15 Ağustos 2022). https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/28/syrian-alawites-protests
  • The Guardian, (2012, 04 Şubat). Fury Over Homs Massacre as UN Security Council Gathers for Syria Vote (Erişim tarihi: 10 Temmuz 2022). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/04/ homs-massacre-un-vote-syria
  • The Telegraph, (2016, 25 Nisan). Assad cut a deal with ISIL that helped jihadists get more than US$40M per month from oil (Erişim tarihi: 20 Temmuz 2022).
  • UNSC. (2015, 30 Eylül). The Assad regime created the environment in which extremism and ISIL in particular flourished (Erişim tarihi: 05 Eylül 2022). https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the- assad-regime-created-the-environment-in-which-extremism-and-isil-in-particular-flourished
  • Valbjørn, M. (2020). Beyond the Beyond (s): On the (many) Third Way (s) Beyond Primordialism and İnstrumentalism in the Study of Sectarianism.” Nations and Nationalism 26(1).
  • Valbjørn, M. ve Hinnebusch, R. (2018). Playing’the Sectarian Card’in a Sectarianized New Middle East. Babylon Nordisk tidsskrift for Midtøstenstudier, (2), 42-55.
  • Van Dam, N. (2011). Struggle for Power in Syria. I. B. Tauris, New York.
  • Van Wagenen, W. (2018). Did Assad Deliberately Release Islamic Prisoners to Militarize and Radicalize the Syrian Uprising. The Libertarian Institute.
  • Weiss, M. (2010). In the Shadow of Sectarianism: Law, Shiism, and the Making of Modern Lebanon. Harvard University Press.
  • Wieland, C. (2015). Alawis in the Syrian Opposition. The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant, 225-243.
Toplam 86 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İbrahim Akkan 0000-0003-0174-2922

Fuat Aksu 0000-0002-3693-6666

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkan, İ., & Aksu, F. (2023). Suriye Krizinde Mezhepçiliğin Araçsallaştırılması. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 154-179. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1212968