Yarı Kurak Havzalardaki Düşük Akışların Analizi: Söğütözü ve Terme Çayı Örnekleri

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Çankırı ilinin Söğütözü ve Terme Çayı Havzalarında kurak mevsim boyunca meydana gelen düşük akışların fiziksel, kimyasal ve hidrolojik özelliklerini analiz etmek ve bu havzalardaki su kalitesi ile akış arasındaki ilişkiyi tespit etmektir. Çalışmanın amacı, havza özelliklerini inceleyerek, su kalitesini değerlendirerek ve eğilimleri analiz ederek düşük nehir akışlarının nedenlerini ve etkilerini açıklığa kavuşturmaktır. Kurak mevsimdeki düşük nehir akışları, kaynak kullanımı ve ekosistem sağlığı için hayati önem taşımaktadır. Bunu başarmak için, her iki havzada 1967'den 2010'a kadar 43 yıllık bir süre boyunca toplanan günlük ortalama akış verileri kullanılarak ilk düşük akış hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. Su örneklemesi, bu havzalarda kaydedilen düşük akışlara denk gelecek şekilde, Nisan-Aralık ayları arasında haftalık olarak aynı gün ve aynı saatte gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, yıllık düşük akış endeksi değerlerinde bir eğilim olup olmadığını belirlemek için bir analiz yapılmıştır. Çalışma dönemi boyunca 35 su numunesi 18 parametre açısından hem fiziksel hem de kimyasal olarak analiz edilerek düşük akış ve su kalitesi arasındaki korelasyon tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Söğütözü Deresi havzasında dere akışı ile fenolftalein alkalinitesi, toplam sertlik, kalsiyum sertliği, organik madde, amonyum, bulanıklık, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik ve tuz arasında; Terme Deresi havzasında ise dere akışı ile metiloranj alkalinitesi, toplam sertlik, magnezyum sertliği, klorür, sodyum, bulanıklık, elektriksel iletkenlik ve tuz arasında anlamlı bir korelasyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Düşük akış hesaplamalarında kullanılan beş endeks (Q95, Q90, Q75, Q50 ve 7Q1) arasında yalnızca Q95 Akış Endeksi için kayda değer bir eğilim gözlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Düşük akış hidrolojisi
• Su kalitesi
• Yarı kurak
• Hidrokimya
• Çankırı

Analysis of Low Flows in Semi-Arid Watersheds: Söğütözü and Terme Creek Cases

Öz

This study aims to analyze the physical, chemical, and hydrological characteristics of low flows in the Söğütözü and Terme Creek Watersheds of Çankırı province during the dry season, and to ascertain the relationship between water quality and flow in these watersheds. The goal of the study is to clarify the causes and effects of low river flows by examining watershed characteristics, assessing water quality, and analyzing trends. Low river flows during the dry season are vital for resource utilization and ecosystem health. To achieve this, initial low flow calculations were performed using daily average flow data collected over a 43-year period, from 1967 to 2010, in both watersheds. Water sampling was conducted weekly on the same day and at the same time during the period from April to December, coinciding with the recorded low flows in these watersheds. Furthermore, an analysis was conducted to determine if a trend existed in the annual low flow index values. During the study period, 35 water samples were analyzed both physically and chemically for 18 parameters to ascertain correlation between low streamflow and water quality. Consequently, it was determined that a significant correlation existed between streamflow and phenolphthalein alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, organic matter, ammonium, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, and salt in the Söğütözü Creek watershed; as well as between streamflow and methylorange alkalinity, total hardness, magnesium hardness, chloride, sodium, turbidity, electrical conductivity, and salt in the Terme Creek watershed. A notable trend was observed solely for the Q95 Flow Index among the five indices utilized in low flow calculations (Q95, Q90, Q75, Q50, and 7Q1).

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Low flow hydrology
• Water quality
• Semi-arid
• Hydrochemistry
• Çankırı

Kaynakça

1. Akyürek, B., Bilginer, E., Çatal, E., Dağer, Z., Soysal, Y., Sunu, O. 1980. Eldivan-Şabanözü(Çankırı), Hasayaz-Çandır(Kalecik-Ankara) Dolayının Jeolojisi. MTA Derleme Raporu No: 6741, Ankara.
2. Anonymous, 1974. Kızılırmak Havzası Toprakları, Köy İşleri ve Kooperatifler Bakanlığı Yayınları, Toprak su Genel Müdürlüğü, V. Daire Başkanlığı Toprak Etütleri Fen Heyeti Müdürlüğü, Raporlar Serisi:71, Ankara.
3. Barbour, M.T., Stribling, J.B., Verdonschot, F.M. 2006. The Multihabitat Approach of USEPA’s Rapid Bioassessment Protocols: Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Limnetica, 25 (3): 839–850.
4. Bhatti, M. T.,Latif, M. 2009.Assessment of Water Quality of A River Using an Indexing Approach During the Low-Flow Season.Irrigation and Drainage, 60, 103–114.
5. Birhanu, B. Z., Mkhandi, S. F., Mtalo, W., Kachroo, R. K. 2007 Hydrological Study of Hydropower and Downstream Water Release. International Conference on Small Hydropower - Hydro Sri Lanka, 22–24.
6. Braga, G. G., Becker, V., Neuciano, J., Oliveira, P. de, Mendonca, J., Bezerra, A. F. de M., Torres, L. M., Marília, Â., Galvão, F., & Mattos, A. (2015). Influence of extended drought on water quality in tropical reservoirs in a semiarid region Influência da estiagem prolongada na qualidade da água de reservatórios tropicais em uma região semiárida.
7. Brilly, M., Kobold, M., Vidmar, A. 1997. Water Information Management System and Low Flow Analysis in Slovenia. FRİEND '97 - Regional Hydrology: Concepts and Models for Sustainable Water Resource Management. Proceedings from the International Conference, 246: 117–124.
8. Browne, T. J. 2003. Derivation of a Geological Index for Low Flow Studies. Catena, 8(3–4), 265–280. Burt, T., Pinay, G., Sabater, S. 2010. Ecohyrdology Bearings-Invited Commentary: What Do We Still Need to Know About the Ecohydrology of Riparian Zones? Ecohydrology, 3, 373–377.

9. Caruso, B. S. (2001). Regional river flow, water quality, aquatic ecological impacts and recovery from drought.Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660109492864
10. Castiglioni, S., Castellarin, A., Montanari, A. 2009. Prediction of Low-Flow Indices in Ungauged Basins Through Physiographical Space-Based İnterpolation.Journal of Hydrology, 378 (3–4), 272–280.
11. Castiglioni, S., Castellarin, A., Montanari, A., Skøien, J. O., Laaha, G., Blöschl, G. (2010). Geostatistical Regionalization of Low-Flow Indices: PSBI and Top-Kriging. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 7, 7231–7261.
12. Cebe, E. N. 2007. Türkiye Akarsularında Mevsimsel TrendAnalizi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen BilimleriEnstitüsü, İstanbul.
13. Cheng, P., Li, X., Su, J., & Hao, S. (2018). Recent water quality trends in a typical semi-arid river with a sharp decrease in streamflow and construction of sewage treatment plants. Environmental Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/AA9DF2
14. Cıgızoğlu, H. K., Bayazıt, M., Önöz, B. 2004. Trends in the Maximum, Mean, and Low Flows of Turkish Rivers. Journal of Hydrometeorology, Volume 6.
15. Clesceri, L., Greenberg, A. (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, 20th Edition, Washington, DC.
16. Coch, A., & Mediero, L. (2016). Trends in low flows in Spain in the period 1949–2009.Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2015.1081202
17. Davie, T. 2008. Fundamentals of Hydrology. Taylor and Francis Group, New York.
18. Dinnel, S. P., Bratkovich, A. 1993. Water Discharge, Nitrate Concentration and Nitrate Flux in the Lower Mississippi River. Journal of Marine Systems, Volume 4, Issue 4, Pages 315–326.
19. EPA. 2003. Guideline for Environmental Management Rapid Bioassessment Methodology for Rivers and Streams. Publication 604,1, ISBN 0 7306 7637 4.
20. Farahani, M. A., & Khalili, D. (2013). Seasonality Characteristics and Spatio-temporal Trends of 7-day Low Flows in a Large, Semi-arid Watershed.Water Resources Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11269-013-0445-6
21. Fetter Jr.,C. W. 2007. Statistical Analysis of the Impact of Ground Water Pumpage on Low-Flow Hydrology. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 13 (2), 309–324.
22. Fleig, A. 2004. Hydrological Drought – A Comparaive Study Using Daily Discharge Series from Around the World. Msc Thesis, Institut für Hydrologie, Freiburg.
23. Gebremicael, T. G., Mohamed, Y. A., Mohamed, Y. A., Zaag, P. van der, Zaag, P. van der, Hassaballah, K., & Hagos, E. Y. (2020). Change in low flows due to catchment management dynamics—Application of a comparative modelling approach.Hydrological Processes. https://doi.org/10.1002/HYP.13715
24. Gökbulak, F., Serengil, Y., Özhan, S., Özyuvacı, N., Balcı, N. 2008. Effect of Timber Harvest on Physical Water Quality Characteristics. Water Resources Management,Volume 22, Number 5, 635–649.
25. Göksu, M. Z. L. 2003. Su Kirliliği. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No:7, Nobel Kitabevi, Adana.
26. Haghighi, A. T., Sadegh, M., Behrooz-Koohenjani, S., Hekmatzadeh, A. A., Karimi, A., & Kløve, B. (2020). The mirage water concept and an index-based approach to quantify causes of hydrological changes in semi-arid regions.Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2019.1691728
27. Hellwig, J., Stahl, K., & Lange, J. (2017). Patterns in the linkage of water quantity and quality during low‐flows.Hydrological Processes. https://doi.org/10.1002/HYP.11354
28. Hübner, G., & Schwandt, D. (2018). Extreme low flow and water quality - a long-term view on the River Elbe.Erdkunde. https://doi.org/10.3112/ERDKUNDE.2018.03.05
29. Hughes, D.L., Gore, J.A., Brossett, M.P., Olson, J.R., 2009. Rapid Bioassessment of Stream Health. ISBN: 9781420090918Hydrological Series. Water Resources Management, Volume: 18, pages 201–218.
30. Igbinosa, E. O., Okoh, A. I. 2009. Impact of Discharge Wastewater Effluents on the Physico-Chemical Qualities of a Receiving Watershed in a Typical Rural Community. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 6 (2), 175-182.
31. Interlandi, S. J., Crockett, C. S. 2003. Recent Water Quality Trends in the Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania, USA: A Preliminary Assessment of the Relative Influences of Climate, River Discharge and Suburban Development.Water Res., 37(8): 1737-48.
32. Jones, C., Palmer, R. M., Motkaluk, S., Walters, M. 2002. Watershed Health Monitoring Emerging Technologies. Lewis Publishers, USA.
33. Junior, C. A. N. da R., Costa, M. R. A. da, Menezes, R. F., Attayde, J. L., & Becker, V. (2018). A redução do volume intensifica o risco a eutrofização em reservatórios do semiárido tropical.Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2117
34. Kahya, E., Kalaycı, S. 2004. Trend Analysis of Streamflow in Turkey. Journal of Hydrology, 289(1–4):128–144. Kalaycı, S., Kahya, E., 1998. Detection of Water Quality Trends in the Rivers of the Susurluk Basin. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences (in Turkish) 22, 503–514.
35. Kalyoncu, H., Barlas, M., Ertan, Ö. O., Gülboy, H. 2004. Ağlasun Deresi’nin Su Kalitesinin Fizikokimyasal Parametrelere ve Epilitik Alglere Göre Belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt II, Sayı XII, 7–14.
36. Kalyoncu, H., Yorulmaz, B., Barlas, M., Yıldırım, M. Z., Zeybek, M. 2008. Aksu Çayı’nın Su Kalitesi ve Fizikokimyasal Parametrelerinin Makroomurgasız Çeşitliliği Üzerine Etkisi. Fırat Üniversitesi, Fen ve Müh. Bil. Dergisi, 20 (1), 23-33.
37. Kara, C., Çömlekçioğlu, U. 2004. Karaçay (Kahramanmaraş)’ın Kirliliğinin Biyolojik ve Fiziko-Kimyasal Parametrelerle İncelenmesi. KSÜ Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 7(1).
38. Kubo, N., Yazawa, Y., Kataoka D., Giang, H. N. 2006. Effect of Fresh Water River Discharge on Salinity Intrusion in the Lower Mekong River, 3rd Asian Regional Conference, Kuala Lumpur.
39. Kurunç, A., Yürekli, K., Yutseven, E. 2005. Determination of Sudden Changes in Time Series of Yesilirmak River-Durucasu Water Quality Records. Journal of Applied Sciences, Volume5, pp. 122–126.
40. Lee, A. A., Kelley, R., Kress, M. R. 2005. The Use of Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Long-Term Monitoring on Department of Defense Installations. Federal Facilities Environmental Journal, 16 (1), 109–120.
41. Liua, W. C., Chenb, W. B., Chengc, R. T., Hsud, M. H., Kuoe, A. Y. 2007. Modeling the Influence of River Discharge on Salt Intrusion and Residual Circulation in Danshuei River Estuary. Continental Shelf Research, Volume 27, Issue 7, Pages 900-921, Taiwan.
42. Mamun, A. A., Hashim, A., Daoud, J. I. 2009. Regionalisation of Low Flow Frequency Curves for the Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Hydrology, 381, 174–180.
43. Manoochehri, H., Abedi, M., Hashemi, M., Boustani, F. T. 2010. An Assessment of Fish Processing Plant Discharge Effluent on the Tizab River. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (7), 10.
44. Metcalfe, R. A., Smakhtin, V. Y., Krezek, C. 2003. Simulating and Characterising Natural Flow Regimes. Waterpower Project Science Transfer Report 1.0, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 14p.
45. Meynendonckx, J., Heuvelmans, G., Muys, B., Feyen, J. 2006. Effects of Watershed and Riparian Zone Characteristics on Nutrient Concentrations in the River Scheldt Basin, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 3, 653–679.
46. MGM, 2011. Çankırı-Çerkeş Meteoroloji Bülteni, T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Devlet Meteoroloji Müdürlüğü Kayıtları, Ankara.
47. Mijuskovic–Svetinovic, T., Maricic, S. 2008. Low Flow Analysis of the Lower Drava River. XXIVth Conference of the Danubian Countries, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 4, 012011, IOP Publishing.
48. Mosley, L. M., Zammit, B., Leyden, E., Heneker, T. M., Hipsey, M. R., Skinner, D., & Aldridge, K. T. (2012). The Impact of Extreme Low Flows on the Water Quality of the Lower Murray River and Lakes (South Australia).Water Resources Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11269-012-0113-2
49. Munsuz, N., Ünver, İ. 1995. Su Kalitesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No: 1389, Ankara.
50. Ogunkaya, O. O. 1989. Discharge-Duration Patterns of Some Small Streams in Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 9: 701–710, Netherlands.
51. Ohte, N., & Kendall, C. (2008). Impacts of Hydrological Characteristics on Water Quality of Semiarid River in California.Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology & Water Resources. https://doi.org/10.3178/JJSHWR.21.57
52. Öner, N. Özden, S. Birben, Ü. 2010. Relationship Between a Natural Monumental Stand in Turkey and Local Beliefs. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31, 149–155.
53. Önöz, B., Bayazit, M. 2003. The Power of Statistical Tests for Trend Detection. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 27:247–251.
54. Pataki, D. E., Boone, C. G., Hogue, T. S., Jenerette, G. D., McFadden, J. P., Pincetl, S. 2011. Ecohydrology Bearings-Invited Commentary Socio-Ecohydrology and the Urban Water Challenge. Ecohydrology, 4(2), 341–347.
55. Petts, G. E., Bickerton, M. A., Crawford, C., Lerner, D. N., Evans, D. 1997. Flow Management to Sustain Groundwater-Dominated Stream Ecosystems. Hydrological Processes, 13: 497–513.
56. Pyrce, R. 2004. Hydrological Low Flow Indices and Their Use. Ph. D. Theise, Trent University, Watershed Science Centre, Ontario.
57. Rak, A. E., Said, I., Mohamed, M. 2010. Effect of River Discharge Fluctuation on Water Quality at Three Rivers in Endau Catchment Area, Kluang, Johor. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(9): 4240–4249, ISBN 1991–8178, Insinet Publication.
58. Riggs, H. C., Caffey, J. E., Orsborn, J. F., Schaake, J. C., Singh, K. P., Wallace, J. R. 1980. Characteristics of Low Flows (Task Committee of Low-Flow Evaluation, Methods, and Needs of the Committee on Surface-Water Hydrology of the Hydraulics Division). Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 106: 717–731.
59. Rivera-Ramirez, H. D., Warner, G. S., Scatena, F. N. 2002. Prediction of Master Recession Curves and Baseflow Recessions in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 38: 693–704, USA.
60. Ruzzante, S., & Gleeson, T. (2024). Rising temperatures drive lower summer minimum flows across hydrologically diverse catchments. https://doi.org/10.31223/x5zh7x
61. Ryu, J. H., Lee, J. H., Jeong, S., Park, S. K., Han, K. 2011. The Impacts of Climate Change on Local Hydrology and LowFlow Frequency in the Geum River Basin, Korea. Hydrological Processes, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.8072.
62. Safonov, I. P., Kovalenko, A. N. 1993. Thermal Effect of Hydro-Electric Power Stations on the Environment. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics, 65 (1), 700.
63. Sefe, F. T. K. 2006. Some Aspects of the Hydrology of One-Day Annual Minimum Low Flows of Malawian Rivers. Hydrological Processes,2 (1), 75–91.
64. Şengüler, İ. 2007. Orta-Şabanözü (Çankırı) Yöresinin Jeolojisi ve Kömür Potansiyeli. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 31 (1), 15–24.
65. Serengil, Y., Gökbulak,F., Özhan,S., Hızal,A., Şengönül,K. 2007. Alteration of Stream Nutrient Discharge with Increased Sedimentation Due to Thinning of a Deciduous Forest in Istanbul.Forest Ecology and Management, 246, 264-272.
66. Sierra, J. P., Sanchez-Arcilla, A., Figueras, P. A., Gonza´lez Del Ri´o, J., Rassmussen, E. K., Mosso, C. 2004. Effects of Discharge Reductions on Salt Wedge Dynamics of the Ebro River. River Research and Applications, 20: 61–77. Sigleo, A. C., Frick, W. E. 2007. Seasonal Variations in River Discharge and Nutrient Export to A Northeastern Pacific Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science Volume 73, Issues 3-4, Pages 368-378. Smakhtin, V. Y. 2001. Low Flow Hydrology: A Review. Journal of Hydrology, 240: 147–186.
67. Susfalk, R. B., Fitzgerald, B., Knust, A. M. 2008. Characterization of Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids in the Upper Carson River, Nevada. DHS Publication, No: 41242.
68. Tannan, D. L., 1976. Instream Flow Regimens For Fish, Wildlife, Recreation and Related Environmental Resources. Fisheries, 1: 6–10.
69. Teker, A. 1985. Hidrometri – Teori – Tatbikat – Örnekler. T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı DSİ Genel Müd. Etüd ve Plan Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara.
70. Tharme, R. E. 2003. A Global Prespective on Environmental Flow Assessment: Emerging Trends in the Development and Application of Environmental Flow Methodologies for Rivers. River Research and Applications, 19: 397–441.
71. Topaloğlu, F. 1999. Seyhan Havzası Akarsularında Taşkınların Büyüklük ve Frekanslarının Tahmini İçin Uygun Bir Yöntemin Araştırılması. Ç.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarımsal Yapılar ve Sulama Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi No: 524, Temmuz, 219s., Adana.
72. Topaloğlu, F., 2006. Regional Trend Detection of Turkish River Flows. Nordic Hydrology, 37 (2):165–182. Trancoso, R., Larsen, J., Larsen, J., McVicar, T. R., McVicar, T. R., Phinn, S. R., & McAlpine, C. (2017). CO2-vegetation feedbacks and other climate changes implicated in reducing base flow.Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072759
73. Türkmen, G., Kazancı, N. 2008. Water Quality Evaluation of Reference Sites by Using Saprobic İndex in Some Running Waters in the Province of Bolu. Review of Hydrobiology, 2: 93–118.
74. Türkmenoğlu, A. G., Akıman, O., Aker, S. Tankut, A. 1991. Orta (Çankırı) Yöresi Kil Yataklarının Jeolojisi ve Oluşumu. MTA Dergisi, 113, 127–132.
75. Usul, N. 2008. Mühendislik Hidrolojisi. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, ODTÜ Yayıncılık, Ankara.
76. Uygur Erdoğan, B., Ediş, S. (2024). Analysis of Hydrological Drought Patterns in theAras River Basin within the Framework ofTransboundary Water Management. International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water, 20, 1495-1516 Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Zouber, A., Lasanta, T., & Pueyo, Y. (2012). Dryness is accelerating degradation of vulnerable shrublands in semiarid Mediterranean environments. Ecological Monographs. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-2164.1
77. Yalçın, H., Gürü, M. 2002. Su Teknolojisi. Palme Yayıncılık, Ankara.
78. Yang, T., Hao, Z. C., Sun, L. M. 2009. Recognition the Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Low-Flow Changes in the Yellow RiverOver the Last Half Century. Sixth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 593–598.
79. Yaseef, N. R., Yakir, D., Rotenberg, E., Schiller, G., Cohen, S. 2010. Ecohydrology of a Semi-Arid Forest: Partitioning Among Water Balance Components and Its Implications for Predicted Precipitation Changes. Ecohydrology, 3(2), 143–154.
80. Yıldırımer, S., Demirci, U. (2017). Applicability of Payments for Ecosystem Services Mechanism in Water Resources Protection in Turkey. International Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Sciences (IJEES), 7(2), 251-262.
81. Yıldırımer, S., Özalp, M. (2024). Evaluation of Hydrological Parameters and Sediment Dynamics in the Borçka Dam Watershed Using the SWAT Model. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.17474/artvinofd.1426951
82. Yin, K., Harrison, P. J., Pond, S., Beamish, R. J. 1995. Entrainment of Nitrate in the Fraser River Estuary and Its Biological Implications. II. Effects of Spring vs. Neap Tides and River Discharge, Coastal and Shelf Science 40, 529–544.
83. Yue, S., Wang, C. 2002. Regional Streamflow Trend Detection with Consideration of Both Temporal and Spatial Correlation. International Journal of Climatology, 22(8):933–946.
84. Yue, S., Wang, C. 2004. The Mann-Kendall Test Modified by Effective
85. Yulianti, J. S., Burn, D. H. 1998. Investigating Links Between Climatic Warming and Low Streamflow in the Prairies Region of Canada. Canadian Water Resources Journal, 23: 45–60.
86. Zappia, H., Hayes, D. C., 1998. A Demonstration of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology, Shenandoah River, Virginia, U.S. Geologıcal Survey. Water-Resources Investigations Report, 98–4157.
87. Zhang, S., Zheng, J., Liu, T. T., Zeng, F. H., Fu, Y. C., Huan, J. K. X. 2009. Seasonal Variation and Output of Nutrient in Tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir. Medline, 30(1): 58-63., PMID: 19353857