Çalışmada, süt ve kırmızı et üretiminin en önemli maliyet unsurlarından biri olan yem üzerine 01.01.2016 tarihinden itibaren uygulanan KDV oran indiriminin doğrudan yem fiyatlarına, dolaylı yoldan da et ve süt fiyatlarına olan etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. KDV oran indirimlerinin etkisi uzun dönemde Johansen Eşbütünleşme Analizi ve kısa dönemde Granger Nedensellik Analizi ile test edilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen analizler sonucunda KDV oran indirimlerinin kısa ve uzun dönemde yem, et ve süt fiyatlarına etki etmediği tespit edilmiştir. Ürün fiyatların oluşumunda en önemli unsur piyasa yapısının kendisidir ve piyasa yapısı içerisinde özellikle ürünlerin arz ve talep esneklikleri diğer unsurlara göre daha çok ön plana çıkmaktadır. Vergi politikaları ise ürün fiyatlarının düşürülmesinde tek başına yeterli olamamakla birlikte, vergi indirimlerine bağlı olarak kamunun ihtiyaç duyduğu fonlarda da azalma yaşanabilmektedir. Türkiye’de ise yem fiyatları üzerindeki KDV oranlarının indirilmesi kamunun beklentisi doğrultusunda et ve süt fiyatlarına yansımamıştır. Bu tespitlere bağlı olarak et ve süt fiyatları üzerinde indirimlerin oluşması için piyasa şartlarında (arz-talep) değişikliğe ihtiyaç duyulduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Societies need a superior power to live in a certain order and increase their welfare. This power may be defined as the state and income, mainly obtained through taxes, is needed to finance the services the state provides. Tax is collected by the state to finance the public expenditures as well as to sustain the economic and social system. The types of taxes collected by the state appear in two ways, mainly indirect and direct. Indirect taxes are easy to calculate and collect on an accrual basis at the time of sale or exchange of products and services. Value Added Tax (VAT or KDV in Turkish), Special Consumption Tax (SCT), Customs Tax, Banking and Insurance Transaction Tax (Banking Insurance) are the examples of indirect taxes in Turkey. The VAT is defined, in its simplest form, as the tax that is collected from the real or legal person receiving goods and services at the time of sale. Indirect taxes cause taxes arising from the sale of goods and services, resulting in a price outside the market conditions between the seller’s price and the buyer’s price. Due to the deterioration of market conditions, the effective use of resources is eliminated. In addition to this negative structure, indirect taxes and the funds accumulated in the public sector can be used for economic growth and by creating an artificial inflation depending on indirect taxes, the saving capabilities of people can be increased by preventing people to take the unwanted goods. In general, incentive fiscal policies can be defined as the exclusion of any income from the tax system or the deferment of the tax accrued. Tax incentives have invigorating characteristics on the economy depending on the application characteristics. However, the competitive characteristics of the economic element to be supported are much more important than the tax incentives. Depending on the tax incentives, the prices of the goods in the market may not be same. Especially in full competition conditions, oligopoly market conditions can produce completely different results. Another reason for the absence of the desired effect on fiscal policies and prices of goods and services is supply and demand elasticities. Due to the elasticity of supply and demand, indirect tax incentives may not be effective and also there may be a decrease in tax revenues. As a result of these decreases experienced in the tax revenue, there is no change in the price and demand of the product. Fiscal policy and various incentive systems for meat and dairy products are used to enable consumers to have these products more cheaply in Turkey. In the incentive package, the 8% VAT rate on the feed, which is the biggest cost item of meat and milk producers, was reduced to 1% and then completely eliminated. With this incentive structure, the VAT discount is not on the consumer’s purchase price but on the cost elements of meat and milk producers. With this VAT discount, the cost of the producer is reduced, and indirect costs are reflected to the consumer indirectly. Based on this determination, VAT reductions on meat and dairy products are not expected to cause a decline in the specified product prices. Red meat production in cattle and sheep farming is carried out in Turkey. Although two types of livestock breed feed at different rates, the most important cost element of meat production is seen as feed. While cattle breeding can reduce feed costs due to feeding in the pasture, this is not the case in cattle breeding. In the determination of milk prices in the world, 1 kg of milk production and how many kg of feed can be taken is called milk / feed parity. The average milk / feed parity accepted in the world is around 1.5. The price of milk in Turkey USK (National Dairy Council) on the basis of price is determined by feed, milk price to sales price / feed price calculated parity are made to fix prices by 6 months at a time. In order to determine the effect of VAT reductions on fattening and dairy feeds on feed, red meat and milk prices, the time series of weekly frequency were used between 2014-2016. The weekly prices of fattening feed, milk feed, beef carcass meat and lamb carcass meat were taken from the weekly reports published by the Meat and Milk Authority and the milk prices were taken from the National Milk Council’s published milk price announcements. VAT time series is included in the model as a dummy and explanatory variable. The variables for the abolition of the inflation effect on the data were analyzed on the Euro values using the Central Bank Euro / TL index. In addition, the obtained values are included in the model by taking the natural logarithms of time series in order to solve the stagnation problem in financial time series. As a result of all analyzes, we observe that VAT rate cuts do not affect feed, meat and milk prices in the short and long term. According to previous studies, we observe that the supply and demand elasticities are one of the most important factor to be effective on product prices. There should be a change in the market structure (supply-demand) to achieve the desired effects on prices. If there is no change in the market conditions, indirect tax cuts do not affect the prices and cause the amount of funds required for public finance to be lost. Depending on the decreasing taxes, we affirm that it will be difficult for the public to perform the services needed to be done.
Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
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Bölüm | Makale Başvuru |
Yazarlar | |
Yayımlanma Tarihi | 9 Şubat 2019 |
Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 |
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Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
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