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Eş Zamanlı Metne Dayalı Çevrim İçi Psikolojik Danışmada Terapötik İlişki

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 301 - 321, 29.12.2022

Öz

Bilgi teknolojisinin hızla ilerlemesi ve bu teknolojinin hayatımızın her alanına yansımış olması, psikolojik danışma alanını da etkilemiştir. Bilgi teknolojilerinin sunduğu bilgisayar temelli yeni psikolojik danışma uygulama imkanlarıyla danışman ve danışanların fiziksel olarak bir araya gelmeden etkileşim kurmaları olanaklı hale gelmiştir. Son yıllarda özellikle de neredeyse tüm dünyayı etkileyen pandemi süreciyle birlikte çevrim içi psikolojik danışmanlık hizmetinin pek çok biçimde verilmesi önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Psikolojik danışmanlığın bu yeni biçimleri beraberinde soru işaretlerini de getirmiştir. Araştırma bulguları, psikolojik danışmanların terapötik bir ilişkinin çevrim içi ortamda başarılı bir şekilde oluşturulup oluşturulamayacağı konusunda endişeleri olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, çevrim içi danışma biçimlerinden biri olan eş zamanlı metne dayalı psikolojik danışmada danışman ve danışan arasındaki terapötik ilişkiyi, çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelemeyi amaçlanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ackerman, S. J., Benjamin, L. S., Beutler, L. E., Gelso, C. J., Goldfried, M. R., Hill, C., Lambert, M. J., Norcross, J. C., Orlinsky, D. E., & Rainer, J. (2001). Empirically supported therapy relationships: Conclusions and recommendations of the Division 29 Task Force. Psychotherapy Theory Research Practice Training, 38(4), 495–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.495
  • Agosta, L. (2020). Theory and practice of online therapy. Internet-delivered interventions for individuals, groups, families and organizations. In H. Weinberg & A. Rolnick (Eds.),Empathy in cyberspace the genie is out of the bottle (pp.34-47) Routledge.
  • Amos, P. M., Bedu-Addo, P. K. A., & Antwi, T. (2020). Experiences of online counseling among undergraduates in some ghanaian universities. Sage Open, 10(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/215824402094184
  • Anthony, K. (2000). Information technology. Counselling in cyberspace. British Association for Counselling, 11(10), 625-627.
  • Askjer, S., & Mathiasen, K.(2021). The working alliance in blended versus face-to-face cognitive therapy for depression: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Internet Interventions 25, 1-8. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.invent.2021.100404
  • Baker, K. D., & Ray, M. (2011). Online counseling: The good, the bad, and the possibilities. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(4), 341–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2011.632875
  • Barak, A. (1999). Psychological applications on the internet: A discipline on the threshold of a new millennium. Applied and Preventive Psychology 8(4), 231-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80038-1
  • Bischoff, R. J. (2004). Considerations in the use of telecommunications as a primary treatment medium: The application of behavioral telehealth to marriage and family therapy. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 32(3), 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180490437376
  • Brown, G. (2012). The working alliance in online counseling for crisis intervention and youth., Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Alberta, Alberta.
  • Caspar, F., & Berger, T. (2005). The future is bright: How can we optimize online counseling, and how can we know whether we have done so? The Counseling Psychologist, 33(6), 900-909. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000005280183
  • Chardon, L., Bagraith, K. S., & King, R. J. (2011). Counseling activity in single-session online counseling with adolescents: An adherence study. Psychotherapy Research, 21(5): 583-592. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2011.592550
  • Cohen, G. E., & Kerr, B. A.(1998). Computer-mediated counseling: An empirical study of a new mental health treatment. Computers in Human Services, 15(4), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1300/J407v15n04_02
  • Cook, J. E., & Doyne, C. (2002). Working alliance in online therapy as compared to face-to-face therapy: Preliminary results. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 5(2), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102753770480
  • Dowling M., & Rickwood D. (2013). Online counseling and therapy for mental health problems: A systematic review of individual synchronous interventions using ChAT. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 31(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2012.728508
  • Elleven, R. K., & Allen, J. (2004). Applying technology to online counseling: Suggestions for the beginning e-therapist. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 31(3), 223-227. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ774100
  • Fang, L., Tarshis, S., McInroy, L., & Mishna, F. (2018). Undergraduate student experiences with text-based online counseling. British Journal of Social Work, 48(6), 1774–1790. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcx111
  • Fenichel, M., Suler, J., Barak, A., Zelvin, E., Jones, G., Munro, K., Meunier, V., & Walker-Schmucker, W. (2002). Myths and realities of online clinical work. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 5(5), 481-497. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102761022904
  • Fletcher, L., & Vossler, A. (2009). Trust in online therapeutic relationships: The therapist’s experience. Counselling Psychology Review, 24(2), 24-33. Retrieved from http://oro.open.ac.uk/17204/3/873EF4B0.pdf
  • Haberstroh, S. (2009). Strategies and resources for conducting online counseling. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 37(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2009.12033857
  • Haberstroh, S., Duffey, T. Evans, M, Gee, R., & Trepal, H. (2007). The experience of online counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling 29(3), 269-282. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.29.3.j344651261w357v2
  • Haberstroh, S., Parr, G., Bradley, L., Morgan-Fleming, B., & Gee, R. (2011). Faciliating online counseling: Perspectives from counselors in training. Journal of Counseling and Development, 86(4), 460-470. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00534.x
  • Hackney, H. & Cormier, S. (2008). Psikolojik Danışma İlke ve Teknikleri: Psikolojik Yardım Süreci El Kitabı (T. Ergene ve S. Aydemir Sevim, Çev.). Mentis Yayıncılık.
  • Hanley, T. (2009). The working alliance in online therapy with young people: Preliminary findings. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 37(3), 257-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880902956991
  • Hunt, S. (2002). In favour of online counselling? Australian Social Work, 55(4), 260-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/03124070208410984
  • Glueck, D. (2013). Establishing therapeutic rapport in telemental health. In K. Myers & C. L. Turvey (Eds.), Telemental health: Clinical, technical, and administrative foundations for evidence-based practice (pp. 29-46). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416048-4.00003-8
  • Jeken, L. (2020). The working alliance goes online: A scoping review of text-based internet psychotherapy. (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
  • Kilroe, C. (2010). A needs assessment of potential online counseling service clients. (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.
  • Kottler, J. A., & Brown, R. W. (2000). Introduction to therapeutic counseling voices from the field. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.
  • Lambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(4), 357-361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.357
  • Kramer, G. M., Mishkind, M. C., Luxton, D. D., & Shore, J. H. (2013). Managing risk and protecting privacy in telemental health: An overview of legal, regulatory, and risk-management issues. In K. Myers & C. L. Turvey (Eds.), Telemental health: Clinical, technical, and administrative foundations for evidence-based practice (pp. 77-108). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416048-4.00006-3
  • Lebow, J. (1998). Not just talk, maybe some risk: the therapeutic potentials and pitfalls of computer-mediated conversation. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 24(2), 203-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1998.tb01076.x
  • Lunt, P. T. (2004). Adolescents’ willingness to utilize online counseling. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia.
  • Mallen, M. J., Jenkins, I. M., Vogel, D. L., & Day, S. X. (2011). Online counseling: An initial examination of the process in a synchronous chat environment. Counseling and Psychotherapy Research, 11(3): 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733145.2010.486865
  • Mallen, M., & Vogel, D. L. (2005). Introduction to the major contribution: Counseling psychology and online counseling. The Counseling Psychologist, 33(6), 761-775. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000005278623
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The Therapeutic Relationship in Synchronous Text-Based Online Counseling

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 301 - 321, 29.12.2022

Öz

The rapid progress of information technology and the reflection of this technology in every area of our lives have also affected the field of psychological counseling. With the new computer-based psychological counseling application opportunities offered by information technologies, it has become possible for counselors and clients to interact without coming together physically. In recent years, especially with the pandemic process affecting almost the whole world, the provision of online psychological counseling in many forms has increased significantly. These new forms of psychological counseling have brought question marks. Research findings show that counselors have concerns about whether a therapeutic relationship can be successfully created in an online environment. This study aims to examine the therapeutic relationship between counselor and client in synchronous text-based counseling, which is one of the online counseling forms, in terms of various variables.

Kaynakça

  • Ackerman, S. J., Benjamin, L. S., Beutler, L. E., Gelso, C. J., Goldfried, M. R., Hill, C., Lambert, M. J., Norcross, J. C., Orlinsky, D. E., & Rainer, J. (2001). Empirically supported therapy relationships: Conclusions and recommendations of the Division 29 Task Force. Psychotherapy Theory Research Practice Training, 38(4), 495–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.495
  • Agosta, L. (2020). Theory and practice of online therapy. Internet-delivered interventions for individuals, groups, families and organizations. In H. Weinberg & A. Rolnick (Eds.),Empathy in cyberspace the genie is out of the bottle (pp.34-47) Routledge.
  • Amos, P. M., Bedu-Addo, P. K. A., & Antwi, T. (2020). Experiences of online counseling among undergraduates in some ghanaian universities. Sage Open, 10(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/215824402094184
  • Anthony, K. (2000). Information technology. Counselling in cyberspace. British Association for Counselling, 11(10), 625-627.
  • Askjer, S., & Mathiasen, K.(2021). The working alliance in blended versus face-to-face cognitive therapy for depression: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Internet Interventions 25, 1-8. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.invent.2021.100404
  • Baker, K. D., & Ray, M. (2011). Online counseling: The good, the bad, and the possibilities. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(4), 341–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2011.632875
  • Barak, A. (1999). Psychological applications on the internet: A discipline on the threshold of a new millennium. Applied and Preventive Psychology 8(4), 231-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80038-1
  • Bischoff, R. J. (2004). Considerations in the use of telecommunications as a primary treatment medium: The application of behavioral telehealth to marriage and family therapy. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 32(3), 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180490437376
  • Brown, G. (2012). The working alliance in online counseling for crisis intervention and youth., Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Alberta, Alberta.
  • Caspar, F., & Berger, T. (2005). The future is bright: How can we optimize online counseling, and how can we know whether we have done so? The Counseling Psychologist, 33(6), 900-909. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000005280183
  • Chardon, L., Bagraith, K. S., & King, R. J. (2011). Counseling activity in single-session online counseling with adolescents: An adherence study. Psychotherapy Research, 21(5): 583-592. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2011.592550
  • Cohen, G. E., & Kerr, B. A.(1998). Computer-mediated counseling: An empirical study of a new mental health treatment. Computers in Human Services, 15(4), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1300/J407v15n04_02
  • Cook, J. E., & Doyne, C. (2002). Working alliance in online therapy as compared to face-to-face therapy: Preliminary results. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 5(2), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102753770480
  • Dowling M., & Rickwood D. (2013). Online counseling and therapy for mental health problems: A systematic review of individual synchronous interventions using ChAT. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 31(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2012.728508
  • Elleven, R. K., & Allen, J. (2004). Applying technology to online counseling: Suggestions for the beginning e-therapist. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 31(3), 223-227. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ774100
  • Fang, L., Tarshis, S., McInroy, L., & Mishna, F. (2018). Undergraduate student experiences with text-based online counseling. British Journal of Social Work, 48(6), 1774–1790. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcx111
  • Fenichel, M., Suler, J., Barak, A., Zelvin, E., Jones, G., Munro, K., Meunier, V., & Walker-Schmucker, W. (2002). Myths and realities of online clinical work. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 5(5), 481-497. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102761022904
  • Fletcher, L., & Vossler, A. (2009). Trust in online therapeutic relationships: The therapist’s experience. Counselling Psychology Review, 24(2), 24-33. Retrieved from http://oro.open.ac.uk/17204/3/873EF4B0.pdf
  • Haberstroh, S. (2009). Strategies and resources for conducting online counseling. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 37(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2009.12033857
  • Haberstroh, S., Duffey, T. Evans, M, Gee, R., & Trepal, H. (2007). The experience of online counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling 29(3), 269-282. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.29.3.j344651261w357v2
  • Haberstroh, S., Parr, G., Bradley, L., Morgan-Fleming, B., & Gee, R. (2011). Faciliating online counseling: Perspectives from counselors in training. Journal of Counseling and Development, 86(4), 460-470. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00534.x
  • Hackney, H. & Cormier, S. (2008). Psikolojik Danışma İlke ve Teknikleri: Psikolojik Yardım Süreci El Kitabı (T. Ergene ve S. Aydemir Sevim, Çev.). Mentis Yayıncılık.
  • Hanley, T. (2009). The working alliance in online therapy with young people: Preliminary findings. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 37(3), 257-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880902956991
  • Hunt, S. (2002). In favour of online counselling? Australian Social Work, 55(4), 260-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/03124070208410984
  • Glueck, D. (2013). Establishing therapeutic rapport in telemental health. In K. Myers & C. L. Turvey (Eds.), Telemental health: Clinical, technical, and administrative foundations for evidence-based practice (pp. 29-46). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416048-4.00003-8
  • Jeken, L. (2020). The working alliance goes online: A scoping review of text-based internet psychotherapy. (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
  • Kilroe, C. (2010). A needs assessment of potential online counseling service clients. (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.
  • Kottler, J. A., & Brown, R. W. (2000). Introduction to therapeutic counseling voices from the field. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.
  • Lambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(4), 357-361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.357
  • Kramer, G. M., Mishkind, M. C., Luxton, D. D., & Shore, J. H. (2013). Managing risk and protecting privacy in telemental health: An overview of legal, regulatory, and risk-management issues. In K. Myers & C. L. Turvey (Eds.), Telemental health: Clinical, technical, and administrative foundations for evidence-based practice (pp. 77-108). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416048-4.00006-3
  • Lebow, J. (1998). Not just talk, maybe some risk: the therapeutic potentials and pitfalls of computer-mediated conversation. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 24(2), 203-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1998.tb01076.x
  • Lunt, P. T. (2004). Adolescents’ willingness to utilize online counseling. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia.
  • Mallen, M. J., Jenkins, I. M., Vogel, D. L., & Day, S. X. (2011). Online counseling: An initial examination of the process in a synchronous chat environment. Counseling and Psychotherapy Research, 11(3): 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733145.2010.486865
  • Mallen, M., & Vogel, D. L. (2005). Introduction to the major contribution: Counseling psychology and online counseling. The Counseling Psychologist, 33(6), 761-775. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000005278623
  • Mallen, M. J., Vogel, D. L., & Rochlen, A. B. (2005). The practical aspects of online counseling: Ethics, training, technology, and competency. The Counseling Psychologist 33(6), 776-818. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000005278625
  • Mallen, M. J., Vogel, D. L., Rochlen, A. B., & Day, S. X. (2005). Online counseling: Reviewing the literature from a counseling psychology framework. The Counseling Psychologist, 33(6), 819-871. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000005278624
  • Maples, M. F., & Han, S. (2008). Cybercounseling in the United States and South Korea: Implications for counseling college students of the millennial generation and the networked generation. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(2), 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00495.x
  • McLeod, K. C. (2007). Online counseling: A nonexperimental descriptive correlation of attitudes and knowledge of professional counselors. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
  • McKay, M., Davis, M., & Fanning, P. (1983). Messages: The communication book. New Harbinger Publications Murphy, L. J., & Mitchell, D. L. (1998). When writing helps to heal: E-mail as therapy. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 26(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069889800760031
  • Murphy, L.J., & Mitchell, D. L. (2009). Overcoming the absence of tone and non-verbal elements of communication in text-based counseling. In J.G. McDaniel (Ed.) Advances in Information Technology and Communication in Health (pp. 215-219). IOS Press.
  • Merz Nagel, D., & Anthony, K. (2011). Text-based online counseling: chat. In R.Kraus, G. Sticker & C. Speyer (Eds.), Online Counseling. A handbook for Mental Health Professionals (pp. 169-182). Academic Press.
  • Navarro, P., Bambling, M., Sheffield, J., & Edirippulige, S. (2019). Exploring young people's perceptions of the effectiveness of text-based online counseling: Mixed methods pilot study. JMIR Mental Health, 6(7), e13152. https://doi.org/10.2196/13152
  • Pelling, N. (2009). The use of email and the internet in counseling and psychological service: what practitioners need to know. Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Health, 5(1), 1-25. Retrieved from https://www.acrjournal.com.au/resources/assets/journals/Volume-5-Issue-1-2008/v5_1_1-25_pelling.pdf
  • Prado, S., & Meyer, S. B. (2004). Evaluation of the working alliance of in asynchronous therapy via the internet. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.psico.net/arquivos/ewaati.pdf
  • Richards, D. (2009). Features and benefits of online counseling: Trinity college online mental health community. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 37(3), 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880902956975
  • Richards, D. and Viganó, N. (2012). Online Counseling. In Y. Zheng (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Cyber Behavior (pp. 699-713). IGI Global.
  • Robson, D. & Robson, M. (1998). Intimacy and computer communication. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling 26 (1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069889808253836
  • Rochlen, A.B., Zack, J.S., & Speyer, C. (2004). Online therapy: Review of relevant definitions, debates and current empirical support. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60(3), 296-283. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10263
  • Rotger, J. M., & Cabre, V. (2022). Therapeutic alliance in online and face-to-face psychological treatment: A comparative study. JMIR Mental Health, 9(5), e36775. https://doi.org/10.2196/36775
  • Sari, R. O. (2021). Cyber counseling services in COVID-19 pandemic. Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Islam, 3(1), 8-21.
  • Savaş, A. C. & Hamamcı, Z. (2010). Okullarda Rehberlik Hizmetlerinin İnternet Üzerinden Yürütülmesine İlişkin Veli, Öğrenci ve Psikolojik Danışmanların Görüşlerinin İncelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 27, 147-158.
  • Singh, P. (2012). Face-to-face counseling and online counseling attitudes: Investigating differences among ethnic groups. (Unpublished master thesis). York University, Toronto, Canada.
  • Skinner, A., & Latchford, G. (2006). Attitudes to counseling via the internet: A comparison between in-person counseling clients and internet support group users. Counseling and Psychotherapy Research, 6(3), 158-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733140600853641
  • Skinner, A., & Latchford, G. (2011). International and multicultural issues. R.Kraus, G. Sticker & C. Speyer (Eds), Online Counseling: A handbook for mental health professionals. (pp. 257-269). Academic Press.
  • Suler, J. R. (2000). Psychotherapy in cyberspace: A 5-dimensional model of online and computer-mediated psychotherapy. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 3(2), 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493100315996
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  • Schultze, N. (2006). Success factors in internet-based psychological counseling. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 9(5), 623-626. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.623
  • Tanrıkulu, İ. (2009). Counselors-in-training students’ attitudes towards online counseling. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 1(1), 785–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.140
  • Tate, D. F., & Zabinski, M. F. (2004). Computer and internet applications for psychological treatment: Update for clinicians. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 60(2), 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10247
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  • Trepal, H., Haberstroh, S., Duffey, T. & Evans, M. (2007). Considerations and strategies for teaching online counseling skills: Establishing relationships in cyberspace. Counselor Education & Supervision, 46(4), 266-279. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2007.tb00031.x
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  • Williams, R., Bambling, M., King, R., & Abbott, Q. (2009). In-session processes in online counseling with young people: An exploratory approach. Counseling and Psychotherapy Research, 9(2), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733140802490606
  • Wright, J. (2002). Online counseling: Learning from writing therapy. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 30(3), 285-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/030698802100002326
  • Wong, K. P., Bonn, G., Tam, C. L. & Wong, C. P. (2018). Preferences for online and/or face-to-face counseling among university students in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(64), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00064
  • Yager, J. (2001). E-mail as a therapeutic adjunct in the outpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa: Illustrative case material and discussion of the issues. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29(2), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(200103)29:2<125::AID-EAT1002>3.0.CO;2-S
  • Yeşilyaprak, B. (2009). Türkiye’de Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Alanının Geleceği: Yeni Açılımlar ve Öngörüler. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 42(1), 193-213.
  • Young, M.K. (2005). Learning the art of helping building blocks and techniques. Pearson.
  • Young, M. E. & Witmer, J. M. (1992). Establishing the relationship. M. Young (Ed.) Counseling methods and techniques. An eclectic approach. (pp. 25-51). Merrill.
  • Zeren, Ş. G. (2017). Yüz Yüze ve Çevrimiçi Psikolojik Danışmada Terapötik İş Birliği: Psikolojik Danışman Adaylarının Görüşleri. International Journal of Human Sciences 14(3) , 2293-2307. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i3.4203
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Alan Eğitimleri
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Çiğdem Gülden 0000-0003-4415-0716

Kenan Polat 0000-0001-5903-2005

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gülden, Ç., & Polat, K. (2022). Eş Zamanlı Metne Dayalı Çevrim İçi Psikolojik Danışmada Terapötik İlişki. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 301-321.