A Cross-Country Perspective on Cyber Bullying: Italian and Turkish Experience

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cyber bullying,university students,cross-country,Italy,Turkey

Siber Zorbalık Üzerine Ülkeler Arası bir Karşılaştırma: İtalya ve Türkiye Örnekleri

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı İtalyan ve Türk üniversite öğrencilerinin siber zorbalığı nasıl algıladıklarını incelemektir. Veriler kolay ulaşılabilirlik örnekleme yöntemi ile kendilerine ulaşılan 256 İtalyan (161 kadın, 95 erkek) ve 122 Türk (76 kadın, 44 erkek, 2 katılımcı cinsiyetini belirtmemiştir) üniversite öğrencisinden elde edilmiştir. Her iki örneklem için de katılımcıların yaşları 18 ve 33 arasında değişmektedir. İtalyan katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 20.9 (SS = 1.92), Türk katılımcıların yaş ortalaması ise 22.77’dir (SS = 2.47). Veri toplamak için kullanılan ölçme aracı siber zorbalıkla ilgili iki kısa hikayeden (bir web sayfası ve bir cep telefonu örneği) ve takip eden sorulardan oluşmaktadır. Sonuçlar siber zorbalık olaylarının her iki örneklem için de yaygın olduğunu göstermektedir. Her ne kadar benzerlikler olsa da Türk ve İtalyan üniversite öğrencilerinin siber zorbalığın ne olduğuna ve siber zorba ile siber mağdurun kim olduğuna dair algılarında farklılıklar vardır. Araştırmacı ve uygulayıcıların siber zorbalığa karşı önleme programları hazırlarken farklı ülkelerde yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin değişen ihtiyaçlarının farkında olmaları ve bunları göz önünde bulundurmaları gerekmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Siber zorbalık,üniversite öğrencileri,ülke karşılaştırması,İtalya,Türkiye

Kaynakça

1. Arslan, S., Savaşer, S. Hallett, V., & Balci, S. (2012). Cyberbullying among primary schools students in Turkey: Self-reported prevalence and associations with home and school life. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(10), 527-533. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0207
2. Baek, J., & Bullock, L.M. (2014). Cyberbullying: A cross-cultural perspective. Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties, 19(2), 226-238. doi: 10.1080/13632752.2013.849028
3. Barlett, C.P., Gentile, D.A., Anderson, C.A., Suzuki, K., Sakamoto, A., Yamaoka, A., & Katsura, R. (2014). Cross-cultural differences in cyberbulling behavior: A short-term longitudinal study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(2), 300-313. doi: 10.1177/0022022113504622
4. Barter, C., & Renold, E. (1999). The use of vignettes in qualitative research. Social Research Update, 25, 1-6.
5. Del Rey, R., Elipe, P., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2012). Bullying and cyberbullying: Overlapping and predictive value of the co-occurrence. Psicothema, 24, 608-613.
6. Dooley, J.J., Gradinger, P., Strohmeier, D., Cross, D., & Spiel, C. (2010). Cyber-victimization: The association between help-seeking behaviors and self-reported emotional symptoms in Australia and Austria. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 20, 194-209. doi: 10.1375/ajgc.20.2.194.
7. Erdur-Baker, Ö., & Kavşut, F. (2007). A new face of peer bullying: Cyber bullying. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 27, 31-42.
8. Finch, H. (1987). The vignette technique in survey research. Sociology, 21, 105–114. doi: 10.1177/0038038587021001008

9. Görzig, A., & Olafsson, K. (2013). What makes a bully a cyberbully? Unravelling the characteristics of cyberbullies across twenty-five European countries. Journal of Children and Media, 7(1), 9-27. doi: 10.1080/17482798.2012.739756
10. Gradinger, P., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2010). Definition and measurement of cyberbullying. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 4(2), 1-13.
11. Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2006). Cyberbullying emotional and psychological consequences. Retrieved February 21, 2016 from http://www.cyberbullying.us/cyberbullying_emotional_consequences.pdf.
12. Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J.W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29(2), 1-29. doi: 10.1080/01639620701457816
13. Holfeld, B., & Grabe, M. (2012). Middle school students’ perception of and responses to cyber bullying. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 46(4), 395-413.
14. Juvonen, J., & Gross, E. (2008). Extending the school grounds? Bullying experiences in cyberspace. The Journal of School Health, 78(9), 496-505. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x
15. Laftman, S. B., Modin, B., & Östberg, V. (2013). Cyberbullying and subjective health: A large-scale study of students in Stockholm, Sweden. Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 112-119. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.10.020
16. Li, Q. (2008). A cross-cultural comparison of adolescents' experience related to cyberbullying. Educational Research, 50, 223-34. doi: 10.1177/1461444809341263
17. Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., & Calussi, P. (2011). The measurement of cyberbullying: Dimensional structure and relative item severity and discrimination. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(5), 267-274. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0002
18. Neff, J.A. (1979). Interactional versus hypothetical others: The use of vignettes in attitude research. Sociology and Social Research, 64, 105-125.
19. Nocentini, A., Calmaestra, J., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Ortega, R., & Menesini, E. (2010). Cyberbullying: Labels, behaviours and definition in three European Countries. Australian Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 20(2), 129-142. doi: 10.1375/ajgc.20.2.129
20. Perren, S., Dooley, J., Shaw, T., & Cross, D. (2010). Bullying in school and cyberspace: Associations with depressive symptoms in Swiss and Austrian adolescents. Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Mental Health, 4(28), 1-10. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-4-28
21. Riebel, J., Jager, R.S., & Fischer, U.C. (2009). Cyberbullying in Germany-an exploration of prevalence, overlapping with real life bullying and coping strategies. Psychology Science Quarterly, 51(3), 298-314.
22. Rivituso, J. (2014). Cyberbullying victimization among college students: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. Journal of Information System Education, 25(1), 71-75.
23. Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Göbel, K., Scheithauer, H., Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Haralambos, T., Smith, P.K. (2015). A comparison of classification approaches for cyberbullying and traditional bullying using data from six European countries. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 47-65. doi: 10.1080/15388220.2014.961067
24. Slonje, R., & Smith, P.K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147-154. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
25. Smith, P.K., Mandavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376-385. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x.
26. Smith, P.K. (2012). Cyberbullying: Challenges and opportunities for a research program-A response to Olweus. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 553-558. doi: 10.1080/17405629.2012.689821
27. Topcu, Ç., & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). The revised cyber bullying inventory (RCBI): Validity and reliability studies. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 660-664. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.161
28. Topcu, Ç., Erdur-Baker, Ö., & Çapa-Aydın, Y. (2008). Examination of cyberbullying experiences among Turkish students from different school types. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 643-648. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0161
29. Vazsonyi, A.T., Machackova, H., Sevcikova, A., Smahel, D., & Cerna, A. (2012). Cyberbullying in context: Direct and indirect effects by low self-control across 25 European countries. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 210-227. doi: 10.1080/17405629.2011.644919
30. Veenstra, S. (2009). Cyberbullying: An explonatory analysis (Unpublished masters’ thesis). University of Leicester, UK.
31. Xiao, B., & Wong, Y.M. (2013). Cyber-bullying among university students: An empirical investigation from social cognitive perspective. International Journal of Business and Information, 8(1), 34-69.