Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. Liken Türünün Antibakteriyel ve Antioksidan Aktivitesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. liken türünün antibakteriyel ve antioksidan aktivitesinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bolu’da iki farklı lokasyondan (Mudurnu-Aladağlar) toplanmış olan Ramalina calicaris türüne ait liken örnekleri; ayrıştırma ve teşhis yapıldıktan sonra yıkanmış, kurutulmuş ve aseton çözücüsü kullanılarak özütleri çıkarılmıştır. Liken aseton özütlerinin antibakteriyel aktiviteleri iki Gram negatif (CECT 4122 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ATCC 25922 Escherichia coli) ve iki Gram pozitif (ATCC 29212 Enterococcus faecalis, ATCC 25923 Staphylococcus aureus) bakteri üzerinde disk difüzyon yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda aynı ilde iki farklı lokasyondan toplanmış olan liken örneklerine ait özütlerin ikisinin de sadece Gram pozitif olan E. faecalis ve S. aureus üzerinde antibakteriyel aktiviteye sahip olduğu, fakat antibakteriyel aktiviteleri arasında çok büyük farklılıklar olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, antibakteriyel etkinliği nispeten daha yüksek bulunan Bolu-Aladağlar lokasyonundan toplanmış olan R.calicaris örneklerinin CUPRAC metodu kullanılarak antioksidan aktivitesi de araştırılmıştır. R. calicaris aseton özütünün belirli bir düzeyde kromojenik oksidan indirgeme kapasitesine sahip olduğu, dolayısıyla antioksidan aktivite gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Liken,Ramalina calicaris,antibakteriyel aktivite,antioksidan aktivite

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of the Lichen Species Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr.

Öz

In this study, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the lichen species Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. were investigated. Lichen samples belonging to Ramalina calicaris were collected from two different locations (Mudurnu-Aladağlar) in Bolu. After the separation and the identification steps, the samples were washed, dried and then extracted using an acetone solvent. Antibacterial activities of the acetone extracts were investigated by disk diffusion method on two Gram negative (CECT 4122 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ATCC 25922 Escherichia coli) and two Gram positive (ATCC 29212 Enterococcus faecalis, ATCC 25923 Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. As a result of the study, the both extracts of lichen samples collected from two different locations in Bolu had antibacterial activity on only Gram positive E. faecalis and S. aureus. However, they did not show a great difference between their antibacterial activities. Antioxidant activity studies were also carried out with R. calicaris samples collected from Bolu-Aladağlar location, which indicated relatively higher antibacterial activity by using CUPRAC method. It has been found that R. calicaris acetone extract has antioxidant activity as it has a certain level of chromogenic oxidant reduction capacity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Lichen,Ramalina calicaris,antibacterial activity,antioxidant activity

Kaynakça

1. [1] Çobanoğlu, G., Dilsizoğlu, A., Kavuncuoğlu, Z., & Oba, D. (2004). Eski ve yeni kullanım alanları, bilinmeyen yönleriyle likenler. Tubitak Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, 439, 86-89.
2. [2] Zeybek, U., V. John. (1992). Likenler (Lichenes), kimyasal bileşikleri ve tıbbi kullanımları. Pharmacia, 32 (1) 7. 37 - 48.
3. [3] Molnár, K., & Farkas, E. (2010). Current results on biological activities of lichen secondary metabolites: a review. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 65(3-4), 157-173.
4. [4] Şahin, S., Oran, S., Şahintürk, P., Demir, C., Öztürk, Ş. (2015). Ramalina Lichens and Their Major Metabolites as Possible Natural Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 39 (4): 471-477.
5. [5] Francolini, I., Norris, P., Piozzi, A., Donelli, G., & Stoodley, P. (2004). Usnic acid, a natural antimicrobial agent able to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation on polymer surfaces. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 48(11), 4360-4365.
6. [6] Ingolfsdottir, K. (2002). Usnic acid. Phytochemistry, 61(7), 729-736.
7. [7] Yilmaz, M., Türk, A. O., Tay, T., & Kivanç, M. (2003). The antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Cladonia foliacea and its (-)-usnic acid, atranorin, and fumarprotocetraric acid constituents. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences, 59(3-4), 249-254.
8. [8] Garcia Rowe, J., Gimenez, G., & Saenz Rodriguez, M. T. (1999). Some lichen products have antimicrobial activity. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 54(7-8), 605-609.

9. [9] Sundararaj, J. P., Kuppuraj, S., Ganesan, A., Ponnusamy, P., & Nayaka, S. (2015). In vitro assesssment of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts from lichen Ramalina nervulosa. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(8), 200-204.
10. [10] Kumar, S. P., Kekuda, T. P., Vinayaka, K. S., & Sudharshan, S. J. (2009). Anthelmintic and antioxidant efficacy of two macrolichens of Ramalinaceae. Pharmacognosy Journal, 1(4), 238-242.
11. [11] Stanly, C., Hag Ali, D. M., Keng, C. L., Boey, P. L., & Bhatt, A. (2011). Comparative evaluation of antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of selected lichen species from Malaysia. J Pharm Res, 4, 2824.
12. [12] Luo, H., Wei, X., Yamamoto, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, L., Jung, J. S., ... & Hur, J. S. (2010). Antioxidant activities of edible lichen Ramalina conduplicans and its free radical-scavenging constituents. Mycoscience, 51(5), 391-395.
13. [13] Gulluce, M., Aslan, A., Sokmen, M., Sahin, F., Adiguzel, A., Agar, G., & Sokmen, A. (2006). Screening the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the lichens Parmelia saxatilis, Platismatia glauca, Ramalina pollinaria, Ramalina polymorpha and Umbilicaria nylanderiana. Phytomedicine, 13(7), 515-521.
14. [14] Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M., & Karademir, S. E. (2004). Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(26), 7970-7981.
15. [15] http://web.uvic.ca/~stucraw/part2NX.html#Lichens_N-X Erişim tarihi: 08.02.2018.
16. [16] Hanuš, L. O., Temina, M., & Dembitsky, V. M. (2008). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of some phenolic metabolites isolated from the lichenized ascomycete Ramalina lacera. Nat Prod Commun, 3, 233-236.
17. [17] Crawford S.D. (2015). Lichens Used in Traditional Medicine. Chapter 2. In: Lichen Secondary Metabolites- Bioactive Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential (Edited by Rankovic B.). Springer International Publishing, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-319-13373-7
18. [18] Moura, J. B., Vargas, A. C. D., Gouveia, G. V., Gouveia, J. J. D. S., Ramos-Júnior, J. C., Botton, S. D. A., ... & Costa, M. M. D. (2017). In vitro antimicrobial activity of the organic extract of Cladonia substellata Vainio and usnic acid against Staphylococcus spp. obtained from cats and dogs. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 37(4), 368-378.
19. [19] Cansaran, D. et al. (2007). HPLC analysis of usnic acid in some Ramalina species from anatolia and investigation of their antimicrobial activities. Pharmaceutical Biology, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 77–81.
20. [20] Shrestha, G., & St Clair, L. L. (2013). Antimicrobial activity of extracts from two lichens Ramalina menziesii and Usnea lapponica. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society, 20(1), 5-10.
21. [21] Zrnzevic, I., Stankovic, M., Jovanovic, V. S., Mitic, V., Dordevic, A., Zlatanovic, I., & Stojanovic, G. (2017). Ramalina capitata (Ach.) Nyl. acetone extract: HPLC analysis, genotoxicity, cholinesterase, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. EXCLI journal, 16, 679.
22. [22] Luo, H., Wei, X., Yamamoto, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, L., Jung, J. S., ... & Hur, J. S. (2010). Antioxidant activities of edible lichen Ramalina conduplicans and its free radical-scavenging constituents. Mycoscience, 51(5), 391-395.
23. [23] Moura, J. B., Vargas, A. C. D., Gouveia, G. V., Gouveia, J. J. D. S., Ramos-Júnior, J. C., Botton, S. D. A., ... & Costa, M. M. D. (2017). In vitro antimicrobial activity of the organic extract of Cladonia substellata Vainio and usnic acid against Staphylococcus spp. obtained from cats and dogs. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 37(4), 368-378.
24. [24] Oran, S., Şahin, S., Öztürk, Ş., Demir, C. (2012). Bazı dalsı ve yapraksı liken türlerinde toplam fenol ve antioksidan kapasite tayini. 21. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 03–07 Eylül 2012, Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir, Türkiye.
25. [25] Tay, T., Türk, A. Ö., Yılmaz, M., Türk, H., & Kıvanç, M. (2004). Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the acetone extract of the lichen Ramalina farinacea and its (+)-usnic acid, norstictic acid, and protocetraric acid constituents. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 59(5-6), 384-388.
26. [26] Çobanoğlu, G. et al. (2010). Evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of some lichens. South Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology and Environment Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 153 – 158.
27. [27] Sesal, C., Çobanoğlu, G., Karaltı, İ., Açıkgöz, B. (2016). In Vitro antimicrobial potentials of four Ramalina lichen species from Turkey. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology6(3), 202–209, Doi 10.5943/cream/6/3/8.
28. [28] Öztiğitoğlu, G. Ç., Açıkgöz, B., & Sesal, C. (2017). Lichen secondary metabolites: Synthesis pathways and biological activities. Acta Biologica Turcica, 29(4), 150-163.
29. [29] Zrnzevic, I., Stankovic, M., Jovanovic, V. S., Mitic, V., Dordevic, A., Zlatanovic, I., & Stojanovic, G. (2017). Ramalina capitata (Ach.) Nyl. acetone extract: HPLC analysis, genotoxicity, cholinesterase, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. EXCLI journal, 16, 679.
30. [30] Sundararaj, J. P., Kuppuraj, S., Ganesan, A., Ponnusamy, P., & Nayaka, S. (2015). In vitro assesssment of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts from lichen Ramalina nervulosa. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(8), 200-204.
31. [31] Oran, S., Şahin, S., Öztürk, Ş., Demir, C. (2012). Bazı dalsı ve yapraksı liken türlerinde toplam fenol ve antioksidan kapasite tayini. 21. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 03–07 Eylül 2012, Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir, Türkiye.