Mikroplastik Kirliliği ve Tatlısu Ekosistemlerindeki Etkileri

Cansu Bozma; Nurcan Şimşek; Yigit Tastan; Adem Yavuz Sönmez

doi:10.58626/menba.1312262

Derleme

Yıl 2023, , 54 - 62, 27.06.2023

Cansu Bozma , Nurcan Şimşek , Yigit Tastan , Adem Yavuz Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.58626/menba.1312262

Öz

Kaynakça

Alaee M., Arias P., Sjodin A., Bergman A. (2003). An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release. Environ Int 29(6):683–689. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1
Andrady A. L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62(8): 1596–1605. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
Arvidsson R. (2012). Contributions to emissions, exposure and risk assessment of nanomaterials. Doctoral Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology
Baner A. L., Piringer O. (2007). Preservation of quality through packaging. In: Plastic packaging materials for food. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, pp 1–8. doi:10.1002/9783527613281.ch01 Bejgarn S., MacLeod M., Bogdal C., Breitholtz M. (2015). Toxicity of leachate from weathering plastics: an exploratory screening study with Nitocra spinipes. Chemosphere 132: 114–119. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.010
Bern L. (1990). Size-related discrimination of nutritive and inert particles by freshwater zooplankton. J Plankton Res 12(5):1059–1067. doi:10.1093/plankt/12.5.1059
Besseling E., Wegner A., Foekema E. M., van den Heuvel-Greve M. J., Koelmans A. A. (2013). Effects of microplastic on fitness and PCB bioaccumulation by the Lugworm Arenicola marina (L.) Environ Sci Technol 47(1):593–600. doi:10.1021/es302763x
Bilotta G. S., Brazier R. E. (2008). Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota. Water Res 42(12):2849–2861. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.03.018
Boxall A. B., Chaudhry M. Q., Sinclair C. J., Jones A., Aitken R., Jefferson B., Watts C. (2007). Current and future predicted environmental exposure to engineered nanoparticles. Report by Central Science Laboratory for the Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs
Bradley E. L., Driffield M., Harmer N., Oldring P. K. T., Castle L. (2008). Identification of potential migrants in epoxy phenolic can coatings. Int J Polym Anal Charact 13(3):200–223. doi:10.1080/10236660802070512 Bradley L. E., Driffield M., Guthrie J., Harmer N., Oldring T. P. K., Castle L. (2009). Analytical approaches to identify potential migrants in polyester-polyurethane can coatings. Food Addit Contam Part A 26(12):1602–1610. doi:10.1080/19440040903252256
Brandsch J., Piringer O. (2008). Characteristics of plastic materials. In: Plastic packaging. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, pp 15–61. doi:10.1002/9783527621422.ch2
Brennholt N., Heß M., Reifferscheid G. (2017). Freshwater Microplastics: Challenges for Regulation and Management. In: Wagner M, Lambert S (eds) Freshwater microplastics: emerging environmental contaminants? Springer, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_12
Brodhagen M., Peyron M., Miles C., Inglis D. A. (2015). Biodegradable plastic agricultural mulches and key features of microbial degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(3): 1039–1056. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6267-5
Browne M. A., Crump P., Niven S. J., Teuten E., Tonkin A., Galloway T., Thompson R. (2011). Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 45(21):9175–9179. doi:10.1021/es201811s
Desai M. P., Labhasetwar V., Walter E., Levy R. J., Amidon G. L. (1997). The mechanism of uptake of biodegradable microparticles in Caco-2 cells is size dependent. Pharm Res 14(11):1568–1573
Dhawan A., Pandey A., Sharma V. (2011). Toxicity assessment of engineered nanomaterials: resolving the challenges. J Biomed Nanotechnol 7(1):6–7. doi:10.1166/jbn.2011.1173
Dris R., Gasperi J., Tassin B. (2017). Sources and fate of microplastics in urban areas: a focus on Paris Megacity. In: Wagner M, Lambert S (eds) Freshwater microplastics: emerging environmental contaminants? Springer, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_4
Eerkes-Medrano D., Thompson R. C., Aldridge D. C. (2015). Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Res 75:63–82. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012
European Commission (2002). Methyloxirane (propylene oxide): summary risk assessment report. Institute for Health and Consumer Protection-European Chemicals Bureau
Farrell P., Nelson K. (2013). Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.) Environ Pollut 177:1–3 GESAMP (2015) Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment. Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection Reports and studies 90
Gigault J., Pedrono B., Maxit B., Ter Halle A. (2016). Marine plastic litter: the unanalyzed nanofraction. Environ Sci Nano 3(2):346–350. doi:10.1039/c6en00008h
Gottschalk F., Sonderer T., Scholz R. W., Nowack B. (2009). Modeled environmental concentrations of engineered nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, fullerenes) for different regions. Environ Sci Technol 43(24):9216–9222. doi:10.1021/es9015553
Green D. S., Boots B., Sigwart J., Jiang S., Rocha C. (2016). Effects of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on a marine ecosystem engineer (Arenicola marina) and sediment nutrient cycling. Environ Pollut 208:426–434. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.010
Handy R. D., Owen R., Valsami-Jones E. (2008). The ecotoxicology of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: current status, knowledge gaps, challenges, and future needs. Ecotoxicology 17(5):315–325. doi:10.1007/s10646-008-0206-0
Harrad S., Abdallah M. A-E. , Rose N. L., Turner S. D., Davidson T. A. (2009). Current-use brominated flame betardants in water, sediment, and fish from English lakes. Environ Sci Technol 43(24):9077–9083. doi:10.1021/es902185u
Harrison J. P., Schratzberger M., Sapp M., Osborn A. M. (2014). Rapid bacterial colonization of low-density polyethylene microplastics in coastal sediment microcosms. BMC Microbiol 14(232):014–0232. doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0232-4
Klein S., Worch E., Knepper T. P. (2015). Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the Rhine-main area in Germany. Environ Sci Technol 49(10): 6070–6076. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b00492
Klein S., Dimzon I. K., Eubeler J., Knepper T. P. (2017). Analysis, occurrence, and degradation of microplastics in the aqueous environment. In: Wagner M, Lambert S (eds) Freshwater microplastics: emerging environmental contaminants? Springer, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_3 Klemchuk P. P. (1990). Degradable plastics – a critical-review. Polym Degrad Stab 27(2): 183–202
Kyrikou I., Briassoulis D. (2007). Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films: a critical review. J Polym Environ 15(2):125–150. doi:10.1007/s10924-007-0053-8
Lambert S., Sinclair C. J., Bradley E. L., Boxall A. B. A. (2013). Effects of environmental conditions on latex dergadation in aquatic systems. Sci Total Environ 447:225–234. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.067
Lambert S, Sinclair C. J., Boxall A. B. A. (2014). Occurrence, degradation and effects of polymerbased materials in the environment. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 227:1-53. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01327-5_1
Lambert S. (2015). Biopolymers and their application as biodegradable plastics. In: Kalia CV (ed) Microbial factories: biodiversity, biopolymers, bioactive molecules, vol 2. Springer India, New Delhi, pp 1–9. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2595-9_1
Lambert S., Wagner M. (2016a). Characterisation of nanoplastics during the degradation of polystyrene. Chemosphere 145:265–268. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.078
Lambert S., Wagner M. (2016b). Formation of microscopic particles during the degradation of different polymers. Chemosphere 161:510–517. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.042
Lambert, S., & Wagner, M. (2018). Microplastics are contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater environments: an overview. Springer International Publishing.
Lithner D., Damberg J., Dave G., Larsson A. (2009). Leachates from plastic consumer products – screening for toxicity with Daphnia magna. Chemosphere 74(9):1195–1200. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.022
Lithner D., Nordensvan I., Dave G. (2012). Comparative acute toxicity of leachates from plastic products made of polypropylene, polyethylene, PVC, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, and epoxy to Daphnia magna. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19(5):1763–1772. doi:10.1007/s11356-011-0663-5
Liu E. K., He W. Q., Yan C. R. (2014). ‘White revolution’ to ‘white pollution’ – agricultural plastic film mulch in China. Environ Res Lett 9(9):091001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/9/091001 Mattsson K., Hansson L. A., Cedervall T. (2015). Nano-plastics in the aquatic environment. Environ Sci Process Impacts 17:1712–1721. doi:10.1039/c5em00227c
Muncke J. (2009) Exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds via the food chain: is packaging a relevant source? Sci Total Environ 407(16):4549–4559. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.006
Musee N. (2011) .Simulated environmental risk estimation of engineered nanomaterials: a case of cosmetics in Johannesburg City. Hum Exp Toxicol 30(9):1181–1195. doi:10.1177/0960327110391387
Nguyen Phuc T., Matsui Y., Fujiwara T. (2011). Assessment of plastic waste generation and its potential recycling of household solid waste in Can Tho City, Vietnam. Environ Monit Assess 175(1–4):23–35. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1490-8
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Mikroplastik Kirliliği ve Tatlısu Ekosistemlerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2023, , 54 - 62, 27.06.2023

Cansu Bozma , Nurcan Şimşek , Yigit Tastan , Adem Yavuz Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.58626/menba.1312262

Öz

Günümüzde kullanılan birçok materyal; ucuz maliyeti, işlenme kolaylığı, dayanıklılığı ve elverişliliği gibi nedenlerle gerek ana hammadde gerekse yan ürün olarak yaygın bir şekilde plastik içermektedir. Bu yaygın kullanım, kaçınılmaz olarak küresel ölçekte toplam plastik üretimini ve buna bağlı olarak atık plastik miktarını gün geçtikçe attırmaktadır. Atık plastikler en nihayetinde doğaya karışarak, birçoğu doğada çözünmediği veya çok geç çözündüğü için, uzun süre mevcudiyet gösterebilmektedir. Bu mevcudiyet, beraberinde önemli sorunlar getirmektedir. Bu sorunların en önemlilerinden birisi ve günümüzde en çok üzerine yoğunlaşılanı; plastiklerin canlı yaşamına olan etkisidir. Sorun teşkil eden en önemli plastik gruplarından biri ise boyutları nedeniyle canlı vücuduna alınması ihtimali yüksek olan mikroplastiklerdir. Mikroplastikler, genel olarak 5 mm’den küçük olan plastikler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Mikroplastikler, sucul ekosistemlere doğrudan katılabildiği gibi, büyük boyutlardaki plastiklerin doğal süreçler sonucunda parçalanarak dağılmasıyla da ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bunlar çeşitli yollarla canlıların vücutlarına girerek birtakım fizyolojik ve kimyasal süreçlerle etkileşime girebilmektedir. Nispeten yeni sayılabilecek bu konuda literatürde hatırı sayılır düzeyde bilgi birikimi bulunsa da ilgilendirdiği birçok hususta genel geçer kanılara varabilmek için katedilmesi gereken uzun bir yol vardır. Buradan hareketle bu derleme makalede okuyucuya mevcut literatür verileri ışığında bugüne dek katedilen yolda elde edilen bilgilerin aktarılması ve mikroplastiklerin çevresel etkisini azaltmaya yönelik çalışmalar için ilgili otoritelerin dikkatinin çekilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçlara ulaşmak için mikroplastiklerin tarihçesi, sınıflandırılması, kaynakları, doğaya karışması, yayılımı, canlılar tarafından alınımı, canlılara olan etkileri ve çevresel riskleri tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Plastik, Mikroplastik, Kirlilik, Risk

Kaynakça

Alaee M., Arias P., Sjodin A., Bergman A. (2003). An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release. Environ Int 29(6):683–689. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1
Andrady A. L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62(8): 1596–1605. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
Arvidsson R. (2012). Contributions to emissions, exposure and risk assessment of nanomaterials. Doctoral Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology
Baner A. L., Piringer O. (2007). Preservation of quality through packaging. In: Plastic packaging materials for food. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, pp 1–8. doi:10.1002/9783527613281.ch01 Bejgarn S., MacLeod M., Bogdal C., Breitholtz M. (2015). Toxicity of leachate from weathering plastics: an exploratory screening study with Nitocra spinipes. Chemosphere 132: 114–119. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.010
Bern L. (1990). Size-related discrimination of nutritive and inert particles by freshwater zooplankton. J Plankton Res 12(5):1059–1067. doi:10.1093/plankt/12.5.1059
Besseling E., Wegner A., Foekema E. M., van den Heuvel-Greve M. J., Koelmans A. A. (2013). Effects of microplastic on fitness and PCB bioaccumulation by the Lugworm Arenicola marina (L.) Environ Sci Technol 47(1):593–600. doi:10.1021/es302763x
Bilotta G. S., Brazier R. E. (2008). Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota. Water Res 42(12):2849–2861. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.03.018
Boxall A. B., Chaudhry M. Q., Sinclair C. J., Jones A., Aitken R., Jefferson B., Watts C. (2007). Current and future predicted environmental exposure to engineered nanoparticles. Report by Central Science Laboratory for the Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs
Bradley E. L., Driffield M., Harmer N., Oldring P. K. T., Castle L. (2008). Identification of potential migrants in epoxy phenolic can coatings. Int J Polym Anal Charact 13(3):200–223. doi:10.1080/10236660802070512 Bradley L. E., Driffield M., Guthrie J., Harmer N., Oldring T. P. K., Castle L. (2009). Analytical approaches to identify potential migrants in polyester-polyurethane can coatings. Food Addit Contam Part A 26(12):1602–1610. doi:10.1080/19440040903252256
Brandsch J., Piringer O. (2008). Characteristics of plastic materials. In: Plastic packaging. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, pp 15–61. doi:10.1002/9783527621422.ch2
Brennholt N., Heß M., Reifferscheid G. (2017). Freshwater Microplastics: Challenges for Regulation and Management. In: Wagner M, Lambert S (eds) Freshwater microplastics: emerging environmental contaminants? Springer, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_12
Brodhagen M., Peyron M., Miles C., Inglis D. A. (2015). Biodegradable plastic agricultural mulches and key features of microbial degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(3): 1039–1056. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6267-5
Browne M. A., Crump P., Niven S. J., Teuten E., Tonkin A., Galloway T., Thompson R. (2011). Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 45(21):9175–9179. doi:10.1021/es201811s
Desai M. P., Labhasetwar V., Walter E., Levy R. J., Amidon G. L. (1997). The mechanism of uptake of biodegradable microparticles in Caco-2 cells is size dependent. Pharm Res 14(11):1568–1573
Dhawan A., Pandey A., Sharma V. (2011). Toxicity assessment of engineered nanomaterials: resolving the challenges. J Biomed Nanotechnol 7(1):6–7. doi:10.1166/jbn.2011.1173
Dris R., Gasperi J., Tassin B. (2017). Sources and fate of microplastics in urban areas: a focus on Paris Megacity. In: Wagner M, Lambert S (eds) Freshwater microplastics: emerging environmental contaminants? Springer, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_4
Eerkes-Medrano D., Thompson R. C., Aldridge D. C. (2015). Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Res 75:63–82. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012
European Commission (2002). Methyloxirane (propylene oxide): summary risk assessment report. Institute for Health and Consumer Protection-European Chemicals Bureau
Farrell P., Nelson K. (2013). Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.) Environ Pollut 177:1–3 GESAMP (2015) Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment. Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection Reports and studies 90
Gigault J., Pedrono B., Maxit B., Ter Halle A. (2016). Marine plastic litter: the unanalyzed nanofraction. Environ Sci Nano 3(2):346–350. doi:10.1039/c6en00008h
Gottschalk F., Sonderer T., Scholz R. W., Nowack B. (2009). Modeled environmental concentrations of engineered nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, fullerenes) for different regions. Environ Sci Technol 43(24):9216–9222. doi:10.1021/es9015553
Green D. S., Boots B., Sigwart J., Jiang S., Rocha C. (2016). Effects of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on a marine ecosystem engineer (Arenicola marina) and sediment nutrient cycling. Environ Pollut 208:426–434. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.010
Handy R. D., Owen R., Valsami-Jones E. (2008). The ecotoxicology of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: current status, knowledge gaps, challenges, and future needs. Ecotoxicology 17(5):315–325. doi:10.1007/s10646-008-0206-0
Harrad S., Abdallah M. A-E. , Rose N. L., Turner S. D., Davidson T. A. (2009). Current-use brominated flame betardants in water, sediment, and fish from English lakes. Environ Sci Technol 43(24):9077–9083. doi:10.1021/es902185u
Harrison J. P., Schratzberger M., Sapp M., Osborn A. M. (2014). Rapid bacterial colonization of low-density polyethylene microplastics in coastal sediment microcosms. BMC Microbiol 14(232):014–0232. doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0232-4
Klein S., Worch E., Knepper T. P. (2015). Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the Rhine-main area in Germany. Environ Sci Technol 49(10): 6070–6076. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b00492
Klein S., Dimzon I. K., Eubeler J., Knepper T. P. (2017). Analysis, occurrence, and degradation of microplastics in the aqueous environment. In: Wagner M, Lambert S (eds) Freshwater microplastics: emerging environmental contaminants? Springer, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_3 Klemchuk P. P. (1990). Degradable plastics – a critical-review. Polym Degrad Stab 27(2): 183–202
Kyrikou I., Briassoulis D. (2007). Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films: a critical review. J Polym Environ 15(2):125–150. doi:10.1007/s10924-007-0053-8
Lambert S., Sinclair C. J., Bradley E. L., Boxall A. B. A. (2013). Effects of environmental conditions on latex dergadation in aquatic systems. Sci Total Environ 447:225–234. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.067
Lambert S, Sinclair C. J., Boxall A. B. A. (2014). Occurrence, degradation and effects of polymerbased materials in the environment. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 227:1-53. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01327-5_1
Lambert S. (2015). Biopolymers and their application as biodegradable plastics. In: Kalia CV (ed) Microbial factories: biodiversity, biopolymers, bioactive molecules, vol 2. Springer India, New Delhi, pp 1–9. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2595-9_1
Lambert S., Wagner M. (2016a). Characterisation of nanoplastics during the degradation of polystyrene. Chemosphere 145:265–268. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.078
Lambert S., Wagner M. (2016b). Formation of microscopic particles during the degradation of different polymers. Chemosphere 161:510–517. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.042
Lambert, S., & Wagner, M. (2018). Microplastics are contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater environments: an overview. Springer International Publishing.
Lithner D., Damberg J., Dave G., Larsson A. (2009). Leachates from plastic consumer products – screening for toxicity with Daphnia magna. Chemosphere 74(9):1195–1200. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.022
Lithner D., Nordensvan I., Dave G. (2012). Comparative acute toxicity of leachates from plastic products made of polypropylene, polyethylene, PVC, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, and epoxy to Daphnia magna. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19(5):1763–1772. doi:10.1007/s11356-011-0663-5
Liu E. K., He W. Q., Yan C. R. (2014). ‘White revolution’ to ‘white pollution’ – agricultural plastic film mulch in China. Environ Res Lett 9(9):091001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/9/091001 Mattsson K., Hansson L. A., Cedervall T. (2015). Nano-plastics in the aquatic environment. Environ Sci Process Impacts 17:1712–1721. doi:10.1039/c5em00227c
Muncke J. (2009) Exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds via the food chain: is packaging a relevant source? Sci Total Environ 407(16):4549–4559. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.006
Musee N. (2011) .Simulated environmental risk estimation of engineered nanomaterials: a case of cosmetics in Johannesburg City. Hum Exp Toxicol 30(9):1181–1195. doi:10.1177/0960327110391387
Nguyen Phuc T., Matsui Y., Fujiwara T. (2011). Assessment of plastic waste generation and its potential recycling of household solid waste in Can Tho City, Vietnam. Environ Monit Assess 175(1–4):23–35. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1490-8
Nizzetto L., Langaas S., Futter M. (2016). Pollution: Do microplastics spill on to farm soils? Nature 537(7621):488–488. doi:10.1038/537488b
Njeru J. (2006). The urban political ecology of plastic bag waste problem in Nairobi, Kenya. Geoforum 37(6):1046–1058
Nowack B., Bucheli T. D. (2007). Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment. Environ Pollut 150(1):5–22. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.006
Oberdörster E., Zhu S., Blickley T. M., McClellan-Green P., Haasch M. L. (2006). Ecotoxicology of carbon-based engineered nanoparticles: effects of fullerene (C60) on aquatic organisms. Carbon 44(6):1112–1120. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2005.11.008
Ogonowski M., Schur C., Jarsen A., Gorokhova E. (2016). The effects of natural and anthropogenic microparticles on individual Fitness in Daphnia magna. PLoS One 11(5):e0155063 Phuong N. N., Zalouk-Vergnoux A., Poirier L., Kamari A., Ch^atel A., Mouneyrac C., Lagarde F. (2016). Is there any consistency between the microplastics found in the field and those used in laboratory experiments? Environ Pollut 211:111–123. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.035
Rillig M. C. (2012). Microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems and the soil? Environ Sci Technol 46 (12):6453–6454. doi:10.1021/es302011r
Scherer C., Weber A., Lambert S., Wagner M. (2017). Interactions of microplastics with freshwater biota. In: Wagner M, Lambert S (eds) Freshwater microplastics: emerging environmental contaminants? Springer Nature, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_8
Seco Pon J. P., Becherucci M. E. (2012). Spatial and temporal variations of urban litter in Mar del Plata, the major coastal city of Argentina. Waste Manag 32(2):343–348. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.012
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Wagner M., Scherer C., Alvarez-Mu~noz D., Brennholt N., Bourrain X., Buchinger S., Fries E., Grosbois C., Klasmeier J., Marti T, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Urbatzka R, Vethaak A, Winther-Nielsen M, Reifferscheid G. (2014). Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: what we know and what we need to know. Environ Sci Eur 26(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s12302-014-0012-7
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Zbyszewski M, Corcoran PL (2011). Distribution and degradation of fresh water plastic particles along the beaches of Lake Huron, Canada. Water Air Soil Pollut 220(1–4): 365–372. doi:10.1007/s11270-011-0760-6

Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Ekoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm	Derleme
Yazarlar	Cansu Bozma 0009-0001-1156-8086 Nurcan Şimşek 0009-0007-3871-6775 Yigit Tastan 0000-0002-6782-1597 Adem Yavuz Sönmez 0000-0002-7043-1987
Yayımlanma Tarihi	27 Haziran 2023
Kabul Tarihi	24 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA	Bozma, C., Şimşek, N., Tastan, Y., Sönmez, A. Y. (2023). Mikroplastik Kirliliği ve Tatlısu Ekosistemlerindeki Etkileri. Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.58626/menba.1312262
AMA	Bozma C, Şimşek N, Tastan Y, Sönmez AY. Mikroplastik Kirliliği ve Tatlısu Ekosistemlerindeki Etkileri. Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi. Haziran 2023;9(1):54-62. doi:10.58626/menba.1312262
Chicago	Bozma, Cansu, Nurcan Şimşek, Yigit Tastan, ve Adem Yavuz Sönmez. “Mikroplastik Kirliliği Ve Tatlısu Ekosistemlerindeki Etkileri”. Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 9, sy. 1 (Haziran 2023): 54-62. https://doi.org/10.58626/menba.1312262.
EndNote	Bozma C, Şimşek N, Tastan Y, Sönmez AY (01 Haziran 2023) Mikroplastik Kirliliği ve Tatlısu Ekosistemlerindeki Etkileri. Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 9 1 54–62.
IEEE	C. Bozma, N. Şimşek, Y. Tastan, ve A. Y. Sönmez, “Mikroplastik Kirliliği ve Tatlısu Ekosistemlerindeki Etkileri”, Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 1, ss. 54–62, 2023, doi: 10.58626/menba.1312262.
ISNAD	Bozma, Cansu vd. “Mikroplastik Kirliliği Ve Tatlısu Ekosistemlerindeki Etkileri”. Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 9/1 (Haziran 2023), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.58626/menba.1312262.
JAMA	Bozma C, Şimşek N, Tastan Y, Sönmez AY. Mikroplastik Kirliliği ve Tatlısu Ekosistemlerindeki Etkileri. Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;9:54–62.
MLA	Bozma, Cansu vd. “Mikroplastik Kirliliği Ve Tatlısu Ekosistemlerindeki Etkileri”. Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 54-62, doi:10.58626/menba.1312262.
Vancouver	Bozma C, Şimşek N, Tastan Y, Sönmez AY. Mikroplastik Kirliliği ve Tatlısu Ekosistemlerindeki Etkileri. Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;9(1):54-62.

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