Framing the Study of Digital Religion: Waves of Academic Research, Theoretical Approaches and Themes

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 137 - 166, 28.12.2023

Yunus Ergen

https://doi.org/10.47951/mediad.1363608

Öz

The phenomenon of “digital religion” has emerged as a research field over the past quarter century as religious experiences integrate into the digital sphere. Within this field, researchers have adopted various theoretical frameworks and empirical methodologies to illuminate the complex dynamics that arise from the interaction between digital culture and religion. However, the existing literature on this topic is characterized by fragmentation, which makes a comprehensive understanding of its trajectory difficult. This fragmentation is particularly noticeable in the absence of a coherent narrative that outlines the field’s development. This study aims to provide a scholarly framework for understanding the trajectory of Digital Religion Studies (DRSs), encompassing successive waves of academic research, theoretical paradigms, and thematic foci. This study provides a qualitative assessment of existing literature on the relationship between digital culture and religion through a comprehensive review. A thorough literature review reveals that research in the field of digital religion can be classified into four distinct phases: descriptive, categorical, theoretical, and integrative. The prominent theoretical frameworks that have emerged media ecology, mediation, mediatization, religious-social shaping of technology (RSST), and hypermediation. Finally, the thematic categorization of research primarily revolves around topics, such as rituals, authenticity, identity, community, authority, and embodiment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Digital Religion, Research Waves, Theoretical Approaches, Themes

Dijital Din Çalışmalarını Çerçevelemek: Akademik Araştırma Dalgaları, Teorik Yaklaşımlar ve Temalar

Öz

Dini yaşamın dijital bir hüviyete bürünmesiyle birlikte dijital din olgusu oluşmaya başlamıştır. Son çeyrek asırda gelişim kaydederek olgunlaşan bu olgunun aynı zamanda akademik bir araştırma sahasına dönüştüğü de aşikârdır. Bu sahada çalışma yürüten araştırmacılar dijital kültür ve din etkileşiminden doğan problemlerin çözümüne yönelik çeşitli araştırmalar yürüterek teorik ve ampirik yaklaşımlar ile farklı temalar geliştirmişlerdir. Ne var ki konuyla ilgili mevcut literatür, yörüngesinin kapsamlı bir şekilde anlaşılmasını zorlaştıran bir parçalanma ile karakterize edilmektedir. Bu parçalanmışlık, özellikle alanın gelişimini özetleyen tutarlı bir anlatının yokluğunda kolaylıkla fark edilmektedir. Buradan hareketle bu makale, birbirini takip eden akademik araştırma dalgalarını, teorik paradigmaları ve tematik odakları kapsayan dijital din çalışmalarının yörüngesini anlamak için bilimsel bir çerçeve sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda makalede, dijital kültür ve din ilişkisini inceleyen mevcut literatürün kapsamlı bir incelemesi yapılarak niteliksel bir değerlendirme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Literatürün kapsamlı incelemesi sonucunda, söz konusu sahadaki araştırmaların tanımlayıcı, metodolojik, teorik ve bütünleşik olmak üzere dört ayrı dalga halinde kategorize edildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ortaya çıkan kayda değer teorik yaklaşımlar arasında medya ekolojisi, dolayımlama, medyatikleşme, teknolojinin dini-toplumsal şekillenmesi ve hiperdolayımlama yer almaktadır. Son olarak, araştırmaların tematik kategorizasyonunun ağırlıklı olarak ritüel, otantiklik, kimlik, topluluk, otorite ve somutlaşma olmak üzere altı tema etrafında irdelendiği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dijital Din, Araştırma Dalgaları, Teorik Yaklaşımlar, Temalar

Kaynakça

• Agbarya, A. and John, N. (2023). Online tie and content management and changing religious identity among Muslim Arab women in Israel. Information, Communication & Society, 26(2), 356–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942956.
• Åhman, H. and Thorén, C. (2021). When Facebook becomes faithbook: Exploring religious communication in a social media context. Social Media + Society, 7(3), 20563051211041644. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211041644.
• Alif, F. (2023). iIndexing identities on religiousFacebook memes: A semiotic analysis [Skripsi, Universitas Mataram]. http://eprints.unram.ac.id/41769/.
• Alıcı, M. (2021). Dijital dinin araştırma alanları: Postmodern din bilimlerinin anlama aygıtları. VIII. Dini Yayınlar Kongresi: Dijital Yayıncılık, 61–93.
• Amir, A. (2019). The identity of piety in the digital age (study of the use of religious symbols in social media). Islamic Studies Journal for Social Transformation, 37. https://doi.org/10.28918/isjoust.v3i1.1947.
• Andok, N. (2019). Gender differences in digital media usage among Hungarian religious community members. ESSACHESS - Journal for Communication Studies, 12(24 (2)), 39–60.
• Anwar, K. and Mujib, A. (2022). Islamic faith-based content and religious social-media motives. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 9(1), 19–38.
• Badmatsyrenov, T., Badmatsyrenova, E., and Dansarunova, S. (2022). Buddhist online communities on Vkontakte social network: Structure, practices and ideas. SHS Web of Conferences, 134. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400139
• Ben-Lulu, E. (2021). Zooming in and out of virtual Jewish prayer services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 60(4), 852–870. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12746
• Berger, A. and Golan, O. (2023). Online religious learning: Digital epistemic authority and self-socialization in religious communities. Learning, Media and Technology, 0(0), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2023.2169833.
• Bhatia, K. V. (2021). Social media as online archives: Inserting religious identities within educational spaces in India. Contemporary South Asia, 29(2), 162–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2020.1804839.
• Campbell, H. A. (2005). Spiritualising the internet: Uncovering discourses and narratives of religious internet usage. Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet, 1(1), 1–6.
• Campbell, H. A. (2006). Religion and the internet. Communication Research Trends, 25(1), 3–24.
• Campbell, H. A. (2010). When religion meets new media. Routledge.
• Campbell, H. A. (2011). Internet and religion. In R. Burnett, M. Consalvo, & C. Ess (Eds.), The handbook of internet studies (pp. 232–250). Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
• Campbell, H. A. (2012). Understanding the relationship between religion online and offline in a networked society. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 80(1), 64–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfr074.
• Campbell, H. A. (2013a). Community. In H. A. Campbell (Ed.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds (pp. 57–71). Routledge.
• Campbell, H. A. (Ed.). (2013b). Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds. Routledge.
• Campbell, H. A. (2021a). Digital creatives and the rethinking of religious authority. Routledge.
• Campbell, H. A. (2012a). How religious communities negotiate new media religiously. In P. H. Cheong, P. Fischer-Nielsen, S. Gelfgren, & C. Ess (Eds.), Digital religion, social media and culture: Perspectives, practices, and futures (pp. 81–96). Peter Lang.
• Campbell, H. A. (2013a). Introduction: The rise of the study of digital religion. In H. A. Campbell (Ed.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds (pp. 1–21). Routledge.
• Campbell, H. A. (2012b). Religion and the Internet: A microcosm for studying Internet trends and implications. New Media & Society, 15(5), 680–694. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812462848.
• Campbell, H. A. (2017a). Religious communication and technology. Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(3–4), 228–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1374200.
• Campbell, H. A. (2017b). Surveying theoretical approaches within digital religion studies. New Media & Society, 19(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816649912.
• Campbell, H. A. (2021b). The digital religion yearbook 2021. Digital Religion Publications.
• Campbell, H. A. and Altenhofen, B. (2016). Methodological challenges, innovations and growing pains in digital religion research. In S. Cheruvallil-Contractor & S. Shakkour (Eds.), Digital methodologies in the sociology of religion (pp. 1–12). Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Campbell, H. A. and Connelly, L. (2020). Religion and digital media: Studying materiality in digital religion. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Religion and Materiality (pp. 471–486). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118660072.ch25.
• Campbell, H. A. and Dyer, J. (2022). Ecclesiology for a digital church: Theological reflections on a new normal. SCM Press.
• Campbell, H. A. and Evolvi, G. (2019). Contextualizing current digital religion research on emerging technologies. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.149
• Campbell, H. A. and Lövheim, M. (2011). Introduction: Rethinking the online–offline connection in the study of religion online. Information, Communication & Society, 14(8), 1083–1096. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.597416.
• Campbell, H. A. and Sheldon, Z. (2022). Community. In H. A. Campbell & R. Tsuria (Eds.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in digital media (pp. 71–86). Routledge.
• Campbell, H. A. and Tsuria, R. (Eds.). (2022a). Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in digital media. Routledge.
• Campbell, H. A. and Tsuria, R. (2022b). Introduction to the study of digital religion. In H. A. Campbell & R. Tsuria (Eds.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in digital media (pp. 1–21). Routledge.
• Çelebioğlu, E. (2022). Muslim YouTubers in Turkey and the authoritarian male gaze on YouTube. Religions, 13(4), 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13040318.
• Cheong, P. H. (2013). Authority. In H. A. Campbell (Ed.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds (pp. 72–87). Routledge.
• Cheong, P. H. (2022). Authority. In H. A. Campbell & R. Tsuria (Eds.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in digital media (pp. 87–102). Routledge.
• Cheong, P. H., Poon, J. P. H., Huang, S., and Casas, I. (2009). The Internet highway and religious communities: Mapping and contesting spaces in religion-online. The Information Society, 25(5), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240903212466.
• Choong, W. W. T. (2023). Digital Christianity: How digitalization affects the Christian beliefs and practices of young people. https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/167964.
• Çi̇çek, F. (2022). Din sosyolojisinde dijitalleşme teorileri ve yaklaşımlar. Medya ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 455–480. https://doi.org/10.47951/mediad.1188722.
• Cornejo-Valle, M. and Martin-Andino, B. (2023). Elastic rituals: A multi-religious analysis of adaptations to the COVID-19 crisis. Religions, 14(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14060773.
• Couldry, N. and Hepp, A. (2013). Conceptualizing mediatization: Contexts, traditions, arguments: Editorial. Communication Theory, 23(3), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12019.
• Dawson, L. L. (2005). The mediation of religious experience in cyberspace. In M. T. Højsgaard & M. Warburg (Eds.), Religion and cyberspace (pp. 15–37). Routledge.
• Dereli, M. D. (2020). Sanala veda: Sosyal medya ve dönüşen dindarlık. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Dereli̇, M. D. (2022a). Din sosyolojisi araştırmalarında dijital yöntem ve teknikler: Bir çerçeve denemesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(22). https://doi.org/10.53683/gifad.1110726.
• Dereli̇, M. D. (2022b). Kurgu ile ütopya arasında: Habermas’ın dine yaklaşımında değişim ve post-seküler toplum projesi. Bilimname, 47, 303–342. https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.1079329.
• DeWall, C. N. and Van Tongeren, D. R. (2022). No longer religious, but still spending money religiously: Religious rituals and community influence consumer behavior among religious dones. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 32(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1871558.
• Dozan, W. and Hadi, H. (2020). Religious community movement online: Tracking history and transformation of Islamic dakwah in Indonesia. International Journal of Transdisciplinary Knowledge, 1(2), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.31332/ijtk.v1i2.10.
• Eken, M. (2020). Modern görsel kültürde M Nesli’nin online inanç pratikleri. Bilimname, 2020(43), Article 43. https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.762744.
• Eken, M. (2021). Çevrim içi dindarlık: M neslinin inanç pratikleri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Evolvi, G. (2018). Introduction: Discussing religious change in Catholic Europe. In G. Evolvi (Ed.), Blogging my religion: Secular, Muslim, and Catholic media spaces in Europe (pp. 1–21). Routledge.
• Evolvi, G. (2020). Materiality, authority, and digital religion the case of a neo-pagan forum. Entangled Religions, 11(3). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.13154/er.11.2020.8574.
• Evolvi, G. (2021). Religion and the internet: Digital religion, (hyper)mediated spaces, and materiality. Zeitschrift Für Religion, Gesellschaft Und Politik, 6(1), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41682-021-00087-9.
• Fakhruroji, M. (2019). Digitalizing Islamic lectures: Islamic apps and religious engagement in contemporary Indonesia. Contemporary Islam, 13(2), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-018-0427-9.
• Ferguson, J., Ecklund, E. H., and Rothschild, C. (2021). Navigating religion online: Jewish and Muslim Responses to Social Media. Religions, 12(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12040258.
• Foulidi, X., Katsadoros, G., and Papakitsos, E. C. (2020). Customary practices and symbolisms at worship events in a virtual religious community. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i7.1712.
• Frost, J. K. and Youngblood, N. E. (2014). Online religion and religion online: Reform Judaism and web-based communication. Journal of Media and Religion. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15348423.2014.909190.
• Gasser, G. (2021). Outlook: Digital religion and (dis-)embodiment. In G. Isetti, E. Innerhofer, H. Pechlaner, & M. de Rachewiltz (Eds.), Religion in the age of digitalization: From new media to spiritual machines (pp. 181–191). Routledge.
• Giorgi, A. (2019). Mediatized Catholicism—Minority voices and religious authority in the digital sphere. Religions, 10(8), 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10080463.
• Golan, O. (2022). Digital Judaism. In H. A. Campbell & P. H. Cheong (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of digital religion (p. 0). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197549803.013.4.
• Golan, O. and Martini, M. (2018). Digital pilgrimage: Exploring Catholic monastic webcasts. COMMUNICATION REVIEW, 21(1), 24–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2017.1416795.
• Golan, O. and Martini, M. (2019). Religious live-streaming: Constructing the authentic in real time. Information, Communication & Society, 22(3), 437–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1395472.
• Grieve, G. P. (1995). Imagining a virtual religious community: Neo-pagans and the internet. Chicago Anthropology Exchange, 7(98), 98–132.
• Grieve, G. P. (2022). Religion. In H. A. Campbell & R. Tsuria (Eds.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in digital media (pp. 25–39). Routledge.
• Guzek and, D. and Bobkowski, P. S. (2023). Piety, religious identity, and the media. In The Handbook on Religion and Communication (pp. 241–255). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119671619.ch16.
• Haberli̇, M. (2020). Dijital din araştırmalarında konu ve yaklaşımlar. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 879–902. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.729581.
• Haidi, H. (2023). A digital ethnographic account of a digital Islamic society during COVID-19: An Islamic Governance Perspective. In Digital Psychology’s Impact on Business and Society (pp. 150–178). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6108-2.ch007.
• Hakak, S., Kamsin, A., Veri, J., Ritonga, R., and Herawan, T. (2018). A framework for authentication of digital Quran. In V. Bhateja, B. L. Nguyen, N. G. Nguyen, S. C. Satapathy, & D.-N. Le (Eds.), Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications (pp. 752–764). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7512-4_74.
• Hakak, S., Kamsin, A., Zada Khan, W., Zakari, A., Imran, M., bin Ahmad, K., and Amin Gilkar, G. (2022). Digital Hadith authentication: Recent advances, open challenges, and future directions. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 33(6), e3977. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.3977.
• Helland, C. (2000). Online-Religion/Religion-Online and Virtual Communities. In Religion on the Internet: Research prospects and promises (pp. 205–223). JAI Press.
• Helland, C. (2005). Online religion as lived religion. Methodological issues in the study of religious participation on the internet. Online - Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet. https://doi.org/10.11588/rel.2005.1.380.
• Helland, C. (2013). Ritual. In H. A. Campbell (Ed.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds (pp. 25–40). Routledge.
• Helland, C., & Kienzl, L. (2022). Ritual. In H. A. Campbell & R. Tsuria (Eds.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in digital media (pp. 40–55). Routledge.
• Hjarvard, S. (2008). The mediatization of religion: A theory of the media as agents of religious change. Northern Lights: Film & Media Studies Yearbook, 6(1), 9–26.
• Hjarvard, S. (2011). The mediatisation of religion: Theorising religion, media and social change. Culture and Religion, 12(2), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2011.579719.
• Højsgaard, M. T. (2005). Cyber-religion: On the cutting edge between the virtual and the real. In M. T. Højsgaard & M. Warburg (Eds.), Religion and cyberspace (pp. 50–63). Routledge.
• Højsgaard, M. T. and Warburg, M. (2005). Introduction: Waves of research. In M. T. Højsgaard & M. Warburg (Eds.), Religion and cyberspace (pp. 1–11). Routledge.
• Hutchings, T. (2017). Design and the digital Bible: Persuasive technology and religious reading. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 32(2), 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2017.1298903.
• Huygens, E. (2021). Practicing religion during a pandemic: On religious routines, embodiment, and performativity. Religions, 12(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12070494.
• Iqbal, A. M. (2020). Challenging moderate Islam in Indonesia: NU Garis Lurus and its construction of the “authentic” NU online. In Rising Islamic Conservatism in Indonesia. Routledge.
• Jacobi, C. J., Andronicou, M., and Vaidyanathan, B. (2022). Looking beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic: Congregants’ Expectations of Future Online Religious Service Attendance. Religions, 13(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13060559.
• Kapoor, V., Belk, R., and Goulding, C. (2022). Ritual revision during a crisis: the case of Indian religious rituals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 41(3), 277–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/07439156221081485.
• Karaarslan, F. (2021). Bir insanlık durumunu hatırlamak ya da gündelik hayatın sınırına dair değiniler. In F. Karaarslan & S. Doğan (Eds.), Rutin ve hayret: Bir imkân ve imtihan olarak pandemi (pp. 49–66). DBY Yayınları.
• Khlyscheva, E. V., Dryagalov, V. S., Topchiev, M. S., Romanova, A. P., & Bicharova, M. M. (2020). Postmodern rhizome and models of religious identity. European Journal of Science and Theology.
• Kolodziejska, M. and Neumaier, A. (2017). Between individualisation and tradition: Transforming religious authority on German and Polish Christian online discussion forums. RELIGION, 47(2), 228–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2016.1219882.
• Lagerkvist, A. (2022). Embodiment: The digital afterlife. In H. A. Campbell & R. Tsuria (Eds.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in digital media (pp. 221–229). Routledge.
• Lengauer, D. (2018). Sharing semangat taqwa: Social media and digital Islamic socialities in Bandung. Indonesia and the Malay World, 46(134), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2018.1415276.
• Lorea, C. E. (2020). Religious returns, ritual changes and divinations on COVID‐19. Social Anthropology, 28(2), 307–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12865.
• Lövheim, M. (2013). Identity. In H. A. Campbell (Ed.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds (pp. 41–56). Routledge.
• Lövheim, M. and Campbell, H. A. (2017). Considering critical methods and theoretical lenses in digital religion studies. New Media & Society, 19(1), 5–14.
• Lövheim, M. and Hjarvard, S. (2019). The mediatized conditions of contemporary religion: Critical status and future directions. Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture, 8(2), 206–225. https://doi.org/10.1163/21659214-00802002.
• Lövheim, M. and Lundmark, E. (2022). Identity. In H. A. Campbell & R. Tsuria (Eds.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in digital media (pp. 41–56). Routledge.
• Lundby, K. and Evolvi, G. (2022). Theoretical frameworks for approaching religion and new media. In H. A. Campbell & R. Tsuria (Eds.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in digital media (pp. 233–249). Routledge.
• Mercer, C. R. and Trothen, T. J. (2021). Religion and the technological future: An introduction to biohacking, artificial intelligence, and transhumanism. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Morgan, D. (2011). Mediation or mediatisation: The history of media in the study of religion. Culture and Religion, 12(2), 137–152.
• Muttaqin, A. (2020). Women’s identity in the digital Islam age: Social media, new religious authority, and gender bias. QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies), 8(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v8i2.7095.
• Neumaier, A. (2019). Christian online communities: Insights from qualitative and quantitative data. Online - Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet, 14, 20–40. https://doi.org/10.17885/heiup.rel.2019.0.23946.
• Okun, S. and Nimrod, G. (2017). Online Ultra-Orthodox religious communities as a third space: A Netnographic Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, 11, 2825–2841.
• Okun, S. and Nimrod, G. (2020). Online religious communities and wellbeing in later life. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 32(3), 268–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2019.1666333.
• O’Leary, S. and Brasher, E. B. (1996). The unknown God of the internet: Religious communication from the ancient agora to the virtual forum. In C. Ess (Ed.), Philosophical perspectives on computer-mediated communication (1996th ed., pp. 233–269). State University of New York Press.
• O’Leary, S. D. (1996). Cyberspace as sacred space: Communicating religion on computer networks. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 64(4), 781–808. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/LXIV.4.781.
• Ostrovskaya, E. A. and Badmatsyrenov, T. (2022). Russian digital Buddhism: Strategies of Buddhist communities in new media. Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniya, 7, Article 7. https://doi.org/10.31857/S013216250019277-7.
• Oxholm, T., Rivera, C., Schirrman, K., and Hoverd, W. J. (2021). New Zealand religious community responses to COVID-19 while under level 4 lockdown. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(1), 16–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01110-8.
• Phillips, P., Schiefelbein-Guerrero, K., and Kurlberg, J. (2019). Defining digital theology: Digital humanities, digital religion and the particular work of the CODEC research centre and network. Open Theology, 5(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2019-0003.
• Przywara, B., Adamski, A., Kiciński, A., Szewczyk, M., and Jupowicz-Ginalska, A. (2021). Online live-stream broadcasting of the Holy mass during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland as an example of the mediatisation of religion: Empirical studies in the field of mass media studies and pastoral theology. Religions, 12(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12040261.
• Radde-Antweiler, K. (2013). Authenticity. In H. A. Campbell (Ed.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds (pp. 88–103). Routledge.
• Radde-Antweiler, K. (2022). Embodiment. In H. A. Campbell & R. Tsuria (Eds.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in digital media (pp. 103–119). Routledge.
• Rahman, F. (2016). “Cyberising” God: A theo-phenomenological investigation of religion online and online religion. DINIKA : Academic Journal of Islamic Studies, 1(3), 291. https://doi.org/10.22515/dinika.v1i3.254.
• Rizka, H. (2019). Generation Z on the choice of religious authorities: A case study of religious communities in Yogyakarta. SHAHIH: Journal of Islamicate Multidisciplinary, 4(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.22515/shahih.v4i1.1656.
• Rizvi Jafree, S. (2022). Transmitting religious values through online religious communities: Case study of Pakistani Shia mothers’ home education. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 43(4), 461–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2021.1992744.
• Rozehnal, R. (2022). Introduction: Mapping Islamic digital media in the internet age. In R. Rozehnal (Ed.), Cyber Muslims: Mapping Islamic digital media in the internet age (pp. 1–16). Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Scolari, C. A. (2015). From (new)media to (hyper)mediations. Recovering Jesús Martín-Barbero’s mediation theory in the age of digital communication and cultural convergence. Information, Communication & Society, 18(9), 1092–1107. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1018299.
• Selby, J. A. and Sayeed, R. (2023). Religious authorities in the digital age: The case of Muslims in Canada. Contemporary Islam, 17(3), 467–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-023-00536-7.
• Shiba, K., Cowden, R. G., Gonzalez, N., Ransome, Y., Nakagomi, A., Chen, Y., Lee, M. T., VanderWeele, T. J., and Fancourt, D. (2023). Associations of online religious participation during COVID-19 lockdown with subsequent health and well-being among UK adults. Psychological Medicine, 53(9), 3887–3896. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722000551.
• Siegel, A. A. and Badaan, V. (2020). #No2Sectarianism: Experimental approaches to reducing sectarian hate speech online. American Political Science Review, 114(3), 837–855. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000283.
• Solahudin, D. and Fakhruroji, M. (2020). Internet and Islamic learning practices in Indonesia: social media, religious populism, and religious authority. RELIGIONS, 11(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11010019.
• Strate, L. (2004). Media ecology. Communication research trends, 23(2), 1–48.
• Sukamto, A. and Parulian, S. P. (2020). Religious community responses to the public policy of the Indonesian government related to the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Law, Religion and State, 8(2–3), 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1163/22124810-2020006.
• Tabti, S. (2019). The charisma of script: The Quran and the Hadith in neo-salafi online community. Journal of Religion in Europe, 12(2), 191–216. https://doi.org/10.1163/18748929-01202005.
• Tsuria, R. and Campbell, H. A. (2021). “In My Own Opinion”: Negotiation of rabbinical authority online in responsa WithinKipa.co.il. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION INQUIRY, 45(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859920924384.
• Tsuria, R., Yadlin-Segal, A., Vitullo, A., and Campbell, H. A. (2017). Approaches to digital methods in studies of digital religion. The Communication Review, 20(2), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2017.1304137.
• Whyte, S. A. (2022). Islamic religious authority in cyberspace: A Qualitative study of Muslim religious actors in Australia. Religions, 13(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13010069.
• Wolf, S., Moerike, F., Luthe, S., Nord, I., and Hurtienne, J. (2022). Spirituality at the breakfast table: Experiences of Christian online worship services. Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519856.
• Young, G. (2004). Reading and praying online: The continuity of religion online and online religion in internet Christianity. In Religion Online. Routledge.
• Yunus, M., Taufiq, F., and Tsauro, A. (2023). Promoting religious moderation in new media: Between contestation and claiming religious authority. Edukasia Islamika : Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 8(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.28918/jei.v8i1.372.
• Zaid, B., Fedtke, J., Shin, D. D., El Kadoussi, A., and Ibahrine, M. (2022). Digital Islam and Muslim millennials: How social media influencers reimagine religious authority and Islamic practices. RELIGIONS, 13(4), 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13040335.
• Zeiler, X. (2022a). Embodiment: Gamifed embodiment experiences in Indian video games. In H. A. Campbell & R. Tsuria (Eds.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in digital media (pp. 213–220). Routledge.
• Zeiler, X. (2022b). Past, present, and potential futures of digital Hinduism research. In H. A. Campbell & P. H. Cheong (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Digital Religion. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197549803.013.3.