Araştırma Makalesi
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Cultural Interactions and Integration of Guest Military Personnel Training in Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 55 Sayı: 55, 389 - 410, 29.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.1037060

Öz

Very few studies are found in the literature in Turkish dealing with military education institutions and military students. In addition, the studies on foreign military students studying in Turkey are extremely limited. The aim of this study is to evaluate the cultural interactions and integration of foreign military personnel studying at the Air Force Academy, the Naval Academy, and the University of Health Sciences in Turkey. The phenomenological design, a qualitative research method, has been used in accordance with this purpose. Maximum variation sampling, a type of purposive sampling, has been used to identify the study group. In this context, in-depth interviews have been conducted with 14 foreign military students studying at the Air Force Academy alongside three personnel (i.e., one captain, one lieutenant, and one civilian); eight foreign military students studying at the Naval Academy alongside three military personnel (i.e., one colonel, one lieutenant colonel, and one captain); and 10 foreign military students studying at the University of Health Sciences alongside eight military personnel with the rank of lieutenant. The data have been collected using the researcher-developed Foreign Military Personnel Cultural Interaction and Integration Evaluation Form for the purpose of revealing the feelings, thoughts, and experiences regarding the students’ learning processes in Turkey and GMP Authorized Officer Evaluation Form for the purpose of evaluating the training outcomes of the Turkish Air Force (TAF) personnel assigned to the students and the students’ experiences. Each interview lasted an average of 30-35 minutes; the interviews were analyzed by making voice recordings. Both researchers coded the analyses separately using the qualitative data analysis program MAXQDA and prepared a theme list. As a result of the analyses, the military education program has been evaluated to be important in terms of developing international relations as well providing cultural interactions between the military students of different countries; the effect of religious and cultural affinity was evaluated to be more important in the foreign military students’ decision to study in Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Allen, K. W. (2001). China's foreign military relations with Asia‐Pacific. Journal of Contemporary China, 10(29), 645–662. https://dx.doi.org10.1080/10670560120075046
  • Ateş, B. (2016). Dış yardımların kamu diplomasisi boyutunda askerî birliklerin rolü: Yeni görevler, yeni kabiliyetler. E. Akıllı (Ed.), Türkiye’de ve dünyada dış yardımlar içinde (s. 120–140). Nobel.
  • Atkinson, C. (2014). Military soft power: Public diplomacy through military educational exchange programs. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Bradford, J. (2013). Waves of change: Evolution in the U.S. navy’s strategic approach to disaster relief operations between the 2004 and 2011 Asian Tsunamis. Asian Security, 9, 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2013.760983
  • Bu, L. (1999). Educational exchange and cultural diplomacy in the Cold War. Journal of American Studies, 33(3), 393–415.
  • Cong, C. (2017). International students’ satisfaction with educational service augmenters and their adjustment to the U.S. higher education institutions (Doctoral Dissertation) Old Dominion University.
  • Cope, J. A. (1995). International military education and training: An assessment. Institute For Natıonal Strategic Studies/ National Defense University.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2017). Eğitim araştırmaları: Nicel ve nitel araştırmanın planlanması, yürütülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi (H. Ekşi, çev. Ed.). EDAM Yayınları.
  • Cull, N. J. (2009). Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past. Figuroa Press.
  • Folks, J. B. (2017). Democracy, diplomacy, and higher education: War College institutional effectivenss in promoting democracy and human rights to international military officers (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProOuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 11015993).
  • Godwin, P. H. B. (2008). The cradle of generals: Strategists, commanders, and the PLA National Defense University. In R. Kamphausen, A. Scobell, & T. Tanner (Eds.), The “People” in the PLA: Recruitment, training, and education in China’s Military (pp. 317–352). Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.
  • Jianing, Y. (2014). Nanjing Army Command College opens Chinese culture classes for foreign military students. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseEducation/2014-03/17/content_4550194.htm adresinden erişimiştir.
  • Kaplan S., & Lawrence, A. (1980). Community of Interests: NATO and the Military Assistance Program, 1948-1951. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense Historical Office.
  • Kara Harp Okulu. (t.y.). Misafir Askerî Öğrenci Eğitimi. http://www.kho.edu.tr/map/map_egitimi.html adresinden erişimiştir.
  • Karadag, H. (2016). Forcing the common good. Armed Forces & Society, 43(1), 72–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x16632334
  • Li, M. (2009). Soft power in Chinese discourse: Popularity and prospect. In M. Li (Ed.), Soft power China’s Emerging strategy in international politics (pp. 21–44). Lexington Books.
  • McGee, E. A. (2011). Military soft power is not oxymoron: Using public diplomacy analytic approaches to examine goals and effects of U.S. Military Educational Exchange Programs. (Doctoral disseratition) Georgetown University.
  • Milli Savunma Üniversitesi Kara Harp Okulu. (t.y.). Protokol ve İletişim Şube Müdürlüğü. http://www.kho.edu.tr/map/map_uluslararas%C4%B1_iliskiler_sube.html adresinden erişimiştir.
  • Moskos, C. (2004). International military education and multinational military cooperation. U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (Project No. 611102B74F, March 2004, Virginia).
  • Mujkic, E. (2012). International Military Education and Training Program as a tool of smart power (Doctoral dissertaion). Graduate Faculty of Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
  • Mujkic, E., Asencio, H. D., & Byrne, T. (2018). International Military Education and Training: Promoting Democratic Values to Militaries and Countries throughout the World. Democracy and Security, 15(3), 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2018.1519802
  • Neuman, W. L. (2007). Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri (S. Özge, çev.). Yayınodası Yayıncılık.
  • Nye, J. S. (2017). Yumuşak güç (R. İnan-Aydın, çev.). BB101 Yayınları.
  • Nye, J. S., & Keohane, R. O. (1971). Transnational relations and world politics: An introduction. International Organization, 25(3), 329–349.
  • Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M. J. (1936). Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38(1), 149–152. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1936.38.1.02a00330
  • T.C. Millî Savunma Bakanlığı. (2019, 5 Temmuz). Bakan Akar MSÜ’deki Mezuniyet Töreni’nde Konuştu. YouTube. (2019). 00: 07: 07-00: 08: 00.
  • Tao, Z. (2016). Foreign officers learn more about China in NDU. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2016-12/09/content_4768255.htm adresinden erişimiştir.
  • Taw, J. M. McCoy, W. H. (1994). International military student training: Beyond tactics (A RAND NOTE: AD-A282 473, American National Defense Research Institute). Santa Monica.
  • Thacker, R. S., & Lambert, P. W. (2014). Low cost, high returns getting more from international partnerships. JFQ, 75(4th Quarter), 1–8. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA622231.pdf
  • U. S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Foreign İnternal Defense- Joint Publication 3-22 (United States,2018), https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_22.pdf?ver=2018-10-10-112450-103 adresinden erişimiştir.
  • United States Foreign Assistance (P.L. 87–195) Act of 1961 as amended, Public Law 87–195; Approved September 4, 1961. Chapter 5-International Military Education and Training sec 544, https://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/Foreign%20Assistance%20Act%20Of%201961.pdf adresinden erişimiştir.
  • United States Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 as amended, public Law 87256, September 21, 1961. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2014-title22/USCODE-2014-title22-chap33-sec2451 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Van Oudenaren S., John, B., & Fish, E. (2016). Foreign military education as PLA Soft Power. U.S. Army War College. Parameters, 46(4), 105–118.
  • Waelde, R., & Schwartzman, R. D. (2011). Leader development for coalition partnership. Military Review, November-December, 57–62.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (11. basım). Seçkin Yayınevi.
  • Yüksel, A., Mil, B. ve Bilim, Y. (2007). Nitel araştırma: Neden, Nasıl, Niçin? (3. basım). Detay Yayıncılık.

Türkiye’de Eğitim Gören Misafir Askerî Personelin Kültürel Etkileşimi ve Uyumu

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 55 Sayı: 55, 389 - 410, 29.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.1037060

Öz

Türkçede askerî eğitim kurumlarını ve askerî öğrencileri ele alan literatür çok azdır. Bunun yanında Türkiye’de eğitim gören misafir askerî öğrencilere yönelik çalışmalar ise son derece sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, “Hava Harp Okulu”, “Deniz Harp Okulu” ve “Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi”nde eğitim gören misafir askerî personelin kültürel etkileşimini ve uyumunu değerlendirmektir. Bu amaca uygun olarak nitel araştırma yönteminin olgubilim deseni kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubunun belirlenmesinde ise amaçlı örneklemenin bir parçası olan maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Hava Harp Okulunda eğitim gören 14 misafir askerî öğrenci yanında yüzbaşı, teğmen ve bir sivil personel olmak üzere toplam 3 personelle; Deniz Harp Okulunda eğitim gören 8 misafir askerî öğrenci yanında albay, yarbay ve yüzbaşı rütbelerinde görev yapan 3 askerî personelle; Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesinde eğitim gören 10 misafir askerî öğrenci yanında teğmen rütbesindeki askerî personelle derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, öğrencilerin Türkiye’deki öğrenme süreçlerine ilişkin duyguları, düşünceleri ve deneyimlerini ortaya koymak amacıyla geliştirilen “Misafir Askerî Personel Kültürel Etkileşim ve Uyum Değerlendirme Formu” ile öğrencilerle ilgilenen TSK personelinin Programın eğitim çıktılarını ve öğrencilerin deneyimlerini değerlendirme amacıyla geliştirilen “MAP Yetkili Subay Değerlendirme Formu” ile toplanmıştır. Her bir görüşme ortalama 30-35 dakika sürmüş olup ses görüşmeler kayda alınarak çözümlenmiştir. Çözümlemeler her iki araştırmacı tarafından Maxqda nitel veri analizi programıyla ayrı ayrı kodlanarak tema listesi çıkarılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda askerî eğitim programının farklı ülke askerî öğrencileri arasında kültürel etkileşim sağlamanın yanı sıra ülkeler arası ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi noktasında önemli görüldüğü; misafir askerî öğrencilerin Türkiye’de eğitim alma kararında daha çok dinî ve kültürel yakınlığın etkisinin önemli görüldüğü değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Allen, K. W. (2001). China's foreign military relations with Asia‐Pacific. Journal of Contemporary China, 10(29), 645–662. https://dx.doi.org10.1080/10670560120075046
  • Ateş, B. (2016). Dış yardımların kamu diplomasisi boyutunda askerî birliklerin rolü: Yeni görevler, yeni kabiliyetler. E. Akıllı (Ed.), Türkiye’de ve dünyada dış yardımlar içinde (s. 120–140). Nobel.
  • Atkinson, C. (2014). Military soft power: Public diplomacy through military educational exchange programs. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Bradford, J. (2013). Waves of change: Evolution in the U.S. navy’s strategic approach to disaster relief operations between the 2004 and 2011 Asian Tsunamis. Asian Security, 9, 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2013.760983
  • Bu, L. (1999). Educational exchange and cultural diplomacy in the Cold War. Journal of American Studies, 33(3), 393–415.
  • Cong, C. (2017). International students’ satisfaction with educational service augmenters and their adjustment to the U.S. higher education institutions (Doctoral Dissertation) Old Dominion University.
  • Cope, J. A. (1995). International military education and training: An assessment. Institute For Natıonal Strategic Studies/ National Defense University.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2017). Eğitim araştırmaları: Nicel ve nitel araştırmanın planlanması, yürütülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi (H. Ekşi, çev. Ed.). EDAM Yayınları.
  • Cull, N. J. (2009). Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past. Figuroa Press.
  • Folks, J. B. (2017). Democracy, diplomacy, and higher education: War College institutional effectivenss in promoting democracy and human rights to international military officers (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProOuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 11015993).
  • Godwin, P. H. B. (2008). The cradle of generals: Strategists, commanders, and the PLA National Defense University. In R. Kamphausen, A. Scobell, & T. Tanner (Eds.), The “People” in the PLA: Recruitment, training, and education in China’s Military (pp. 317–352). Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.
  • Jianing, Y. (2014). Nanjing Army Command College opens Chinese culture classes for foreign military students. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseEducation/2014-03/17/content_4550194.htm adresinden erişimiştir.
  • Kaplan S., & Lawrence, A. (1980). Community of Interests: NATO and the Military Assistance Program, 1948-1951. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense Historical Office.
  • Kara Harp Okulu. (t.y.). Misafir Askerî Öğrenci Eğitimi. http://www.kho.edu.tr/map/map_egitimi.html adresinden erişimiştir.
  • Karadag, H. (2016). Forcing the common good. Armed Forces & Society, 43(1), 72–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x16632334
  • Li, M. (2009). Soft power in Chinese discourse: Popularity and prospect. In M. Li (Ed.), Soft power China’s Emerging strategy in international politics (pp. 21–44). Lexington Books.
  • McGee, E. A. (2011). Military soft power is not oxymoron: Using public diplomacy analytic approaches to examine goals and effects of U.S. Military Educational Exchange Programs. (Doctoral disseratition) Georgetown University.
  • Milli Savunma Üniversitesi Kara Harp Okulu. (t.y.). Protokol ve İletişim Şube Müdürlüğü. http://www.kho.edu.tr/map/map_uluslararas%C4%B1_iliskiler_sube.html adresinden erişimiştir.
  • Moskos, C. (2004). International military education and multinational military cooperation. U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (Project No. 611102B74F, March 2004, Virginia).
  • Mujkic, E. (2012). International Military Education and Training Program as a tool of smart power (Doctoral dissertaion). Graduate Faculty of Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
  • Mujkic, E., Asencio, H. D., & Byrne, T. (2018). International Military Education and Training: Promoting Democratic Values to Militaries and Countries throughout the World. Democracy and Security, 15(3), 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2018.1519802
  • Neuman, W. L. (2007). Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri (S. Özge, çev.). Yayınodası Yayıncılık.
  • Nye, J. S. (2017). Yumuşak güç (R. İnan-Aydın, çev.). BB101 Yayınları.
  • Nye, J. S., & Keohane, R. O. (1971). Transnational relations and world politics: An introduction. International Organization, 25(3), 329–349.
  • Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M. J. (1936). Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38(1), 149–152. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1936.38.1.02a00330
  • T.C. Millî Savunma Bakanlığı. (2019, 5 Temmuz). Bakan Akar MSÜ’deki Mezuniyet Töreni’nde Konuştu. YouTube. (2019). 00: 07: 07-00: 08: 00.
  • Tao, Z. (2016). Foreign officers learn more about China in NDU. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2016-12/09/content_4768255.htm adresinden erişimiştir.
  • Taw, J. M. McCoy, W. H. (1994). International military student training: Beyond tactics (A RAND NOTE: AD-A282 473, American National Defense Research Institute). Santa Monica.
  • Thacker, R. S., & Lambert, P. W. (2014). Low cost, high returns getting more from international partnerships. JFQ, 75(4th Quarter), 1–8. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA622231.pdf
  • U. S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Foreign İnternal Defense- Joint Publication 3-22 (United States,2018), https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_22.pdf?ver=2018-10-10-112450-103 adresinden erişimiştir.
  • United States Foreign Assistance (P.L. 87–195) Act of 1961 as amended, Public Law 87–195; Approved September 4, 1961. Chapter 5-International Military Education and Training sec 544, https://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/Foreign%20Assistance%20Act%20Of%201961.pdf adresinden erişimiştir.
  • United States Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 as amended, public Law 87256, September 21, 1961. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2014-title22/USCODE-2014-title22-chap33-sec2451 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Van Oudenaren S., John, B., & Fish, E. (2016). Foreign military education as PLA Soft Power. U.S. Army War College. Parameters, 46(4), 105–118.
  • Waelde, R., & Schwartzman, R. D. (2011). Leader development for coalition partnership. Military Review, November-December, 57–62.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (11. basım). Seçkin Yayınevi.
  • Yüksel, A., Mil, B. ve Bilim, Y. (2007). Nitel araştırma: Neden, Nasıl, Niçin? (3. basım). Detay Yayıncılık.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Adem Başpınar 0000-0002-2125-1832

Selçuk Cantürk 0000-0003-4903-5389

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Ocak 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ocak 2022
Kabul Tarihi 14 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 55 Sayı: 55

Kaynak Göster

APA Başpınar, A., & Cantürk, S. (2022). Türkiye’de Eğitim Gören Misafir Askerî Personelin Kültürel Etkileşimi ve Uyumu. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 55(55), 389-410. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.1037060