Temporomandibular eklem düzensizlikleri teşhisinde kullanılan görüntüleme yöntemleri

Öz

Temporomandibular eklem düzensizliği, çiğneme kasları ile eklemin sert ve yumuşak dokularını etkileyen ve toplumda yaygın gözlenen bir hastalıktır. Teşhise karar verme sürecinde anamnez ve klinik muayene yanında radyolojik değerlendirme de yapılır. Temporomandibular eklem görüntülenmesinde, sert ve yumuşak dokuların anatomik bütünlüğünün değerlendirildiği ya da metabolik değişimlerin incelendiği çeşitli görüntüleme yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Kullanılacak yöntem patolojiye uygunluk, radyasyon dozu, maliyet, yararlılık, ulaşılabilirlik gibi faktörlere göre seçilmelidir. Bu derlemede temporomandibular eklem yapılarının değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan direkt radyografi yöntemlerinden panoramik, transkraniyel, transfaringeal, transmaksiller, submentoverteks, transorbital, reverse towne, posterior-anterior radyografileri, lateral ve posteroanterior sefalometri, dijital substraksiyon radyografisi ile dijital floroskopi, konvansiyonel, bilgisayarlı ve konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi, manyetik rezonans görüntüleme, artrografi, ultrasonografi ve radyonüklid görüntüleme yöntemleri incelenmiştir. Yöntemlerin endikasyonları, avantaj ve dezavantajları özetlenmiş ve birbiri ile karşılaştırıldığı çalışmalardan bahsedilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Temporomandibular eklem rahatsızlığı
• temporomandibular eklem görüntülenmesi
• radyografi

Imaging methods used in the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders

Öz

The temporomandibular joint disorder is a common disease affecting the masticatory muscles and the hard and soft tissues of the joint. The decision-making process of diagnosis, anamnesis and clinical examination should be followed by the radiological evaluation. Various imaging methods are used to evaluate the anatomical integrity of hard and soft tissues or examine the metabolic changes in temporomandibular joint imaging. The method to be utilized should be selected according to factors such as suitability to the pathology, radiation dosage, cost, usefulness, and availability. In this review, direct radiography, panoramic, transcranial, transpharyngeal, transmaxiller, submentovertex, transorbital, reverse towne, posterior-anterior radiograph, lateral and posteroanterior cephalometry, digital subtraction radiography and digital fluoroscopy, conventional, computerized and cone-beam computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, arthrography, ultrasonography and radionuclide imaging methods used in the evaluation of temporomandibular joint structures are examined. The indications, advantages and disadvantages of the methods were summarized and the studies comparing the methods with each other were mentioned.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Temporomandibular disorders
• Temporomandibular joint imaging
• radiography

Kaynakça

1. Okeson JP. Management of temporomandibular disorders and occlusion. Elsevier Health Sciences Philadelphia
2. LeResche L, Von Korff M. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: Review, criteria, examinations and specifications, critique. J Craniomandib Disord 1992;6:301-355.
3. Larheim TA, Hol C, Ottersen MK, Mork-Knutsen BB, Arvidsson LZ. The role of imaging in the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint pathology. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics. 2018; 30: 239-249.
4. Demirturk Kocasarac H, Celenk P. Effectiveness of digital subtraction radiography in detecting artificially created osteophytes and erosions in the temporomandibular joint. Imaging Science in Dentistry 2017;47:99-107.
5. Brooks SL, Brand JW, Gibbs SJ, Hollender L, Lurie AG, Omnell KÅ et al. Imaging of the temporomandibular joint: A position paper of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 1997; 83: 609-618.
6. Lewis EL, Dolwick MF, Abramowicz S, Reeder SL. Contemporary imaging of the temporomandibular joint. Dental Clinics of North America 2008;52:875-890.
7. Mendoza-García LV, Espinosa de Santillana IA, Hernández Vidal V. Temporomandibular disorders and mandibular vertical asymmetry. Cranio 2019;37:290-295.
8. Gilboa I, Cardash HS, Kaffe I, Gross MD. Condylar guidance: Correlation between articular morphology and panoramic radiographic images in dry human skulls. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2008;99:477-482.

9. Hintze H, Wiese M, Wenzel A. Comparison of three radiographic methods for detection of morphological temporomandibular joint changes: Panoramic, scanographic and tomographic examination. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 2009;38:134-140.
10. Rozylo-Kalinowska I, Orhan K. Imaging of the Temporomandibular Joint. Springer
11. Paknahad M, Shahidi S, Iranpour S, Mirhadi S, Paknahad M. Cone-Beam computed tomographic assessment of mandibular Condylar Position in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction and in healthy subjects. International Journal of Dentistry 2015;2015:301796.
12. Ruf S, Pancherz H. Is orthopantomography reliable for TMJ diagnosis? An experimental study on a dry skull. Journal of Orofacial Pain 1995;9.
13. RAmstad T, Hensten Pettersen O, Mohn E, Ibrahim Si. A methodological study of errors in vertical measurements of edentulous ridge height on orthopantomographic radiograms. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1978;5:403-412.
14. Peterson LJ, Naidoo LCD. Lateral pterygoid muscle and its relationship to the meniscus of the temporomandibular joint. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 1996;82:4-9.
15. Meng J, Zhang W, Liu D, Zhao Y, Ma X. Diagnostic evaluation of the temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis using cone beam computed tomography compared with conventional radiographic technology. Journal of Peking University. Health Sciences 2007;39:26-29.
16. Sudheesh K, Desai R, Siva Bharani KS, Subhalakshmi S. Evaluation of the mandibular function, after nonsurgical treatment of unilateral subcondylar fracture: A 1-year follow-up study. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 2016;9:229-234.
17. White SC, Pharoah MJ. Oral radiology-E-Book: Principles and interpretation. Elsevier Health Sciences
18. Quantrill J, Lewis J. The interpretation of temporomandibular joint radiographs. South African Medical Journa.l 1973;47.
19. Pamukçu U, Toraman Alkurt M, Peker İ. Lateral sefalometrik radyografide izlenen artifaktlar. 7tepe Klinik Dergisi 2019; 15: 159-165.
20. Obamiyi S, Malik S, Wang Z, Singh S, Rossouw E, Fishman L ve ark. Radiographic features associated with temporomandibular joint disorders among African, White, Chinese, Hispanic, and Indian racial groups. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2018;21:1495-1500.
21. Bertram S, Moriggl A, Neunteufel N, Rudisch A, Emshoff R. Lateral cephalometric analysis of mandibular morphology: Discrimination among subjects with and without temporomandibular joint disk displacement and osteoarthrosis. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 2012;39:93-99.
22. Konark AS, Jayam C, Singh R, Huda I, Nabi AT. Assessment of sagittal condylar guidance with protrusive inter-occlusal method, panoramic radiographs, and lateral cephalogram: A comparative study. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 2021;22:48.
23. Boel T, Sofyanti E, Sufarnap E. Analyzing menton deviation in posteroanterior cephalogram in early detection of temporomandibular disorder. International Journal of Dentistry. 2017;2017.
24. Guercio-Monaco E, De Stefano A, Impelizzeri A, Galluccio G. Association between the temporomandibular joint disc position on magnetic resonance imaging and the mandibular deviation on posteroanterior cephalogram: A cross-sectional study in adolescents. La Clinica Terapeutica 2020;171.
25. Tsai C-M, Wu F-Y, Chai J-W, Chen M-H, Kao C-T. The advantage of cone-beam computerized tomography over panoramic radiography and temporomandibular joint quadruple radiography in assessing temporomandibular joint osseous degenerative changes. Journal of Dental Sciences 2020;15:153-162.
26. Im Y-G, Lee J-S, Park J-I, Lim H-S, Kim B-G, Kim J-H. Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of panoramic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) radiography to detect bony lesions in patients with TMJ osteoarthritis. Journal of Dental Sciences 2018;13:396-404.
27. Hekmatian E, Sharif S, Khodaian N. Digital subtraction radiography in dentistry. Dental Res I 2005;2:106-111.
28. Masood F, Katz JO, Hardman PK, Glaros AG, Spencer P. Comparison of panoramic radiography and panoramic digital subtraction radiography in the detection of simulated osteophytic lesions of the mandibular condyle. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 2002;93:626-631.
29. Pooley RA, McKinney JM, Miller DA. The AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: Digital fluoroscopy. Radiographics 2001;21:521-534.
30. Gupta P, Thombare RU, Pakhan A, Motwani B, Lakhkar B. Digital fluoroscopy in prosthodontics. Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 2011;1:105.
31. Guercio Monaco E, De Stefano AA, Hernandez-Andara A, Galluccio G. Correlation between condylar size on CT and position of the articular disc on MRI of the temporomandibular joint. CRANIO® 2019:1-8.
32. Kaimal S, Ahmad M, Kang W, Nixdorf D, Schiffman EL. Diagnostic accuracy of panoramic radiography and MRI for detecting signs of TMJ degenerative joint disease. Gen Dent 2018;66:34-40.
33. Wiese M, Wenzel A, Hintze H, et al. Osseous changes and condyle position in TMJ tomograms: Impact of RDC/TMD clinical diagnoses on agreement between expected and actual findings. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 2008;106:e52-e63.
34. Westesson P-L, Katzberg RW, Tallents RH, Sanchez-Woodworth R, Svensson S. CT and MR of the temporomandibular joint: Comparison with autopsy specimens. American Journal of Roentgenology 1987;148:1165-1171.
35. Mozzo P, Procacci C, Tacconi A, Martini PT, Andreis IB. A new volumetric CT machine for dental imaging based on the cone-beam technique: Preliminary results. European radiology 1998; 8:1558-1564.
36. Scarfe WC, Farman AG, Sukovic P. Clinical applications of cone-beam computed tomography in dental practice. Journal-Canadian Dental Association 2006;72:75.
37. Kadesjö N, Benchimol D, Falahat B, Näsström K, Shi X. Evaluation of the effective dose of cone beam CT and multislice CT for temporomandibular joint examinations at optimized exposure levels. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 2015;44(8):20150041.
38. Ludlow J, Timothy R, Walker C et al. Effective dose of dental CBCT—a meta analysis of published data and additional data for nine CBCT units. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 2015;44(1):20140197.
39. Caruso S, Storti E, Nota A, Ehsani S, Gatto R. Temporomandibular joint anatomy assessed by CBCT images. BioMed Research International 2017;2017.
40. De Boer E, Dijkstra P, Stegenga B, De Bont L, Spijkervet F. Value of cone-beam computed tomography in the process of diagnosis and management of disorders of the temporomandibular joint. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2014;52:241-246.
41. Whyte A, Boeddinghaus R, Bartley A, Vijeyaendra R. Imaging of the temporomandibular joint. Clinical Radiology 2020;76(1):76-e21.
42. Schmitter M, Gabbert O, Ohlmann B, Hassel A, Wolff D, Rammelsberg P, Kress B. Assessment of the reliability and validity of panoramic imaging for assessment of mandibular condyle morphology using both MRI and clinical examination as the gold standard. Oral surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 2006;102:220-224.
43. Westesson P, Brooks S. Temporomandibular joint: Relationship between MR evidence of effusion and the presence of pain and disk displacement. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 1992;159:559-563.
44. Gedrange T, Gredes T, Hietschold V, Kunert-Keil C, Dominiak M, Gerber H, Spassov A, Laniado M. Comparison of reference points in different methods of temporomandibular joint imaging. Advances in Medical Sciences 2012;57:157-162.
45. Yalçın S, Aktaş İ. Dişhekimliğinde Temporomandibular Eklem Hastalarına Yaklaşım. Vestiyer Yayın Grubu İstanbul 2010.
46. Aksoy S, Orhan K. Manyetik rezonans görüntülemenin dentomaksillofasiyal bölgedeki kullanım alanları. Türkiye Klinikleri Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Özel Dergisi 2010;1:44-57.
47. Arayasantiparb R, Tsuchimochi M, Mitrirattanakul S. Transformation of temporomandibular joint disc configuration in internal derangement patients using magnetic resonance imaging. Oral Science International 2012;9:43-48.
48. Afroz S, Naritani M, Hosoki H, Matsuka Y. Posterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint: A rare case report. CRANIO® 2020;38:273-278.
49. Toyama M, Kurita K, Koga K, Rivera G. Magnetic resonance arthrography of the Otemporomandibular joint. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2000;58:978-983.
50. Ogasawara T, Kitagawa Y, Ogawa T, Yamada T, Kawamura Y, Sano K. Inflammatory change in the upper joint space in temporomandibular joint with internal derangement on gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2002;31:252-256.
51. Hodler J. Technical errors in MR arthrography. Skeletal Radiology 2008;37:9-18.
52. Jäghagen EL, Ahlqvist J. Arthrography of the temporomandibular joint: Main diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Clinical Dentistry Reviewed 2020;4:1-9.
53. Matsumoto K, Sato T, Iwanari S, Kameoka S, Oki H, Komiyama K et al. The use of arthrography in the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint synovial chondromatosis. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 2013;42:15388284-15388284.
54. Li W, Wei L, Wang F, Cheng Y, Li B. Introduction of meglumine diatrizoate into the middle cranial fossa: A rare fatal complication of temporomandibular joint arthrography. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2018;29:e665-e667.
55. Melis M, Secci S, Ceneviz C. Use of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders: A review. Am J Dent 2007;20:73-78.
56. Emshoff R, Jank S, Rudisch A, Bodner G. Are high-resolution ultrasonographic signs of disc displacement valid? Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2002;60:623-628.
57. Elias FM, Birman EG, Jorge WA, Homsi C. Ultrasonography of the temporomandibular joint: Where is the disc? Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2002;60:1381.
58. Almeida FT, Pacheco-Pereira C, Flores-Mir C, Le LH, Jaremko JL, Major PW. Diagnostic ultrasound assessment of temporomandibular joints: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 2019;48:20180144.
59. Kumar LK S, Zachariah GP, Chandran S. Ultrasonography: A step forward in temporomandibular joint imaging. A preliminary descriptive study. Clinics and Practice 2019;9:65-68.
60. Motoyoshi M, Kamijo K, Numata K, Namura S. Ultrasonic imaging of the temporomandibular joint: A clinical trial for diagnosis of internal derangement. Journal of Oral Science 1998;40: 89-94.
61. Li C, Su N, Yang X, Yang X, Shi Z, Li L. Ultrasonography for detection of disc displacement of temporomandibular joint: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2012;70:1300-1309.
62. Surej Kumar L, Zachariah GP, Chandran S. Ultrasonography: A step forward in temporomandibular joint imaging. A preliminary descriptive study. Clinics and Practice 2019;9.
63. Landes C, Walendzik H, Klein C. Sonography of the temporomandibular joint from 60 examinations and comparison with MRI and axiography. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 2000;28:352-361.
64. Zwir LF, Terreri MT, e Castro AdA, Rodrigues WD, Fernandes ARC. Is power doppler ultrasound useful to evaluate temporomandibular joint inflammatory activity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis? Clinical Rheumatology 2019:1-4.
65. Friedman SN, Grushka M, Beituni HK, Rehman M, Bressler HB et al. Advanced Ultrasound Screening for Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Internal Derangement. Radiology Research and Practice 2020;2020:1809690.
66. Yılmaz D, Kamburoğlu K. Comparison of the effectiveness of high resolution ultrasound with MRI in patients with temporomandibular joint dısorders. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 2019;48:20180349.
67. Gündoğdu EA, Özgenç E, Ekinci M, Özdemir Dİ, Aşikoğlu M. Nükleer tıpta görüntüleme ve tedavide kullanılan radyofarmasötikler. Literatür Eczacılık Bilimleri Dergisi 2018;7:24-34.
68. Başaran M, Bozdemir E. Güncel Literatür Işığında temporomandibular eklem rahatsızlıklarında kullanılan görüntüleme yöntemleri. Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2020;3(1):15-26.
69. Hu Y, Kuang B, Chen Y, Shu J. Imaging features for diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumor of the temporomandibular joint: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e7383.