Sürdürülebilir Arazi Yönetimi İçin Nüfus Hareketleri-Arazi Kullanımı Etkileşimlerinin Belirlenmesi: Türkiye Örneği

Öz

Tarih boyunca insanlar göç ettikleri bölgelerdeki doğal kaynaklar üzerinde çeşitli etkilerde bulunmuşlardır. Son yüzyılda yaşanan sanayileşme, kırsal alanlardan kentsel alanlara göçün artmasına, kentleşmeye ve bunun sonucunda kırsal nüfus yoğunluğunun azalmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de 1990-2018 yılları arasındaki nüfus hareketlerinin arazi örtüsü ve arazi kullanım değişiklikleri (LULCC) üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Arazi örtüsündeki değişiklikleri belirlemek ve arazi kullanım durumunu objektif olarak değerlendirmek için CORINE Arazi Örtüsü ürünleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, nüfus ve LULCC arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için bir Spearman korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, 1990 ve 2018 yılları arasında yapay yüzeylerde %62,7'lik önemli bir artış olduğunu göstermiştir. Buna karşılık, tarım alanlarında %0,7'lik ılımlı bir büyüme yaşanırken, çalı ve/veya otsu bitki alanında %1'lik bir artış ve sulak alanlarda (W) %24,8'lik önemli bir artış görülmüştür. Ormanlık alanlarda (FA) %1,4'lük bir azalma ve çok az bitki örtüsü olan veya hiç bitki örtüsü olmayan açık alanlarda (OS) %9,7'lik bir düşüş yaşanmıştır. Bu dönemde, tarım alanlarının (AA) %1,8'i yapay yüzeylere (AS) ve %4,8'i çalı ve/veya otsu bitki birliklerine (SH) dönüşürken, FA'nın %0,4'ü AS'ye, %4,1'i AA'ya ve %0,5'i OS'ye dönüşmüştür. Kırsal bölgelerdeki nüfus değişkenleri ile AS ve FA'daki değişiklikler arasında negatif bir korelasyon kaydedilmiştir. FA, AA ve W'yi korumak için göç olgusuna yeterince dikkat etmek hayati önem taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle, ulusal ve yerel düzeyde arazi kullanımına yönelik periyodik izleme çalışmaları yürütülmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arazi örtüsü değişimi
• Kırsal-Kentsel göç
• Uluslararası göç
• Mekânsal analiz
• Sürdürülebilirlik

Determining Population Movement-Land Use Interactions for Sustainable Land Management: Case of Türkiye

Öz

Throughout history, people have had various impacts on the natural resources in the regions they have migrated to. The industrialization of the last century has caused increased migration from rural to urban areas, leading to urbanization and a consequent decrease in rural population density. The study examined the effects of population movements on land cover and land use changes (LULCC) between 1990 and 2018 in Turkey. The CORINE Land Cover products were used to identify changes in land cover and objectively evaluate land use status. The study conducted a Spearman correlation analysis to examine the association between population and LULCC. The results indicated that between 1990 and 2018, there was a significant rise in artificial surfaces, showing a 62.7% increase. In contrast, agricultural areas experienced a moderate growth of 0.7%, with a 1% increase in shrub and/or herbaceous plant area and a substantial increase of 24.8% in wetlands (W). There was a 1.4% reduction in forested areas (FA) and a 9.7% decline in open spaces with minimal or no vegetation (OS). During this period, 1.8% of agricultural area (AA) was transformed into artificial surfaces (AS), 4.8% changed to shrub and/or herbaceous plant associations (SH), whereas 0.4% of FA was transformed into AS, 4.1% into AA, and 0.5% into OS. A negative correlation was noted between population variables in rural regions and alterations in AS and FA. To safeguard FA, AA, and W, it is vital to pay enough consideration to the migration phenomenon. Therefore, periodic monitoring operations for land use at national and local levels should be conducted.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Land cover change
• Rural-Urban migration
• International migration
• Spatial analysis
• sustainability

Kaynakça

1. Akbari, M, Neamatollahi, E, Noughani, M. A, Memarian, H. (2022): Spatial distribution of soil erosion risk and its economic impacts using an integrated CORINE-GIS approach. Environmental Earth Sciences, 81(10), 287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10405-w
2. Aktürk, E, Altunel, A. O., Kara, F. (2020): Investigation of the 18-year status and changes of mixed stands in Europe. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(3), 929-938. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.744832
3. Akturk, E., Guney, K. (2021): Vegetation cover change analysis of phytogeographic regions of Türkiye based on CORINE land cover datasets from 1990 to 2018. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 21(2), 150-164. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1000406
4. Arneth, A., Brown, C., Rounsevell, M. D. A. (2014): Global models of human decision-making for land-based mitigation and adaptation assessment. Nature Climate Change, 4(7), 550-557. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2250
5. Ateşoğlu, A. (2016): Investigation of accuracy of CORINE 2006 land cover data used in watershed studies. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 66(1), 173-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.21070
6. Atmış, E., Erdönmez, C., Özkazanç, N. K. (2022): Deforestation in Türkiye (Türkiye’de ormansızlaşma). In: Atmış E (ed) Turkish Forestry 2022: Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Türkiye (Türkiye Ormancılığı 2022: Türkiye’de Ormansızlaşma ve Orman Bozulması). Kuban Matbaacılık Yayıncılık, Ankara, pp 37-48. Retrieved on January 29, 2024 from https://www.ormancilardernegi.org/Documents/c30ecb50-46f6-4c6e-b3a1-bf9ece098466.pdf Ayyüce, Ü., Almira, U., Çardak, Ç. (2020): Change analysis with CORINE, in case Denizli province. Türkiye Peyzaj Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 97-107. Retrieved on September 13, 2023 from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/peyad/issue/59166/839426
7. Bachantourian, M., Chaleplis, K., Gemitzi, A., Kalabokidis, K., Palaiologou, P., Vasilakos, C. (2022): Evaluation of MODIS, Climate Change Initiative, and CORINE land cover products based on a ground truth dataset in a mediterranean landscape. Land, 11(9), 1453. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091453
8. Bastemur, C., Güneş, G. (2013): Rural tourism in protected areas: a case study from Kure Mountains National Park-Turkey. Forestry Review, 44, 23-30. Retrieved on December 1, 2023 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277021028_RURAL_TOURIS M_IN_PROTECTED_AREAS_A_CASE_STUDY_FROM_KURE_MOUNTAINS_NATIONAL_PARK-TURKEY#fullTextFileContent

9. Bayramoğlu, M., Kadiogullari, A. İ. (2018): Analysis of land use change and forestation in response to demographic movement and reduction of forest crime. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/79640 Bayar, R., Karabacak, K. (2017): Land cover changes of Ankara province (2000-2012). Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 15(1), 59-76. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000181
10. Baysal, B. U. (2022): Monitoring of land cover use changes on the wetlands within the scope land degradation neutrality in Turkey, Master's thesis, Bartın Üniversitesi, Institute of Science. Bartın, Türkiye.
11. Bell, S., Alves, S., Silveirinha de Oliveira Zuin, A. (2010): Migration and land use change in Europe: a review. Living Reviews in Landscape research, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.12942/lrlr-2010-2
12. Bossard, M., Feranec, J., Otahel, J. (2000): CORINE land cover technical guide: addendum 2000. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Environment Agency (EEA). Retrieved on December 17, 2023 from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jan-Otahel/publication/268745953_Corine_Land_Cover-Technical_Guide/links/5b4f3e9daca27 217ff9f8489/Corine-Land-Cover-Technical-Guide.pdf
13. Bucała, A. (2014): The impact of human activities on land use and land cover changes and environmental processes in the Gorce Mountains (Western Polish Carpathians) in the past 50 years. Journal of Environmental management, 138, 4-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.036
14. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010): Data analysis handbook for the social sciences. Pagem Akademi, Ankara. Canıberk, M., Maraş, E. E., Duğrut, T. (2015): Examination of the relationship between urban of forest and agricultural areas with historical orthophotos, Harita Dergisi, 81(153), 9-17. Retrieved on December 30, 2023 from https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files/mapmagazines/harita-dergisi-153-sayi-45.pdf
15. Çekirge, S. (2013): The effect of industrialization on urbanization: The case of Kırıkkale (Master's thesis, Institute of Social Sciences). Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale.
16. Christenhusz, M. J., Byng, J.W., (2016): The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa, 261(3), 201-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
17. Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS), (2023): CORINE Land Cover. Copernicus Europe’s eyes on Earth. Retrieved on October 15, 2023 from https://land.copernicus.eu/en
18. Corine Land Cover Classes (CLCL), (2023): Copernicus Land Monitoring Service CORINE Land Cover. Copernicus Europe’s eyes on Earth. Retrieved on October 15, 2023 from https://land.copernicus.eu/content/corine-land-cover-nomenclature-guidelines/html/
19. Czyża, S., Szuniewicz, K., Cieślak, I., Biłozor, A., Bajerowski, T. (2023): An analysis of the spatial development of European cities based on their geometry and the CORINE land cover (CLC) database. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2049. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032049
20. de Bode, M., Hedde, T., Roubin, P., Durand, P. (2023): A Method to improve land use representation for weather simulations based on high‐resolution data sets—application to corine land cover data in the WRF Model. Earth and Space Science, 10(2), e2021EA002123. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA002123
21. Diktaş Bulut, N. (2023): Human-induced forest fragmentation in Trabzon, Eastern Black Sea region, Türkiye: A case study. Forests, 14(8), 1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081622
22. Dogan, S., Kilicoglu, C., Akinci, H., Sevik, H., Cetin, M (2023): Determining the suitable settlement areas in Alanya with GIS-based site selection analyses. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(11), 29180-29189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24246-4
23. Dokuyucu, E. (2023): The effect of internal migrations in Turkey on urban policies. Akademik İzdüşüm Dergisi, 8(1), 1-26. Retrieved on December 15, 2023 from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2599047 Döner, F. (2021): Examination of change in summer pasture areas: Gümüşhane case. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3), 721-728. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.748435
24. Elibüyük, M., Yılmaz, E. (2010): Altitude steps and slope groups of Turkey in comparison with geographical regions and sub-regions. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 27-55. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000104 Emmott, S. (2013): Ten billion. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, New York.
25. Eraydın, E. (2022): Investigation of changes in land utilization methods in Düzce central district with geographical information systems and remote sensing techniques (Doctoral dissertation). Institute of Science, Karabuk University, Karabük, Türkiye.
26. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2023): Country reports 2020. Global Forest Resources Assessment. Retrieved on January 15, 2024 from https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/fra-2020/country-reports/en/
27. General Directorate of Forestry (GDF). (2021): State of Turkish forest. Department of Forest Management and Planning. Retrieved on January 4, 2024 from https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/ormanlarimiz-sitesi/TurkiyeOrmanVarligi/Yayinlar/2020%20T %C3%BCrkiye%20Orman%20Varl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1.pdf General Directorate of Forestry (GDF), (2023): Application of e-map. Retrieved on January 4, 2024 from https://cbs.ogm.gov.tr/vatandas/
28. General Directorate of Meteorology (GDM), (2006): Relationship between climate change and land use and impacts of climate change, sensitivity and adaptation, Workshop final report. Retrieved on September 14, 2023 from https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/yayinlar/sonucraporu.pdf
29. Gibas, P., Majorek, A. (2020): Analysis of land-use change between 2012–2018 in Europe in terms of sustainable development. Land, 9(2), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9020046
30. Görmüş, A. (2019): Gender-based Structure of Agricultural Employment in Turkey and Social Policy Proposals. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 14(3), 563-578. Retrieved on September 19, 2023 from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/925724
31. Hari, P., Raunemaa, T., Hautojärvi, A. (1986): The effects on forest growth of air pollution from energy production. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 20(1), 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(86)90213-1 Hoffmann, P., Reinhart, V., Rechid, D., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Davin, E. L., Asmus, C., et al. (2023): High-resolution land use and land cover dataset for regional climate modelling: Historical and future changes in Europe. Earth System Science Data, 15(8), 3819-3852. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3819-2023
32. Ikiel, C., Ustaoglu, B., Dutucu, A. A., Kilic, D. E. (2013): Remote sensing and GIS-based integrated analysis of land cover change in Duzce plain and its surroundings (north western Turkwy). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(2), 1699-1709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2661-6
33. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2022): Climate Change 2022-Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. HO Pörtner, DC Roberts, M Tignor, ES Poloczanska, K Mintenbeck, A Alegría, M Craig, S Langsdorf, S Löschke, V Möller, A Okem, B Rama (edn). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 3056 pp. Retrieved on September 14, 2023 from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/
34. Işinkaralar, Ö. (2023): Arazi Örtüsü Değişiminin CORINE Verisiyle Modellenmesi: Ankara İlinin Kentsel Büyüme Tahmini. Artium, 11(1), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.51664/artium.1196926
35. Isinkaralar, O., Varol, C., & Yilmaz, D. (2022): Digital mapping and predicting the urban growth: integrating scenarios into cellular automata—Markov chain modeling. Applied Geomatics, 14(4), 695-705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-022-00464-w
36. Kantarcı, M. (2008): An ecological evaluation over the warming and the drought period and its effects on the lake district of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 9(2), 1-34.
37. Kaptan, S., Aksoy, H., Durkaya, B., Aksoy, Ş. Ç. (2019): Investigation of land use/land cover changes with using geographical information systems (the case of Akgöl forest planning unit). 8 th International Vocational Schools Symposium, Sinop, Türkiye. Retrieved on September 19, 2023 from https://acikerisim.bartin.edu.tr/handle/11772/1947
38. Kapute Mzuza, M., Zhang, W., Kapute, F., Wei, X. (2019): The impact of land use and land cover changes on the Nkula Dam in the middle shire river catchment, Malawi. Geospatial analyses of earth observation (EO) data, 9.
39. Karaosmanoğlu, F. (2023): Determining the temporal and spatial variation of the land cover according to CORINE (1990-2018) in the basin of Kesis stream (Southern Türkiye). International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 7(2), 305-315. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.2.8
40. Koday, S., Kızılkan, Y. (2019): Determining the changes in the use of the lands in Ünye district through the LULC and NDVI analyses by means of multi-time landsat satellite imaging. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(3), 1301-1312. Retrieved on September 15, 2023 from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/835929
41. Konukçu, F., Albut, S., Altürk, B. (2017): Land use/land cover change modelling of Ergene River Basin in western Türkiye using CORINE land use/land cover data. Agronomy Research, 15, 435-443. Retrieved on September 21, 2023 from https://agronomy.emu.ee/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Vol15nr2_Konukcu.pdf#abstract-5087 Kuemmerle, T., Levers, C., Erb, K., Estel, S., Jepsen, M. R., Müller, D. et al. (2016): Hotspots of land use change in Europe. Environmental research letters, 11(6), 064020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/6/064020
42. Kurnaz, A., Babür, T. E. (2018): Flora-fauna and endemic species useage as ecotourism: an example of Datça. Mesleki bilimler dergisi (MBD), 7(2), 410-419. Retrieved on September 13, 2023 from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/mbd/issue/40281/443237
43. Kuzucuoğlu, C., Çiner, A., Kazancı, N. (2019): The Geomorphological Regions of Turkey. In: Kuzucuoğlu, C., Çiner, A., Kazancı, N. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0_4
44. Lambin, E. F., Geist, H. J., Lepers, E. (2003): Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in tropical regions. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 28(1), 205-241. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459
45. Lambin, E. F., Meyfroidt, P. (2011): Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(9), 3465-3472. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100480108
46. Lumia, G., Pratico, S., Di Fazio, S., Cushman, S., Modica, G. (2023): Combined use of urban atlas and CORINE land cover datasets for the implementation of an ecological network using graph theory within a multi-species approach. Ecological Indicators, 148, 110150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110150
47. Luyssaert, S., Jammet, M., Stoy, P et al. (2014): Land management and land-cover change have impacts of similar magnitude on surface temperature. Nature climate change, 4, 389–393. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2196
48. Ministry of Environment Urbanization and Climate Change (MEUCC). (2023): Urban-rural population ratio. Retrieved on September 4, 2023 from https://cevreselgostergeler.csb.gov.tr/kentsel---kirsal-nufus-orani-i-85670
49. Ocak, S. (2020): Domino effect Turkey's drying lakes (Domino etkisi: Türkiye’nin kuruyan gölleri). Atlas. Retrieved on January 12, 2024 from https://www.atlasdergisi.com/gundem/domino-etkisi-turkiyenin-kuruyan-golleri.html#:~:text=Su%20seviyesi%20d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCp%20derinlik%20azald%C4%B1k%C3%A7a,g%C3%B6llerinden%20yar%C4%B1dan%20fazlas%C4%B1n%C4%B1%20kaybetti%C4%9Fini%20g%C3%B6steriyor.&text=%E2%80%9CT%C3%BCrkiye'de%20bulunan%20300',kaybolup%20giden%20bir%20c%C3%BCmle%20bu
50. Özdamar, K. (2002): Multivariate statistical analysis II, 4th edn. Kaan Kitabevi, Eskişehir.
51. Özdemir, H. (2012): A General evaluation over internal migration in Turkey. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 30(11), 1-18. Retrieved on January 4, 2024 from https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423867997.pdf
52. Öztürk, M., Erdoğan, A. (2022): Planning for Stress on Agricultural Lands: The Case of Çukurçayır in Trabzon. Coğrafya Dergisi, (45), 229-246. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2022-1091879
53. Peker, A. E., Kubar, Y. (2012): An overview of women’s employment in rural areas in Turkey. Afyon Kocatepe üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 173-188. Retrieved on January 2, 2024 from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/18886
54. Petrişor, A. I. (2008): Levels of biological diversity: a spatial approach to assessment methods. Romanian Review of Regional Studies, 4(1), 41-62. Retrieved on December 12, 2023 from https://rrrs.reviste.ubbcluj.ro/site/arhive/Artpdf/v4n12008/RRRS041200806.pdf
55. Pielke, R. A. (2005): Land use and climate change. Science. 310(5754), 1625–1626. Retrieved on January 16, 2024 from https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1120529
56. Rahman, M. M. (2023): Adopting European CORINE Land Cover Concept in Bangladesh: Environmental Assessment. SSRN. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4436935
57. Roy, P. S., Ramachandran, R. M., Paul, O., Thakur, P. K., Ravan, S., Behera, M. D., et al. (2022): Anthropogenic land use and land cover changes—a review on its environmental consequences and climate change. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 50(8), 1615-1640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-022-01569-w Rusu, A., Ursu, A., Stoleriu, C. C., Groza, O., Niacșu, L., Sfîcă, L., Minea, I., Stoleriu, O. M. (2020): Structural changes in the Romanian economy reflected through CORINE land cover datasets. Remote Sensing, 12(8):1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12081323
58. Ryan, S. J., Palace, M. W., Hartter, J., Diem, J. E., Chapman, C. A., Southworth, J. (2017): Population pressure and global markets drive a decade of forest cover change in Africa's Albertine Rift. Applied Geography, 81, 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.02.009
59. Sağlam, S. (2016): City and urbanization fact between 1923-1950 years in Turkey. İstanbul Journal of Sociological Studies, 257-274. https://doi.org/10.18368/IU/sk.09525 Sari, H., Ozsahin, E. (2016): Spatiotemporal change in the LULC (Landuse/Landcover) characteristics of Tekirdag Province based on the CORINE (Thrace, Türkiye). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 25(11), 4694-4707.
60. Sherbinin, A. D., Carr, D., Cassels, S., Jiang, L. (2007): Population and environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32, 345-373. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.32.041306.100243
61. Süreli, İ. (2017): Change and transformation of internal migration in Turkey: direction from urban to rural areas. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (Special), 275-286. Retrieved on January 1, 2023 from https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/PFT/1/KxbE5?_s=Qu%2BEcBfsOUZbO59joB4oMwom%2BL8%3D
62. Şen, G. (2022): Population-forest interaction in Turkey. In: Şen G, Güngör E (ed) Ecological, economic and political assessments on Türkiye’s Forest and Forestry, 1st edn. Duvar, New York, pp. 31–59.
63. Şen, G., Toksoy, D. (2006): Relationship between population and forest in Turkey (Türkiye’de nüfus orman ilişkisi). Ormancılıkta Sosyo-ekonomik Sorunlar Kongresi. 26-28 Mayıs 2006, Ilgaz/Çankırı/Turkiye. Retrieved on January 24, 2023 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338745384_Turkiye'de_Nufus_Orman_Iliskisi
64. Sen, G., Bayramoglu, M. M., Toksoy, D. (2015): Spatiotemporal changes of land use patterns in high mountain areas of Northeast Turkey: a case study in Maçka. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4727-8
65. Şen, G., Güngör, E., (2018): Analysis of land use/land cover changes following population movements and agricultural activities: a case study in northern Turkey. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 16(2): 2073-2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1602_20732088
66. Şen, G., Güngör, E., Şevik, H. (2018): Defining the effects of urban expansion on land use/cover change: a case study in Kastamonu, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190, 454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6831-z
67. Şen, M. (2014): Examination of the internal migration in Turkey within the scope of cause and consequence. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1 (40), 231-256. Retrieved on December 8, 2023 from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ct/issue/71773/1155058
68. Sensoy, S., Demircan, M., Ulupinar, Y., Balta, I. (2008): Climate of Türkiye. Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved on December 19, 2023 from https://mgm.gov.tr/FILES/genel/makale/13_turkiye_iklimi.pdf
69. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı (TOB). (2023): Korunan alanların resmi istatistikleri. Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Türkiye. Retrieved on December 23, 2023 from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/DKMP/Menu/18/Korunan-Alan-Istatistikleri
70. Toksoy, D., Ayaz, H., Şen, G., Özden, S. (2011): Forest–villager relationship in eastern Black Sea Region. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 79-85. Retrieved on January 22, 2024 from https://ofd.artvin.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/2255/29715
71. Tolunay, D. (2021): Habitat and land use changes as ecosystem degradation factors in Turkey. Memleket Siyaset Yönetim, 16(36), 279-304. Retrieved on January 20, 2024 from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/msydergi/issue/68237/1063451
72. Turan, İ. D., Dengiz, O., Kaya, N. S. (2021): Determination of land use/land cover changes with multi-temporal landsat satellite images: a case study of Çarşamba delta plain. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 141-152. https://doi.org/10.33202/comuagri.857787
73. Turner, B. L., Moss, R. H., Skole, D. L. (1993): Relating land use and global land-cover change: a proposal for an IGBP-HDP core project. Report from the IGBP-HDP Working Group on Land-Use/Land-Cover Change. Joint publication of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (Report No. 24) and the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme (Report No. 5).Stockholm: International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) Secretariat, Royal Swedish academy of sciences. Retrieved on December 3, 2023 from https://asu.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/relating-land-use-and-global-land-cover-change-2
74. Twisa, S., Buchroithner, M. F., (2019): Seasonal and annual rainfall variability and their impact on rural water supply services in the Wami river basin, Tanzania. Water, 11, 2055. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102055 Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). (2023): Population and demography. Retrieved on September 7, 2023 from https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
75. URL-1. (2019): 36 lakes dried up in Turkey in the last 50 years. Ekoloji Birliği. Retrieved on January 27, 2024 from https://ekolojibirligi.org/turkiyede-son-50-yilda-36-gol-kurudu/
76. Ünal, H. E., Birben, Ü., Bolat, F. (2019): Rural population mobility, deforestation, and urbanization: case of Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7149-6
77. Winkler, K., Fuchs, R., Rounsevell, M., Herold, M. (2021): Global land use changes are four times greater than previously estimated. Nature Communications, 12(1), 2501. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22702-2
78. Wu, K., Ye, X., Qi, Z., Zhang, H. (2013): Impacts of land use/land cover change and socioeconomic development on regional ecosystem services: The case of fast-growing Hangzhou metropolitan area, China. Cities, 31, 276–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.08.003
79. Wulder, M. A., Coops, N. C., Roy, D. P., White, J. C., Hermosilla, T. (2018): Land cover 2.0. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 39(12), 4254-4284. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1452075
80. Yılmaz, M. (2015) Changes of rural population in Turkey and its distribution by provinces (1980-2012). Eastern Geographical Review, 20 (33), 161-188.