Phubbing as a Threat to Marital Self-Disclosure: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Self-Differentiation

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1 , 56 - 72 , 28.04.2026

İzzet Parmaksız , Suat Kılıçarslan

https://doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.1782152

https://izlik.org/JA42DG59JX

Öz

As technology assumes an increasingly significant and influential role in communication, individual behavior has consequently been shaped by technological advances, while the attitudes developed at an early age play a critical role in determining future behaviors. This study aimed to examine whether differentiation of self acts as a mediator and moderator in the relationship between phubbing behavior and marital self-disclosure. A total of 571 individuals from a city center in the Central Anatolia Region participated in the research. Of these participants, 289 (50.6%) were women, and 282 (49.4%) were men. The mean age was 37.62 years. The Marital Self-Disclosure Scale, Differentiation of Self Inventory, and Phubbing Scale were used as measurement instruments. The Hayes PROCESS macro (model 1/model 4) was employed to determine the mediating and moderating effects in the data analysis. Differentiation of self was found to be significantly negatively correlated with phubbing, while it was positively associated with marital self-disclosure. The findings revealed that phubbing negatively affects marital self-disclosure. The analysis results indicate that differentiation of self exerts both mediating and moderating effects on the relationship between phubbing and marital self-disclosure. The findings were discussed in detail within the framework of the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Phubbing , marital self-disclosure , differentiation of self , marriage

Etik Beyan

We declare that all processes of this study comply with research and publication ethics (Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Ethics Committee Decision; 29.03.2024/22504254-050.04/07), and that we have adhered to ethical rules and scientific citation principles.

Evlilikte Kendini Açmaya Yönelik Bir Tehdit Olarak Sosyotelizm: Benlik Farklılaşmasının Aracı ve Düzenleyici Rolü

https://izlik.org/JA42DG59JX

Öz

Teknolojinin iletişimde giderek daha önemli ve etkili bir rol üstlenmesiyle birlikte, bireysel davranışlar teknolojik gelişmelerden etkilenerek şekillenmekte ve erken yaşta geliştirilen tutumlar gelecekteki davranışları belirlemede kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışma, benliğin farklılaşmasının phubbing davranışı ile evlilik içi kendini açma arasındaki ilişkide aracı ve düzenleyici olarak rol oynayıp oynamadığını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmaya İç Anadolu Bölgesinde bir şehir merkezinden toplam 571 kişi katılmıştır. Katılımcıların 289'u (%50,6) kadın, 282'si (%49,4) erkektir. Yaş ortalaması 37,62'dir. Çalışmada, Evlilikte Kendini Açma Ölçeği, Benliğin Farklılaşması Envanteri ve Phubbing Ölçeği ölçme araçları olarak kullanılmıştır. Veri analizinde aracı ve düzenleyici etkileri belirlemek için Hayes‘in PROCESS makrosu (model 1/model 4) kullanılmıştır. Benliğin farklılaşmasının phubbing ile anlamlı derecede negatif korelasyonlu olduğu, evlilik içi kendini açma ile ise pozitif korelasyonlu olduğu bulunmuştur. Bulgular, bir davranış problemi olan phubbing'in evlilik içi kendini açmayı olumsuz etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Analiz sonuçları, benlik farklılaşmasının phubbing ile evlilik içi kendini açma arasındaki ilişkide hem aracı hem de düzenleyici etkilere sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bulgular alanyazın çerçevesinde detaylı bir biçimde tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Phubbing , evlilikte kendini açma , benlik farklılaşması , evlilik

Etik Beyan

Çalışmanın tüm süreçlerinin araştırma ve yayın etiğine uygun olduğunu (Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Etik Kurul Komisyonu Kararı; 29.03.2024/22504254-050.04/07), etik kurallara ve bilimsel atıf gösterme ilkelerine uyduğumu beyan ederiz.

Kaynakça

• Al‐Saggaf, Y., & O’Donnell, S. B. (2019). Phubbing: Perceptions, reasons behind, predictors, and impacts. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.137
• Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
• Aryamanesh, S., Fallahchai, R., Zarei, E., & Haghighi, H. (2012). Comparison of differentiation among satisfying couples and conflicting couples in Bandar Abbas city. Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine, 2(6), 308–314.
• Atari, Y. A., Abbasi, Sarcheshmeh, A. & Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M. (2006) Examining simple and multiple relationships of religious attitude, optimism and attachment styles with marital satisfaction in male married students at Shahid Chamran. Journal of Education and Psychology, 13, 93–110.
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
• Beukeboom, C. J., & Pollmann, M. (2021). Partner phubbing: Why using your phone during interactions with your partner can be detrimental for your relationship. Computers in Human Behavior, 124, 106932 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106932
• Bowen, M. (1976). Theory in the practice of psychotherapy. In P. J. Guerin, Jr. (Ed.), Family therapy: Theory and practice (pp. 42–90). Garner Press.
• Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Aronson.
• Bowen, M. (1991). De la familia al individuo: La diferenciación del sí mismo en el sistema familiar. Paidós.
• Bradford, S. A., Feeney, J. A. & Campbell, L. (2002). Links between attachment orientations and dispositional and diary-based measures of disclosure in dating couples: A study of actor and partner effects. Personal Relationships, 9(4), 491-506. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00031
• Bridge, E. N. (2019). Review of a case study in light of Bowen theory: Differentiation of self. Life Skills Journal of Psychology, 3(5), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.556080
• Burgoon, J.K., & Jones, S.B. (1976). Toward a theory of personal space expectations and their violations. Human Communication Research, 2(2), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00706.x
• Candel, O. S., & Turliuc, M. N. (2021). The role of relational entitlement, self-disclosure and perceived partner responsiveness in predicting couple satisfaction: A daily-diary study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 609232. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.609232
• Castro-Dávila, C., & Oliver, J. (2022). La relación entre la diferenciación del self, las habilidades sociales y la asistencia a psicoterapia en una muestra de adultos españoles. Terapia Psicológica, 40(3), 347–365. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-48082022000300347
• Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018
• Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2018a). Measuring phone snubbing behavior: Development and validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP). Computers in Human Behavior, 88, 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.020
• Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2018b). The effects of “phubbing” on social interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(6), 304-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12506
• Collins, N. L., & Miller, L. C. (1994). Self-disclosure and liking: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 457-465. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.45.
• Coupland, N., Coupland, J., Giles, H., Henwood, K. & Wiemann, J. (1988). Elderly self-disclosure: Interactional and intergroup issues. Language & Communication, 8(2), 109-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0271-5309(88)90010-9.
• Çağ, P., & Yıldırım, İ. (2017). Eşe Kendini Açma Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 7(48), 1-13. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/582821
• Çetinkaya, B. (2005). The relationship between university students' self disclosure and their attachment style Ataturk University, Institute of Social Sciences, Erzurum.
• David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2021). Investigating the impact of partner phubbing on romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction: The moderating role of attachment anxiety. Journal of Social andPersonal Relationships, 38(12), 3590–3609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407521996454
• Denes, A., Cornelius, T., Webber, K. T., Guest, C., Ellis, J. A., & Gorin, A. A. (2023). Living through the pandemic together: Exploring the associations among couples’ communal orientation, self-disclosure, and thriving. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship. Online First. 1-22 https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075231175694
• Derlega, V. J. & Chaikin, A. L. (1976). Norms affecting self-disclosure in men and women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44(3), 376-380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.44.3.376.
• Derlega, V. J., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. T. (1993). Self-disclosure. Sage Publications.
• Duch-Ceballos, C., Oliver, J., & Skowron, E. (2021). Differentiation of self and its relationship with emotional self-regulation and anxiety in a Spanish sample. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 49(5), 517–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2020.1841039
• Guazzini, A., Duradoni, M., Capelli, A., & Meringolo, P. (2019). An explorative model to assess individuals’ phubbing risk. Future Internet, 11(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11010021
• Gubbins, C. A., Perosa, L. M., & Bartle-Haring, S. (2010). Relationships between married couples’ self-differentiation/individuation and Gottman’s model of marital interactions. Contemporary Family Therapy, 32(4), 383– 395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-010-9132-4.
• Hamid, N. P. (2000). Self-disclosure and occupational stress in Chinese professionals. Psychological Reports, 87(3), 1075-1082. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.3f.1075.
• Harvey, J. H. & Omarzu, J. (1999). Minding the close relationship: A theory of relationship enhancement. United States of America: Cambridge University Press.
• Hatipoğlu, A., Aldemir, A., & Gürel, E. (2024). A Study on Phubbing, Differentiation of Self and Contribution in Adolescents. Journal of Contemporary Medicine, 14(4), 193-203. | https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1499755
• Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
• Hayes, A. F. (2012). Process: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. http://www.processmacro.org/download.html.
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/jedm.12050
• Hendrick, A. A. (1981). Self-disclosure and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(6), 1150-1159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407587042001.
• Hooper, L. M., & DePuy, V. (2010). Mediating and moderating effects of differentiation of self on depression symptomatology in a rural community sample. The Family Journal, 18(4), 358-368. https://doi.org/10.1177/106648071037495
• Işık, E., & Bulduk, S. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Differentiation of Self Inventory revised in Turkish adults. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 41(1), 102-112. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1111/jmft.12022
• Jankowski, P. J., & Hooper, L. M. (2012). Differentiation of self: A validation study of the Bowen theory construct. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 1(3), 226. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027469
• Jia, Y., Wang, J., Xu, Q., Luo, G., Chen, R., & Wang, D. (2025). Dual mediating effects of marital satisfaction and family decision-making power on the relationship between self-disclosure and depressive symptoms in IVF-ET/ICSI-ET patients: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1538279. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1538279
• Jourard, S. M. & Lasakow, P. (1958). Some factors in self-disclosure. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 56(1), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043357.
• Jourard, S. M. (1958). A study of self-disclosure. Scientific American, 198(5), 77-86.
• Jourard, S. M., (1971) The transparent self. Van Nostrand Reinhold New York.
• Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Mızrak Şahin, B., Çulha, İ., & Babadağ, B. (2016). The Virtual World’s Current Addiction: Phubbing. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 3(2), 250-269 https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2016.3.0013
• Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Şahin, B. M., ... & Babadağ, B. (2015). Determinants of phubbing, which is the sum of many virtual addictions: A structural equation model. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 60-74. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.005
• Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen theory. Norton & Co.
• Kılıçarslan, S., & Parmaksız, İ. (2023). The mediator role of effective communication skills on the relationship between phubbing tendencies and marriage satisfaction in married individuals. Computers in Human Behavior, 147, 107863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107863
• Kim-Appel, D., Appel, J., Newman, I., & Parr, P. (2007). Testing the effectiveness of Bowen’s concept of differentiation in predicting psychological distress in individuals age 62 years or older. The Family Journal, 15(3), 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480707301291.
• Kito, M. (2005). Self-disclosure in romantic relationships and friendships among American and Japanese college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 145(2), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.2.127-140.
• Klein M, Levy T, Shulman C, Lwow E and Silberg T (2024) Exploring the link between parents’ differentiation of self and children’s externalizing behavior problems: the mediating role of need-supportive vs. need-frustrating parenting practices. Front. Psychol. 15:1387944. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1387944
• Knausenberger, J., Giesen-Leuchter, A., & Echterhoff, G. (2022). Feeling ostracized by others’ smartphone use: The effect of phubbing on fundamental needs, mood, and trust. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 883901. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.883901.
• Krasnova, H., Abramova, O., Notter, I., & Baumann, A. (2016). Why phubbing is toxic for your relationship: Understanding the role of smartphone jealousy among “Generation Y” users. Proceedings of the 24th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), 1–21. http://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2016_rp/109
• Lampis, J. (2016). Does partners’ differentiation of self predict dyadic adjustment? Journal of Family Therapy, 54, 303–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12073.
• Lampis, J., Cataudella, S., Busonera, A., & Skowron, E. (2017). The role of differentiation of self and dyadic adjustment in predicting codependency. Contemporary Family Therapy, 39(1), 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10591-017-9403-4.
• Laurenceau, J. P., Feldman Barrett, L. & Pietromonaco, P. R. (1998). Intimacy as an interpersonal process: The importance of self-disclosure, partner disclosure and perceived partner responsiveness in interpersonal exchanges. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1238-1251. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.74.5.1238
• Manne, S. L., Kashy, D. A., Zaider, T., Kissane, D., Lee, D., Kim, I. Y., Heckman, C. J., Penedo, F. J., Murphy, E., & Virtue, S. M. (2019). Couple-focused interventions for men with localized prostate cancer and their spouses: a randomized clinical trial. British Journal of Health Psychology, 24(2), 396-418. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12359
• McDaniel, B. T., & Coyne, S. M. (2016). “Technoference”: The interference of technology in couple relationships and implications for women’s personal and relational well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000065
• Milholland, T. A. (1979). The effects of marriage encounter on self-disclosure, trust and marital satisfaction. Texas Tech University.
• Miller, R. B., Anderson, S., & Keala, D. K. (2004). Is Bowen theory valid: A review of basic research. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 30, 453–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2004.tb01255.x.
• Mohsenian, M., Karamlo, S., & Ganjavi, A. (2008). Correlation between differentiation of self and emotional intelligence in divorce seeking couples. Journal of Family Research, 3(4), 827–837
• Mozas-Alonso, M., Oliver, J., & Berástegui, A. (2022). Differentiation of self and its relationship with marital satisfaction and parenting styles in a Spanish sample of adolescents’parents. Plos One, 17(3), e0265436. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265436
• Odacı, H., Erzen, E., & Yeniçeri, İ. (2024). Predictors of phubbing: interpersonal relationships and family relationships. Trends in Psychology, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-024-00361-8
• Oliver, J., Jódar, R., Berástegui, A., Skowron, E. A., Friedlander, M., & Schmitt, T. (2023). Psychometric study of the differentiation of self scale-revised in a sample of Spanish adults. Current Psychology, 42, 16894–16907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144- 022-02929-y
• Pang, G., Wang, C., & Kang, C. (2025). The relationship between parental phubbing and bullying behavior in middle school students: the mediating role of family closeness and negative emotions. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 364. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02671-7
• Parmaksiz, İ. (2022). The modern barrier in romantic relationships: A review on partner phubbing. Life Skills Journal of Psychology. 6(11), 59-76. https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1077277
• Peleg, O. (2008). The relation between differentiation of self and marital satisfaction: What can be learned from married people over the life course? American Journal of Family Therapy, 36(5), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180701804634.
• Peleg, O., & Boniel-Nissim, M. (2024). Exploring the personality and relationship factors that mediate the connection between differentiation of self and phubbing. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 6572. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55560-1
• Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8(3), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x
• Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022658
• Przybylski, A.K., & Weinstein, N. (2013). Can you connect with me now? How the presence of mobile communication technology influences face-to-face conversation quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 237- 246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512453827
• Quek, K., Taniguchi, N., & Argiropoulou, M. (2015). Self-disclosure between marital couples: A comparative study between Singapore and Greek couples. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 46(2), 221-240. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.46.2.221
• Reis, H. T. & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. Handbook of Personal Relationships, 24(3), 367-389.
• Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058
• Rodrıguez-Gonzalez, M., Skowron, E. A., Cagigal de Gregorio, V., & Munoz San Roque, I. (2016). Differentiation of self, mate selection, and marital adjustment: Validity of postulates of Bowen theory in a Spanish sample. American Journal of Family Therapy, 44(1), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2015.1099415
• Sandage, S. J., & Harden, M. G. (2011). Relational spirituality, differentiation of self, and virtue as predictors of intercultural development. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14(8), 819-838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2010.527932
• Simran, S., & Nambiar, D. (2022). Emotional self-disclosure and relationship satisfaction among married adults during Covid-19. Quest Journals Journals Res Humanit Social Sci, 10(6), 59-64.
• Skowron, E. A. (2000). The role of differentiation in marital adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.2.229.
• Skowron, E. A. (2004). Differentiation of self, adjustment, problem solving, and ethnic belonging among persons of color. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82, 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00333.x
• Skowron, E. A., & Friedlander, M. L. (1998). The differentiation of self inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.235
• Skowron, E. A., & Schmitt, T. A. (2003). Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI fusion with others subscale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29, 209–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2003.tb01201.x.
• Skowron, E. A., Wester, S. R., & Azen, R. (2004). Differentiation of self mediates college stress and adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82, 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00287.x
• Solomon, M. F., & Tatkin, S. (2011). Love and war in intimate relationships: Connection, disconnection, and mutual regulation in couple therapy. WW Norton & Company.
• Sprecher, S. & Hendrick, S. S. (2004). Self-disclosure in intimate relationships: Associations with individual and relationship characteristics over time. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(6), 857-877. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.6.857.54803
• Süloğlu, D., & Güler, Ç. Y. (2021). Predicting perceived stress and resilience: The role of differentiation of self. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 9(4), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2021.110402
• Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson. https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/preface/0/1/3/4/0134790545.pdf
• Vanden Abeele, M. M. P., Antheunis, M. L., & Schouten, A. P. (2016). The effect of mobile messaging during a conversation on impression formation and interaction quality. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 562-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.005
• Vanden Abeele, M. M. V., Hendrickson, A. T., Pollmann, M. M., & Ling, R. (2019). Phubbing behavior in conversations and its relation to perceived conversation intimacy and distraction: An exploratory observation study. Computers in Human Behavior, 100, 35-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.004
• Vanden Abeele, M. V. (2020). The Social Consequences of Phubbing: A Framework and a Research Agenda. In R. Ling, L. Fortunati, G. Goggin, S. S. Lim, & Y. Li (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Mobile Communication and Society (p. 157-174). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190864385.013.11
• Vaterlaus, J.M., & Tulane, S. (2019). The perceived influence of interactive technology on marital relationships. Contemporary Family Therapy, 41(3), 247- 257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-019-09494-w
• Wang, X., & Zhao, K. (2023). Partner phubbing and marital satisfaction: The mediating roles of marital interaction and marital conflict. Social Science Computer Review, 41(4), 1126–1139. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393211072231
• Wang, X., Wang, S., Wang, H., & Dong, W. (2024). Females suffer more from partner phubbing? The roles of romantic jealousy and relational aggression between partner phubbing and intimacy quality. Current Psychology, 43(23), 1- https://doi.org/13. 10.1007/s12144-024-05826-8
• Wang, X., Xie, X., Wang, Y., Wang, P., & Lei, L. (2017). Partner phubbing and depression among married chinese adults: The roles of relationship satisfaction and relationship length. Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.014
• Wang, X., Zhao, F., & Lei, L. (2021). Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction: Self-esteem and marital status as moderators. Current Psychology, 40(7), 3365–3375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00275-0
• Waring, E. M., Holden, R. R. & Wesley, S. (1998). Development of the marital self-disclosure questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(6), 817-824. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199810)54:6<817::aid-jclp9>3.0.co;2-d
• Wei, M., Vogel, D. L., Ku, T. Y., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, affect regulation, negative mood, and interpersonal problems: The mediating roles of emotional reactivity and emotional cutoff. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.1.14.
• Williamson, I., Sandage, S. J., & Lee, R. M. (2007). How social connectedness affects guilt and shame: Mediation by hope and differentiation of self. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(8) 2159–2170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.026
• Yousefi, N., Etemadi, O., Bahrami, F., Fatehezade, M. A., Ahmadi, S. A., & Beshlideh, C. (2009). Structural relationships between self – Differentiation and subjective wellbeing, mental health and marital quality “fitting Bowen’s theory”. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, 3(2), 4–14.
• Yu, B., Tong, J., & Guo, C. (2025). Association between parental phubbing and adolescents’ depression: Roles of family cohesion and resilience. Children and Youth Services Review, 169, 108082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.108082
• Zhu, X. (2019, June). Relationship between self-differentiation and self-disclosure of college students: The mediating role of peer attachment. In 3rd International Conference on Economics and Management, Education, Humanities and Social Sciences (EMEHSS 2019) (pp. 150-158). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/emehss-19.2019.31