“Punk’s Not Dead, It Lives on The Football Terraces”: Tracing The Legacy of Punk in Subcultural Milieu of The Football Firms

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 142 - 163, 27.12.2021

Hüseyin Serbes

Öz

Contrary to the popular perception generated by the mainstream media, the notion of ‘football firm’ has a large subcultural milieu. When this subcultural universe is carefully investigated, an enduring legacy of punk attitude is detected. The center of the punk ethos, which provides a snapshot of the political and cultural landscape, is shaped by some aesthetic codes. This paper attempts to bring together the legacy of punk with the supporter subculture. The study, framed from the perspective of Marxist theory, aims to understand the symbols of resistance of youth subcultures with a micro-sociological perspective by focusing on fanzines within the scope of qualitative research design. With the critical discourse analysis carried out in this context, the modern football phenomenon, which destroys the subjectivity of the fans, is investigated. The findings reveal that Punk’s aggressive, rhetorical and satirical aesthetic codes exist in the stands. The discovery of Punk, which offers a subcultural capital against commodification, alienation and commercialized football, may regenerate the praxis of pleasure, poetry, art, imagination, love and revolution on the football terraces.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Punk, Subculture, Fans, Football Firms, Fanzine.

“Punk Ölmedi, Tribünlerde Yaşıyor”: Tribün Gruplarının Altkültürel Ortamında Punk Mirasının İzlerini Sürmek

Öz

Anaakım medyanın oluşturmuş olduğu popüler algının tersine, tribün grubu kavramı, büyük bir altkültürel ortama sahiptir. Bu altkültürel evren, dikkatle soruşturulduğunda punk tavrının bitmek bilmeyen mirasına rastlanır. Politik ve kültürel manzaranın bir enstantanesini sunan punk değerlerinin merkezi bazı estetik kodlarla şekillenir. Bu çalışma, Punk’ın mirası ile taraftarlık altkültürünü bir araya getirmeyi deniyor. Marksist teorinin bakış açısıyla çerçevelenen çalışma, nitel araştırma deseni kapsamında, taraftar fanzinlerini odağa alarak mikro-sosyolojik bir perspektifle gençlik altkültürlerinin direniş sembollerini anlamayı amaçlıyor. Bu kapsamda gerçekleştirilen eleştirel söylem çözümlemesi ile taraftarların öznellik alanlarını yıkıma uğratan modern futbol olgusu soruşturuluyor. Bulgular, Punk’ın agresif, retorik ve hicivli estetik kodlarının tribünlerde var olduğunu ortaya koyuyor. Metalaşmaya, yabancılaşmaya ve ticarileşen futbola karşı bir altkültürel sermaye sunan Punk’ın keşfi, tribünlerde hazzın, şiirin, sanatın, hayal gücünün, aşkın ve devrimin praksisini yeniden yeşertebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Punk, Altkültür, Taraftar, Futbol Grupları, Fanzin.

Kaynakça

• Agger, B. (1992). The Discourse of Domination: From the Frankfurt School to Postmodernism. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
• Alver, F. (2008). Kapitalist üretim sürecinde ırkçılık, futbol ve medya. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, Kış-Bahar, 26, pp. 223–248.
• Armstrong, G. (1998). Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score. Oxford/New York: Berg. Atton, C. (2010). Popular music fanzines: Genre, aesthetics, and the ‘democratic donversation’. Popular Music and Society, 33(4), pp. 517–531.
• Ayres, T. C., & Treadwell, J. (2011). Bars, drugs and football thugs: Alcohol, cocaine use and violence in the night time economy among English football firms. Criminology & Criminal Justice. 12(1), pp. 83–100.
• Barnes, R. (1979). Mods! London: Plexus. Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Benton, A. (2018). Punks in the church: The relationship between the punk subculture and church in East Germany. (Master’s Thesis, Western Michigan University, Michigan, USA). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=4398&context=masters_theses
• Bestley, R. (2007). Hitsville UK: Punk rock and graphic design in the faraway towns, 1976- 84. (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Arts, London). Retrieved from https://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/id/eprint/2296/8/PhDFinalThesisDS.pdf
• Bestley, R. (2020). Punk Rock!! So What? – Negotiating an Exhibition of Punk Art and Design. In Grimes, M. & Dines, M. (Eds.), Punk Now!! Contemporary Perspectives on Punk (pp. 204-219). Intellect Books Ltd, Bristol, UK and Chicago, US.
• Blackman, S. J. (2014). Subculture theory: An historical and contemporary assessment of the concept for understanding deviance. Deviant Behavior, 35 (6),496-512.
• Bozkurt, V. (2011). Değişen Dünyada Sosyoloji: Temeller, Kavramlar, Kurumlar. Bursa: Ekin. Brake, M. (1980). The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures: Sex and Drugs and Rock ‘n’ Roll? London: Routledge.
• Braun, V., Clarke, V. & Weate, P. (2016). Using Thematic Analysis in Sport and Exercise Research. In B. Smith, & A. C. Sparkes (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Qualitative Research In Sport and Exercise. (pp. 191-205). London: Taylor & Francis (Routledge).
• Brewster, B. (1993). When saturday comes and other football fanzines. The Sports Historian, 13(1), pp. 14-21.
• Clarke, J. (1973). Football Hooliganism and the Skinheads. Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies.
• Dalbom, C. J. (2006). Underground in the confederate capital: Punk subculture in richmond, Virginia. (Master’s Thesis, Louisiana State University. Los Angeles, USA). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3954&context=gradschool_theses
• De Biasi, R. (1998). The policing of hooliganism in Italy. In Porta, D., D. & Reiter, H. (Eds.). Policing Protest. The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies (pp. 213-227). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Debord, G. (1967). The Society of the Spectacle. USA:Black & Red. Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. (1986). Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature. Minneapol, London: University of Minnesota Press.
• Dixon, K. (2020) Demand and the reduction of consumer power in English football: A historical case-study of Newcastle United Fanzine, the mag 1988–1999. Soccer & Society, 21(1), pp. 96-114.
• Duke, V. (1991). The sociology of football: A research agenda for the 1990s. Sociological Review, 29(3), pp. 627-645.
• Duncombe, S. (1997). Notes From the Underground: Zines and the Politics of Alternative Culture. Brooklyn, New York: Verso Press.
• Errickson, A. (2019). A Detailed Journey into the Punk Subculture: Punk Outreach in Public Libraries. (Master’s Thesis, University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, USA). Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/w0892f417?locale=en
• Frankel, R. M. & Devers, K. J. (2000). Study Design in Qualitative Research—1: Developing Questions and Assessing Resource Needs. Education for Health (Abingdon). 13(2), pp. 251-261.
• Giulianotti, R. (1999). Football: A Sociology of the Global Game. Cambridge: Polity.
• Hall, S. (1980). Cultural Studies and the Centre: Some Problematics and Problems. In Hall, S. & Hobson, P. & Lowe, A. & Willis, P. (eds). Culture, Media and Language (pp. 2-35). London: Hutchinson.
• Harte, C. (1993). The Fans Strike Back: Football Fanzines in Britain, 1972-1992. North American Society For Sport History Conference, Pennsylvania State University, USA. 161 Cilt 1 - Sayı 2- 2021
• Henry, T. (1989). Break All Rules! Punk Rock and the Making of a Style. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press.
• Hebdige, D. (1979). Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge.
• Hebdige, D. (1988). Hiding in the Light: On Images and Things. London: Routledge.
• James, K., Murdoch, M., & Guo, X. (2018). Corporate social responsibility reporting in scottish football: A marxist analysis. Journal of Physical Fitness, Medicine & Treatment in Sports. 2 (1), pp. 1-15.
• Jary, D., Horne, J. & Bucke, T. (1991). Football “fanzines” and football culture: A case of successful “cultural contestation.” The Sociological Review, 39 (3), pp. 581–597.
• Kennedy, P. & Kennedy, D. (2016). Football in Neo-Liberal Times: A Marxis Perspective on the European Football Industry. London: Routledge.
• Kornberger, M., Rhodes, C. & Bos, R. (2006). The others of hierarchy: Rhizomatics of organising. In Fuglsang, M. & Sorensen, B., M. (eds.) Deleuze and the Social (pp. 58-74). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Levine, H. G. & Stumpf, S. H. (1983). Statements of fear through cultural symbols: Punk rock as a reflective subculture. Youth & Society. 14(4), pp. 417-435.
• Marx, K. (1975). Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. New York:International Publishers.
• Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative Researching. (2nd Edition). London: Sage.
• Millward, P. (2008). The rebirth of the football fanzine using e-zines as data source. Journal of Sport & Social Issues. 32(3), pp. 299-310.
• Parkes, A. (2014). This small world: The legacy and ımpact of New York City hardcore punk and straight edge in the 1980s. The Forum: Journal of History, 6, pp. 43-86. Pearson, G. (1983). Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears. London: Macmillan.
• Peat, G. (2016). Deconstructing the hooligan ıdentity: A critical narrative analysis of experiences ınvolving football violence. (Master’s Thesis, University of Huddersfield. Huddersfield, UK). Retrieved from http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/31064/1/ Thesis_Final%20PEAT.pdf
• Pilkington, H. (2012). Punk- but not as we know it: Punk in post-socialist space. Punk & Post-Punk. 3(1), pp. 253-266.
• Pilz, G. A. & Wölki-Schumacher, F. (2010). Overview of the ultra culture phenomenon in the council of Europe member states in 2009. International Conference on Ultras: Good Practices in Dealing with New Developments in Supporters’ Behavi- 162 our. Hannover, Leibniz University Hannover Institute of Sports Science.
• Redhead, S. (1993). The Passion and the Fashion: Football Fandom in the New Europe. Avebury, Aldershot.
• Robinson, O. C. (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11(1), pp. 25-41.
• Rookwood, J. & Pearson, G. (2012). The hoolifan: Positive fan attitudes to football ‘hooliganism’. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 47(2), pp. 149–164.
• Sanders, A., Heys, B., Ravenscroft, N. & Burdsey, D. (2012). Making a difference: The power of football in the community. Soccer & Society, 15(3), pp. 411-429.
• Serbes, H. (2021). İletişimin Avangard Mecrası: Fanzin Mitine Fenomenolojik Bir Bakış. Etkileşim, 7(4), pp. 236-241.
• Serbes, H. & Eskicumalı, A. (2021). Kitle Toplumundan Ağ Toplumuna Taraftarlık Altkültürünün Değişim Pratikleri: Fenerbahçe Tribünü. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(17), pp. 141-157.
• Serbes, H. & Güzel, M. (2020). Gençlik Altkültürleri: Punk Estetiğinin İkonografik Fanzinleri. TRT Akademi, 5 (10), pp. 686-713.
• Shaw. P. (1989). Whose Game is it Anyway? Book of the Football Fanzines. Kernersville, NC: Argus Books.
• Spaaij, R. (2007). Football hooliganism as a transnational phenomenon: Past and present analysis: A critique – More specificity and less generality, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 24(4), pp. 411-431.
• Taylor, I. (1971). Football Mad: A Speculative Sociology of Football Hooliganism. In Dunning, E. (ed.), The Sociology of Sport, (pp. 352-377). London: Frank Cass.
• Thortnton, S. (1995). Club Cultures: Music, Media, and Subcultural Capital. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Van Dijk, T. A. (2015a). Critical discourse studies: A Sociocognitive approach. In Wodak, R. & Meyer, M. (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Studies (pp. 62–85). London: Sage.
• Van Dijk, T. A. (2015b). Critical discourse analysis. In Tannen, D. & Hamilton, H., E. & Schiffrin, D. (Eds). The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. (pp. 466-485). Hoboken, New Jersey: Blackwell.
• Wodak, R. & Meyer, M. (2015). Critical discourse studies: History, agenda, theory and methodology. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Studies (pp. 1-22). London: Sage.
• Worley, M. (2015). Punk, politics and british (fan)zines, 1974-84: While the world was dying, did you wonder why? History Workshop Journal, 79(1), pp. 76-106.
• Yardley, L. (2017). Demonstrating the validity of qualitative research. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), pp. 295-296.