Doğa ile Deneyim Arasında Niteler ve Fenomenal Bilinç Sorunu

Öz

Bu makale, niteler (qualia) ve fenomenal bilinç sorununu çağdaş doğalcı (natüralist) yaklaşımlar bağlamında ele almakta ve bu sorunun formülasyonunun bizzat doğa anlayışının sınırları tarafından belirlendiğini savunmaktadır. Modern bilimin kartezyen kuruluşuna dayanan doğa anlayışı, doğa ve deneyim arasındaki ayrımı merkeze alarak doğayı zihinden bağımsız bir gerçeklik olarak düşünür. Bu doğrultuda şekillenen fiziksellik kavramı, zihinsel olmayan olarak tanımlanmakta ve yaşam kavramı, öznellikten ayrılarak mekanik düzeyde açıklanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda doğa anlayışına dayanan her açıklama, fenomenal düzeyi dışlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla, fiziksel süreçlerden yola çıkarak, deneyimin öznelliğine bağlı olan niteler gibi fenomenal unsurların açıklanması bütünüyle problematik hale gelmektedir. Makalenin amacı, modern mekanik doğa anlayışına yön veren doğa-deneyim ayrımının fenomenal bilinç sorununu çıkmaza sürüklediğini ve bu nedenle bilinci açıklamak için elverişli bir kavramsal temel olmadığını ortaya koyarak; doğa ve deneyim arasındaki ilişkiyi yeniden düşünen bir yaklaşımın gerekli olduğunu savunmaktır. Bu doğrultuda, fizikselliğin deneyimden ayrı düşünülmesinin yol açtığı açmazlar saptanmakta ve yaşayan bedenin bir özne, bilinçli ve anlam üreten bir organizma olarak yeniden kavramsallaştırılması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• niteler
• fenomenal bilinç sorunu
• açıklama boşluğu
• zor sorun
• fizikalizm
• mekanik doğa anlayışı

The Problem of Qualia Between Nature and Experience

Öz

This article examines the problem of qualia and phenomenal consciousness within the framework of contemporary naturalist approaches. It argues that the very formulation of this problem is shaped by the conceptual limits of our prevailing understanding of nature. Rooted in the Cartesian foundations of modern science, this conception of nature places a fundamental divide between nature and experience. Accordingly, the concept of physicality is defined independently of experience, and the concept of life is explained at a mechanical level, stripped of subjectivity. On this basis, any explanatory framework grounded in such an understanding of nature tends to exclude the phenomenal dimension. As a result, attempts to account for phenomenal properties like qualia, those tied to the subjectivity of experience, purely in terms of physical processes become deeply problematic. The aim of this article is to show that the modern mechanical conception of nature, shaped by a dualistic division between nature and experience, leads to a conceptual impasse in explaining consciousness. It argues that this conception fails to provide a suitable conceptual ground for such an explanation, and that a rethinking of the relationship between nature and experience is necessary. In this context, the paper exposes the explanatory difficulties arising from the separation of physicality from experience and emphasizes the need to reconceptualize the living body as a subject; a conscious and sense-making organism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• qualia
• phenomenal consciousness
• explanatory gap
• hard problem
• physicalism
• the mechanical theory of nature

Kaynakça

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