-

Öz

Although oxygen is essential for human life, some reactive oxygen species which are produced by normal metabolism may be harmful for the body. Most of the reactive oxygen species are radicals relevant to oxidative stress (e.g. H2O2 veya O2-). The generation of reactive oxygen species are physiological and normal feature of aerobic life. However, when reactive oxygen species are produced in excess and the factors preventing their harmful effects are prohibited, the balance among these radicals’ disturbed and oxidative stress take place. In return, this may cause damage of DNA, proteins, lipids, carbonhydrates and enzymes in the cell. To prevent destruction caused by oxidative stress, the host uses the antioxidant defense enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione. In the recent studies, it was reported that the oxidative stress developed by imbalance between oxidant/antioxidant status are relevant to some diseases. The infections which are potential and efficient factors, may enhance the production of reactive oxygen species and hence, induce oxidative stress in humans. Dominant types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Although prophylactic immunization for HAV and HBV are available, each of all HBV and HCV causes oxidative stress secondary to cellular damage. In addition, this oxidative stress influences the response to the therapy. This review summarizes oxidative stress and oxidant/ antioxidant status in viral hepatitis

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Viral hepatitis, oxidative stress

Viral hepatitlerde oksidatif stresin rolü

Öz

Oksijen, yaşamın sürdürülebilirliği için gerekli olmasına rağmen, normal metabolizma sonucu üretilen bazı reaktif oksijen türleri vücuda zarar verebilmektedir. Reaktif oksijen türlerinin çoğu oksidatif stresle ilgili, H₂O₂ veya O₂^- gibi radikalleridir. Reaktif oksijen türlerinin oluşumu, aerobik yaşamın özelliği olan fizyolojik bir olaydır. Ancak, reaktif oksijen türleri fazla miktarda üretilir ve zararlı etkilerini önleyen faktörler  engellenirse, denge bozulur ve oksidatif stres meydana gelir. Sonuçta hücrede DNA, protein, lipid, karbonhidrat ve enzim hasarı oluşmasına neden olur. Konakçı, oluşan oksidatif hasarı önlemek için süperoksit dismütaz (SOD), katalaz (KAT) ve glutatyon gibi bazı antioksidan savunma enzimlerini kullanır. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda oksidan/antioksidan dengenin bozulması sonucu gelişen oksidatif stresin çeşitli hastalıklarla ilişkisi olduğu bildirilmiştir. Reaktif oksijen türlerinin oluşumunu arttıran etkili ve potansiyel bir faktör olan infeksiyonlar, insanda oksidatif stresi de tetiklerler. Viral hepatitlerin baskın tipleri olan Hepatit A virus (HAV), Hepatit B virus (HBV) ve hepatit C virus’leridir (HCV). HAV ve HBV aşı ile önlenebilmesine rağmen, HBV ve HCV herbiri hücresel hasara ikincil ciddi oksidatif hasara neden olur. Oluşan oksidatif hasar ayrıca tedaviye etkinin de azalmasını tetikler. Bu derlemede viral hepatitlerde oksidatif hasar ve oksidan/antioksidan denge gözden geçilmiştir.

 

 

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Viral hepatitler, oksidatif stres

Kaynakça

1. KAYNAKLAR
2. Ha LH, Shin HJ, Feitelson MA, Yu YD. Oxidative stress and antioxidants in hepatic pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2010,28;16(48):6035-6043.
3. Stehbens WE. Oxidative Stress in viral hepatitis and AIDS. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 2004, 77:121-132.
4. Robinson WS. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R.eds. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed.Philedelphia Pennnsylvania, Churchill Livingstone, 2005,1652-1685.
5. Thomas LD, Lemon SM. Hepatitis C. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R.eds. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. Philedelphia Pennnsylvania, Churchill Livingstone, 2005,1736-1760.
6. Ivanov AV, Bartosch B, Smirnova OA, Isaguliants MG, Kocherkov SN. HCV and oxidative stress in the liver. Viruses, 2013, 5(2):439-469.
7. Moriya K, Nakagawa K, Santa T, Shintani Y, Fuje H, Miyoshi H, et al. Oxidative stress in the absence of inflammation in a mouse model for hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 4365-4370.
8. Dikici I, Mehmetoglu I, Dikici N, Bitirgen M, Kurban S. Investigation of oxidative stress and some antioxidants in patients with acute and chronic viral hepatitis B and the effect of interferon-α treatment. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:1141-1144.

9. Higgs MR, Chouteau P, Lerat H. 'Liver let die'oxidative DNA damage and hepatotropic viruses. J General Virol 2014,95,991-1004.
10. Ciragil P, Kurutas EB, Kokoglu OF, Aral M. Oxidative Stress in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. Balkan Med J 2011, 28: 300-303.
11. Kökoğlu ÖF, Uçmak H, Kurutaş EB, Kuzhan N, Toprak R, Çetinkaya A, Kantarçeken B, Atalay F. Oxidative stress biomarkers in urine of patients with hepatitis B and C. Balkan Med J 2012, 29:39-42.
12. Bölükbaş C, Bölükbaş FF, Horoz M, aslan M, Çelik H, Erel O. Increased oxidative stress associated with the severity of the liver disease in various forms of hepatitis B virus infection. BMC Infect Dis, 2005, 5:95.
13. Rosser BG, Gores GJ. Liver cell necrosis: cellular mechanism and clinical implications. Special Reports and Reviews. Gastroenterol 1995,108:252-275.
14. Jain SK, Pemberton PW, Smith A, McMahon RF,Borrows PC, Aboutwerat A, et al. Oxidative stress in chronic hepatitis C:not just a feature of late stage disease. J Hepatol 2002,36:805-811.
15. Ding D, Lou X, Hua D, Yu W, Li L,Wang J, Gao F, Zhao N, Ren G. recurrent targeted genes of hepatitis B virus in the liver cancer genomes identified by a next generation sequencing-based approach. PLo S Genet 2012, 8, e1003065.
16. Yi YS, Park SG, Byeon SM, Kwan YG, Jung G. hepatitis B virus x protein induces TNF-alpha expression via down regulation of selenoprotein P in human hepatoma cell line, HepG2. Biochem Biophys Acta 2003, 1638:249-256.
17. Hsieh YH, Su IJ, Wang HC, Chang WW, Lei HY, Laim D, Chang WT, Huang W. pre-S mutant surface antigens in chronic hepatitis Bvirus infection induce oxidative stress and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 2004, 25:2023-2032.
18. Duygu F, Karsen H, Aksoy N, Taşkın A. Relationship of oxidative stress in hepatitis B infection activity with HBV DNA and fibrozis. Ann Lab Med 2012, 32:113-118.
19. Shigesawa T, Sato C, Marumo F. Significance of plasma glutathion determination in patients with alcholic and non-alcholic liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1992,7,7-11.
20. Dikici I, Mehmetoğlu I, Dikic N, Bitirgen M, Kurban S. Investigation of oxidative stress and some antioxidants in patients with acute and chronic viralhepatitis B and effect of interferon-treatment. Clin Biochem 2005, 38:1141-1144.
21. Osman HG, Gabr OM, Lotfy S, Gabr S. Serum levels of bcl-2 and cellular oxidative stress in patients with viral hepatitis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007, 25:323-329.
22. Demirdağ K, Yılmaz S, Özdarendeli A, Özden M, Kalkan A, Kılıç SS. Levels of plasma malondialdehyde and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatogastroenterol 2003, 50:766-770.
23. Chrobot FM, Szaflarska-Szizepanlk A, Drew AG. Antioxidant defence in children with viral hepatitis B and C. Med Sci Monit 2000, 6(4):713-718.
24. Farinati F, Cardin R, Mana N, Della Ribera G, marafin C, Lecis E, Burra P, Floreani A, Cecchetto A, Naccarato R. Iron storage, lipid peroxidationand glutathione turnover in chronic anti-HCV positive hepatitis. J Hepatol 1995; 22(4):449-456.
25. Koike K. Hepatitis C virus contributes to hepatocarsinogenesis by modulating metabolic and intracellularsignaling pathways. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 22(Suppl 1):S108-S111.
26. Paracha UZ, Fatima K, Alqahtani M, Chaudhary A, Abuzenadah A, Damanhouri G, Qadri I. Oxidative stress and hepatitis C virus. Virology Journal 2013,10:251:1-9.
27. Vendemiale G, Grattagliano I, Portincasa P, Serviddio G, Palasciamo G, Altomare E. Oxidative stress in symptom-free HCV carriers:relation with ALT flare-up. Eur J Clin Invest 2001,31,54-63.
28. Fujita N, Sugimoto R, Ma N, Tanaka H, Iwasa M, Kobayashi Y, Kawanishi S, Watanabe S, Kaito M, Takei Y. Comparison of hepatic oxidative DNA damage in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. J Viral Hepatitis 2008,15,498-507.
29. FarinatiF, Cardin R, Bortolami M, Burra P , Russo FP, Rugge M, Guido M, Sergio A, Naccarato R. Hepatitis C virus: from oxygen free radicals to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Viral Hepat 2007,14,821-829.