Öz
The concept of
the social system refers to the formal structure of role and status that can
form in a small, stable group. An individual may belong to multiple social
systems at once; examples of social systems include nuclear family units,
communities, cities, nations, college campuses, corporations, and industries.
The organization and definition of groups within a social system depend on
various shared characteristics such as location, socioeconomic status, race,
religion, societal function, or other distinguishable features. Talcott
Parsons was the first to propose a systematic social system theory, which he
developed as part of the paradigm of adaptation, goal attainment, integration,
and latency/pattern maintenance. The social system
defined it as only part (or sub-system) of the so-called action theory. Parsons
organized social systems in terms of action units, where one action executed by
an individual is one unit and he defines a social system as a network of
interactions between actors. Parsons' work ignited the
debate over what framework social systems should be built around, such as
actions, communication, or other relationships. This study,
designed as a theoretical review of Talcott Parsons' theories, also examines
the effects of theories on education. This study consists of Parsons'
structural-functional theory, general action theory, organizational and
evolutionary concepts, and education-related parts of the theory. In this
study, Parsons' Theory is analyzed in all aspects and a theoretical analysis of
how the theory is reflected in educational organizations is presented.
Anahtar Kelimeler
social system general action theory structural-functional theory education
Kaynakça
- Abrahamson, M. (1991). The functionalism. London: LSEU Press. Baltacı, A. (2017). Relations between prejudice, cultural ıntelligence and level of entrepreneurship: A study of school principals. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 9(3), 645-666. Baltacı, A. (2018). Habitus: dini inanç habitusunun oluşumu üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 1-24. Baldwin, A. L. (1961). The Social Theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “The Parsonian Theory of Personality” (p:153-190). New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall Inc. Bogardus, E. S. (1960). The development of social thought. New York: David Mchale Co. Inc. Boskoff, A. (1957a). Modern Sociological Theory in Contiunity and Change. In (Eds. Alvin Boskoff), “Social Change: Major Problems in Emergenceof Theoretical and Reseach”, New York: Reinhart and Winston Inc. Boskoff, A. (1957b). Modern Sociological Theory in Contiunity and Change. In (Eds. Alvin Boskoff), “From Social Thought to Social Theory”, New York: Reinhart and Winston. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1961). The Social Theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “Parsons Theory of Identification” (p:183-197). NJ: Englewood. Brown, C. H. (1981). Understanding society: an introduction to sociological theory. London: John Murray Ltd. Buckley, W. (1967). Sociological and modern systems theory. New Jersey: Prentice and Hall Inc. Bursalıoğlu, Z. (2010). Eğitim yönetiminde teori ve uygulama. Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık. Coser, L. A. (1971). Masters of sociological thought. New York: Harcourt Brace. Cuff, E. C. ve Payne, G.C.F. (1984). Perspectives in sociology. London: George Allen Ltd. Devereux, E. C. (1961). The Social Theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “Parsons’ Sociological Theory” (p:1-24). New Jersey: Englewood. Durkheim, E. (1965). The Rules of Sociological Method. (İngilizce çevirisi: S. Soloway ve J. Müller. Derleyen: G. Catlin). New York: The Free Press. Habermas, J. (1974). Towards a ratioanal society: student protest, science and politics, Boston: Beacon. Habermas, J. (2003). The future of human nature. London: Polity Press. Hacker, A. (1961). The Social Theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “Sociology and Ideology” (p:413-436). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PH Inc. Gharajedaghi, J. (1999). Systems thinking: managing chaos and complexity: a platform for designing business architecture. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Keat, R. ve Urry, J. (2001). Bir bilim olarak sosyal kuram. (Çev. Nilgün Çelebi), Ankara: İmge Kitabevi. Kinloch, G. C. (1977). Sociological theory: its development and major paradigms. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Inc. Landsberger, H.A. (1961). The social theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “Parsons Theory of Organisation” (p:216-230). New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall Inc. Lange, O. (1965). Critique of the political economy. New York: Johns and sons Inc. Leach, E. (2010). International encylopedia of social sciences. In “The History of the Concept – Social Structure”. NewYork: Maine Inc. Levi-strauss, C. (1967). Structural Antropology. (İngilizce çevirisi: C. Jacobson ve G. Schoepf). New York: Doubleday and co. Inc. Luhmann, N. (1981). Soziologische aufklärung 3: soziales system, gesellschaft, organisation, opladen: Westdeutscher verlag. New York: Columbia University Press. Luhmann, N. (1984). Soziale systeme: grundriß einer allgemeinen kheorie, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (İngilizce çevirisi: Social Systems, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995). Luhmann, N. (1990). Die wissenschaft der gesellschaft. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. Marcuse, H. (1964). One dimensional man: studies in ideology of advanced industrial society. Boston: Beacon Press. Marcuse, H. (2002) Autonomous technology. Cambridge: Mass Press Ltd. Martel, M. (2009). Research in Social Science. In Jason Maxiell (Eds.) “The Prince of Parsonia: re-thinking the Talcott Parsons Theory” (p: 29-45). New York: GF Inc. Merton, R. K. (1964). Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: The Free Press. Morse, C. (1961). The Social Theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “The Functional Imperatives” (p:46-62). New Jersey: Englewood Parsons, T. (1949). The Structure of Social Action: A Study in Social Theory with Special Reference to Group of recent Europan Writers. New York: The Free Press. Parsons, T. (1951). The Social System. New York: The Free Press. Parsons, T. (1954). Essays in Sociological Theory. New York: The Free Press. Parsons, T. ve Smelser, N.J. (1956). Economy and Society. New York: The Free Press. Parsons, T. ve Shills E.A. (1962). Toward a General Theory of Action. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harward University Press. Parsons, T. (1967). Sociological Theory and Modern Society. New York: The Free Press. Polama, M. (1993), Contemporary Sociological Theories, New York: Harper&Row Publishers. Ritzer, G. (1983). Sociological Theory. New York: Alfred Knopf Inc. Rocher, G. (1975), Talcott Parsons and American Sociology, New York: Barnes. Sorokin, P. A. (1966). Sociological Theories of Today. Winchester: Reneissance Swingewood, A. (2010). Sosyolojik Düşüncenin Kısa Tarihi. Çev. O. Akınbay, İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı. Timasheef, N. S. (1967). Sociological Theory: Its Nature and Growth. NJ: Random House. Tönnies, F. (1957). Social Change. In (Eds. A. Etzioni, E. Etzioni), “From Community to Society”. New York: Basic Books. Whyte, W. F. (1961). The Social Theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “Parsonian Theory Applied to Organizations” (p: 244-267). New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall Inc. Wilder, D. A. (1986). Social categorization: Implications for creation and reduction of intergroup bias. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 19. (Der.) L. Berkowitz. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Pub. 293-347.
Öz
Sosyal
sistem kavramı, küçük, istikrarlı bir grupta oluşabilecek biçimsel rolü ve
statü yapısını ifade eder. Bireyler, çekirdek aile birimleri, topluluklar,
şehirler, uluslar, üniversite kampüsleri, şirketler ve okulların da yer aldığı
çok çeşitli ve birden çok sosyal sisteme ait olabilir. Bir sosyal sistem
içindeki grupların organizasyonu ve tanımı, konum, sosyoekonomik durum, ırk,
din, toplumsal işlev veya diğer ayırt edici özellikler gibi paylaşılan çeşitli
niteliklere bağlıdır. Talcott Parsons uyum, hedefe ulaşma, bütünleşme ve örüntü
sürdürme paradigmasının bir parçası olarak geliştirdiği sistematik bir sosyal
sistem kuramını ortaya atan ilk kişidir. Sosyal sistem, eylem kuramı olarak
adlandırılan kuramın yalnızca bir parçası (veya alt-sistem) olarak
tanımlamıştır. Parsons, sosyal sistemi eylem birimlerine göre düzenlemiştir;
burada bir kişi tarafından gerçekleştirilen bir eylem tek bir birimdir ve bir
sosyal sistem, aktörler arasındaki etkileşim ağı olarak tanımlanmaktadır.
Parsons'ın çalışmaları, eylem, iletişim veya diğer ilişkiler gibi etrafında
hangi sosyal sistemlerin kurulması gerektiği konusunda tartışmalara neden
olmuştur. Tarlcott Parsons’ın kuramları üzerine kuramsal tarama olarak
desenlenen bu çalışmada ayrıca kuramın eğitime olan etkileri de incelemektedir.
Çalışma, Parsons’ın yapısal-işlevsel kuramı?, genel aksiyon kuramı, örgüt
anlayışı ve kuramın eğitimle ilişkisi bölümlerinden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada
Parsons’ın Kuramları tüm yönleriyle analiz edilmiş olup kuramın eğitim
örgütlerine nasıl yansıdığına ilişkin teorik bir analiz sunulmuştur
Anahtar Kelimeler
sosyal sistem genel aksiyon kuramı yapısal-işlevsel kuram eğitim
Kaynakça
- Abrahamson, M. (1991). The functionalism. London: LSEU Press. Baltacı, A. (2017). Relations between prejudice, cultural ıntelligence and level of entrepreneurship: A study of school principals. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 9(3), 645-666. Baltacı, A. (2018). Habitus: dini inanç habitusunun oluşumu üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 1-24. Baldwin, A. L. (1961). The Social Theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “The Parsonian Theory of Personality” (p:153-190). New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall Inc. Bogardus, E. S. (1960). The development of social thought. New York: David Mchale Co. Inc. Boskoff, A. (1957a). Modern Sociological Theory in Contiunity and Change. In (Eds. Alvin Boskoff), “Social Change: Major Problems in Emergenceof Theoretical and Reseach”, New York: Reinhart and Winston Inc. Boskoff, A. (1957b). Modern Sociological Theory in Contiunity and Change. In (Eds. Alvin Boskoff), “From Social Thought to Social Theory”, New York: Reinhart and Winston. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1961). The Social Theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “Parsons Theory of Identification” (p:183-197). NJ: Englewood. Brown, C. H. (1981). Understanding society: an introduction to sociological theory. London: John Murray Ltd. Buckley, W. (1967). Sociological and modern systems theory. New Jersey: Prentice and Hall Inc. Bursalıoğlu, Z. (2010). Eğitim yönetiminde teori ve uygulama. Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık. Coser, L. A. (1971). Masters of sociological thought. New York: Harcourt Brace. Cuff, E. C. ve Payne, G.C.F. (1984). Perspectives in sociology. London: George Allen Ltd. Devereux, E. C. (1961). The Social Theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “Parsons’ Sociological Theory” (p:1-24). New Jersey: Englewood. Durkheim, E. (1965). The Rules of Sociological Method. (İngilizce çevirisi: S. Soloway ve J. Müller. Derleyen: G. Catlin). New York: The Free Press. Habermas, J. (1974). Towards a ratioanal society: student protest, science and politics, Boston: Beacon. Habermas, J. (2003). The future of human nature. London: Polity Press. Hacker, A. (1961). The Social Theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “Sociology and Ideology” (p:413-436). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PH Inc. Gharajedaghi, J. (1999). Systems thinking: managing chaos and complexity: a platform for designing business architecture. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Keat, R. ve Urry, J. (2001). Bir bilim olarak sosyal kuram. (Çev. Nilgün Çelebi), Ankara: İmge Kitabevi. Kinloch, G. C. (1977). Sociological theory: its development and major paradigms. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Inc. Landsberger, H.A. (1961). The social theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “Parsons Theory of Organisation” (p:216-230). New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall Inc. Lange, O. (1965). Critique of the political economy. New York: Johns and sons Inc. Leach, E. (2010). International encylopedia of social sciences. In “The History of the Concept – Social Structure”. NewYork: Maine Inc. Levi-strauss, C. (1967). Structural Antropology. (İngilizce çevirisi: C. Jacobson ve G. Schoepf). New York: Doubleday and co. Inc. Luhmann, N. (1981). Soziologische aufklärung 3: soziales system, gesellschaft, organisation, opladen: Westdeutscher verlag. New York: Columbia University Press. Luhmann, N. (1984). Soziale systeme: grundriß einer allgemeinen kheorie, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (İngilizce çevirisi: Social Systems, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995). Luhmann, N. (1990). Die wissenschaft der gesellschaft. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. Marcuse, H. (1964). One dimensional man: studies in ideology of advanced industrial society. Boston: Beacon Press. Marcuse, H. (2002) Autonomous technology. Cambridge: Mass Press Ltd. Martel, M. (2009). Research in Social Science. In Jason Maxiell (Eds.) “The Prince of Parsonia: re-thinking the Talcott Parsons Theory” (p: 29-45). New York: GF Inc. Merton, R. K. (1964). Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: The Free Press. Morse, C. (1961). The Social Theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “The Functional Imperatives” (p:46-62). New Jersey: Englewood Parsons, T. (1949). The Structure of Social Action: A Study in Social Theory with Special Reference to Group of recent Europan Writers. New York: The Free Press. Parsons, T. (1951). The Social System. New York: The Free Press. Parsons, T. (1954). Essays in Sociological Theory. New York: The Free Press. Parsons, T. ve Smelser, N.J. (1956). Economy and Society. New York: The Free Press. Parsons, T. ve Shills E.A. (1962). Toward a General Theory of Action. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harward University Press. Parsons, T. (1967). Sociological Theory and Modern Society. New York: The Free Press. Polama, M. (1993), Contemporary Sociological Theories, New York: Harper&Row Publishers. Ritzer, G. (1983). Sociological Theory. New York: Alfred Knopf Inc. Rocher, G. (1975), Talcott Parsons and American Sociology, New York: Barnes. Sorokin, P. A. (1966). Sociological Theories of Today. Winchester: Reneissance Swingewood, A. (2010). Sosyolojik Düşüncenin Kısa Tarihi. Çev. O. Akınbay, İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı. Timasheef, N. S. (1967). Sociological Theory: Its Nature and Growth. NJ: Random House. Tönnies, F. (1957). Social Change. In (Eds. A. Etzioni, E. Etzioni), “From Community to Society”. New York: Basic Books. Whyte, W. F. (1961). The Social Theories of Talcott Parsons, A Critical Examination. In Max Black (Eds.), “Parsonian Theory Applied to Organizations” (p: 244-267). New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall Inc. Wilder, D. A. (1986). Social categorization: Implications for creation and reduction of intergroup bias. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 19. (Der.) L. Berkowitz. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Pub. 293-347.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar |
| Bölüm | Derleme |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 2 Nisan 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1 |