DİJİTAL KAMU DİPLOMASİSİ Mİ DİJİTAL GÖZETİM Mİ?

Elif Gürdal

doi:10.32579/mecmua.865689

DİJİTAL KAMU DİPLOMASİSİ Mİ DİJİTAL GÖZETİM Mİ?

Öz

Dijital diplomasisi hem devletlerarası diplomasiyi hem de bir devlet ile yabancı kamuoyu grupları arasında ilişkiye denilen kamu diplomasisini içeren dijital iletişim tekniklerinin kullanımıdır. Bu bakımdan çoğunlukla “dijital diplomasi” tabiri ile kullanılan bu diplomasi biçimi bu çalışmada devletler ile yabancı kamuoyu ilişkisini ele aldığından “dijital kamu diplomasisi” kullanımıyla ayrıştırılmıştır. Dijital kamu diplomasisi uygulamaları 2000’li yıllar sonrası hızla hayatımıza girmiş ve bunun dönüm noktası sosyal medya uygulamaları olmuştur. Sosyal medya ile etkileşimin boyutu hızla artmış ve bu uygulamalar uluslararası ilişkilerin seyrini değiştirebilecek önemli araçlar haline gelmiştir. Bu platformlardan yabancı kamuoyunu ikna etme esasına dayalı olan dinleme, anlama, onlar ile etkileşim kurabilme boyutunun yanı sıra bu kitlelerden önemli verilerin elde edilmesi de dış politikada önemli bir güç kaynağı haline gelmiştir. Bu bakımdan dijital kamu diplomasisinde etkileşim odaklı yabancı kamuoyunu anlama, onların isteklerini, beklentilerini doğrudan kendilerinden dinleme fırsatı sunan bu dijital platformlar diğer yandan bu toplumlar hakkında önemli veriler sunmaktadır. Ancak ortaya çıkan gizlilik politikasına rağmen devletlerin bu verileri gizli elde etmeye yönelik meyilleri ile yabancı kamuoyu gruplarının istekleri dışında verilerine ulaşılabilme ortamının oluşması “dijital gözetim toplumu” ile “dijital kamu diplomasisi” kavramlarının kavram karmaşasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışma bu kavramların içeriklerinin neler olduğunu ve uygulamada nasıl ele alınması gerekliliğini tespite yönelik bir nitel araştırmadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Bauman, Zygmunt (2006). Liquid Modernity, (sixth edition) Polity Press, Cambridge.
Bauman, Zygmunt; Lyon, David (2013). Akışkan Gözetim, (Çeviri: Elçin Yılmaz), Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
BBC, “Washington Post: Trump günde ortalama 23 yalan söylüyor”, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-48100029, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2021).
Bentham, J.; Pease-Watkin, C. ; Werret, S. (2016). Panoptikon gözün iktidarı, (Haz.-Çev: Barış Çoban; Zeynep Özarslan), Su Yayınları, İstanbul.
Bjola, Corneliu; Pamment, James (2019). Countering Online Propaganda and Extremism: the ‘dark side’ of digital diplomacy, Routledge, New York.
Bjola,Corneliu; Jiang, Lu (2015). “Social Media and Public Diplomacy”, Digital diplomacy: Theory and Practice (Editors: Corneliu Bjola; Marcus Holmes), Routledge Taylor and Frances Group, London.
Bozovic, Miran; Bentham, Jeremy (1995). The Panopticon Writings, (Ed. Miran Bozovic), Verso, London, New York.
Briggs, Asa; Burke, Peter (2009). A Social History of Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet (Third Edition), Polity Press, Cambridge.

Brown, Robin (2003). “Spinning the War: Political Communications, Information Operations and Public Diplomacy in the War on Terrorism”, War and the Media, (Editors: Daya Kishan Thussu ; Des Freedman), SAGE Publications, London.
Cohen, David (2006). “Kiwis have Turned Sour on Americans”, June 20, , https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0620/p07s01-woap.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2020).
Cowan, G.; Arsenault, A. (2008). “Moving From Monologue To Dialogue To Collaboration: The Three Layers Of Public Diplomacy”, 2008, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Scence, Volume 616, No.10, pp. 10-30.
Cull, Nicholas (2013). “The Long Road to Public Diplomacy 2.0: The Internet in US Public Diplomacy”, International Studies Review, Volume: 15, Issue:1, pp. 123–139.
Cull, Nicholas J. (e- makale), “Public Diplomacy Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase”, https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/public-diplomacy-gullion-evolution-phrase, ( Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2020).
Cull, Nicholas J. (2008) “Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume: 616, pp. 31-54.
D’Hooghe, Ingrid (2015). “China’s Public Diplomacy (Volume 10)”, Diplomatic Studies Series (Editor: Jan Melissen), Brill Nijhoff Press, Leiden and Boston.
Dean, Kruckeberg; Vujnovic, Marina (2005). “Public Relations, Not Propaganda, for US Public Diplomacy in a post-9/11 World: Challenges and Opportunities”, Journal of Communication Management, Volume: 9, Issue: 4, pp.296-304.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Report to Congress Regarding the Terrorism Information Awareness Program, In response to Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, Pub.L., No. 108-7, (subsection) 111(b), Division M, USA.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, “Overview Of The Information Awareness Offıce”, North Fairfax Drive Arlington, 1370, VA 22203-1714, August 2, 2002.
Dolgun, Uğur (2004). “Gözetim Toplumunun Yükselişi: Enformasyon Toplumundan Gözetim Toplumuna”, Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 2, Sayı:1, ss. 55-74.
Ebers, Martin; Nava, Susana (2020). Algorithms and Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, “National Security Agency”, https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Security-Agency#ref1201263, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2020).
Ersöz Karakulakoğlu, Selva; Uğurlu,Ö (2015). İletişim Çalışmalarında Dijital Yaklaşımlar: Twitter, (1. Baskı), Heretik Yayınları, Ankara.
Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) Digital Strategy, (2012). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/39629/AB_12-11-14_Digital_strategy.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 20. 06.2020)
Foucault, M. (1977). Disipline And Punish: The Birth Of Prisons (Translete by Alan Sheridan), Vintage Book, New York.
Foucault, M. (1992). Hapishanenin Doğuşu, (Çev: Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay), İmge Kitapevi, İstanbul.
Foucault, M. (1994). İktidarın Gözü, (3. Baskı), (Derleyen: Ferda Keskin, Çeviri: Işık Ergüden), Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
Fuchs, Christian (2008). Internet and Society: Social Theory in the Information Age, Routledge, New York.
Gilboa, Eytan (2008) “Searching for a Theory of Public Diplomacy”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 616: Public Diplomacy in a Changing World, pp. 55-77.
Gilboa, Eytan (2008). “Searching for a Theory of Public Diplomacy”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume: 616, Public Diplomacy in a Changing World, pp. 55-77.
Graham, Sarah Ellen (2015). Culture And Propaganda: The Progressive Origins Of American Public Diplomacy, 1936–1953, Ashgate Publishing, Farnham.
Haggerty, Kevin D. (2006). “Tear down the walls: on demolishing the panopticon”, Theorizing Surveillance: The Panopticon And Beyond, (Editor: David Lyon), Willan Publishing, Devon.
Harris, Shane (2012), “Giving In to the Surveillance State”, Newyork Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/opinion/whos-watching-the-nsa-watchers.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2020).
Harrow, Robert O.; Nakashima, Ellen, “US Company officials: ınternetSurveillance does not indiscriminately mine data”, Washington Post, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-company-officials-internet-surveillance-does-not-indiscriminately-mine-, data/2013/06/08/5b3bb234-d07d-11e2-9f1a-1a7cdee20287_story.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2020).
Holmes, Marcus (2015). “Digital Diplomacy And International Change Management”, Digital diplomacy: Theory and Practice (Editors: Corneliu Bjola; Marcus Holmes), Routledge, New York.
Khatib, Lina; Dutton, William; Thelwall, Michael (2012). “Public Diplomacy 2.0: A Case Study of the US”, Digital Outreach Team Middle East Journal, Volume: 66, No: 3, pp. 453-472.
Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü, http://www.confucius.boun.edu.tr/?page_id=2&lang=tr, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2020). Lewis University, “NSA’s Surveillance Program: PRISM”, https://online.lewisu.edu/mscs/resources/nsa-surveillance-program-prism, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2020).
Lloyd, Ian (2020). Information Technology Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Lyon, David (2018). The Culture of Surveillance: Watching as a Way of Life, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Lyon, David (2018). The Culture of Surveillance: Watching as a Way of Life, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Manor, Ilan; Crilley, Rhys (2019).“The Aesthetics Of Violent Extremist And Counter-Violent Extremist Communication”, Countering Online Propaganda and Extremism: the ‘dark side’ of Digital Diplomacy, (Editors: Corneliu Bjola; James Pamment,) , Routledge, New York.
Marlin, Randal (2003). Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion, Broadview Press, Toronto.
Marx, Gary T. (2015). “Surveillance Studies (2nd edition)”, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Volume 23, pp. 733–741
Mathiesen, Thomas (1997). “The Viewer Society: Michel Foucault’s Panopticon Revisited”, Theoretical Criminology, Volume:1, Issiue: 2, pp. 215-234.
Meijer, Albert; Wessels, Martijn (2019). “Predictive Policing: Review of Benefits and Drawbacks”, International Journal of Public Administration, Volume: 42, Issiue:12, pp.1031-1039.
Melissen, Jan “The Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations”, The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice, (Editor: Jan Melissen) Palgrave MacMillan, New York.
New York Times, “Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts”, https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/bush-lets-us-spy-on-callers-without-courts.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2020).
Nye, Joseph S. (2002). The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’ Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Pamment, James (2016). British Public Diplomacy and Soft Power: Diplomatic Influence and the Digital Revolution, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Pew Research Center (2007). “America’s Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project”, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2007/03/14/americas-image-in-the-world-findings-from-the-pew-global-attitudes-project/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2021).
Pew Research Center (2020). https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2021).
Pew Research Center, “U.S. Image Still Poor”, March 16, 2004, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2004/03/16/survey-report/, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2020). Purdy, Walter, “Radicalization: Social Media and the Rise of Terrorism”, Homeland Security Digital Library, 2017, pp.12-16, https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=789039, (Erişim Tarihi:28.05.2017).
R. Wells, Anthony (2020). Between Five Eyes: 50 Years of Interlligence, Sharing, Casemate Publishers, Hawertown.
Rana, Kishan S. (2011). 21st Century Diplomacy A Practitioner’s Guide, The Continuum International Publishing, New York. Rieger, Joerg; Pui-Lan, Kwok (2012). Occupy Religion: Theology of the Multitude, Rowman& Littlefield Publishers, Plymouth.
Rugh, William A.(2014). Front Line Public Diplomacy: How US Embassies Communicate with Foreign Publics, Palgrave MacMillan, New York.
Sugden, Scott (1971). “Public Diplomacy And The Missiles Of October”, Naval War College Review, Volume: 24, No. 2, pp. 28-43.
The Guardian, December 2015 https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/11/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2020).
Tuch, Hans N. (1990). Communicating with the World U.S. Public Diplomacy Overseas, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Twitonomy, https://twitter.com/MID_RF, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.012021).
Twitonomy, https://www.twitonomy.com/, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2021).
Weimann, Gabriel, “How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet”, United States Institute of Peace, Special Report, 116, 2017, www.usip.org, (Erişim Tarihi 02.01.2020).
Wright, Quincy (1942). A Study of War: Volume: II, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
Youtube, “Cambridge Analytica: Undercover Secrets of Trump’s Data Firm” Channel 4 News, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cy-9iciNF1A, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2020).
Zuboff, Shoshana (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, Public Affairs Hachette Books, New York.