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Türkiye’de kamu eğitim harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin incelenmesi: İl düzeyinde bir analiz

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 52 Sayı: 1, 203 - 237, 30.06.2025

Mustafa Çelen , Ebru Çağlayan Akay , Serdar Yılmaz

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de il düzeyinde kamu eğitim harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini, 2009–2021 dönemini kapsayan yıllık panel verileri kullanarak incelemektedir. Temel bulgu, ekonomik büyüme ile kamu eğitim harcamaları arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin heterojen olduğunu; bir ilden diğerine değişiklik gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Toplam kamu eğitim harcamaları, ilköğretim ve ortaöğretim harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasında çoğu ilde bir nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmamakla birlikte, 81 ilin 41’inde yükseköğretim harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasında tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Panel nedensellik Kamu eğitim harcamaları İl düzeyinde ekonomik büyüme il düzeyinde kamu eğitim harcamaları

Kaynakça

  • References
  • AFSAR, M. (2009), “Türkiye’de Eğitim Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9 (1), 85-98. https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423869552.pdf
  • ALTUNC, O. F. (2011), “Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye’ye İlişkin Ampirik Kanıtlar”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 18 (2), 147-157. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yonveek/issue/13695/165751
  • AROCA, P., BOSCH, M. and HEWINGS, G. J. D. (2004), Regional Growth and Convergence in Chile 1960-1998: The Role of Public and Foreign Direct Investment, in AROCA, P. & HEWINGS, G. J. D. (eds.) Structure and Structural Change in the Chilean Economy, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • ARISOY, I. (2005), “Turkiye’de Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi (1950-2003)’’, Turkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Tartışma Metni, 2005/15. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6379627.pdf
  • BAĞDİGEN, M. ve BEŞER, B. (2009), “Ekonomik Büyüme ile Kamu Harcamaları Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisinin Wagner Tezi Kapsamında Bir Analizi: Türkiye Örneği”, ZKU Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5 (9), 1-17. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijmeb/issue/54834/750730
  • BARRO, R.J. (1991), “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (2), 407-443.
  • BARRO, R.J. and SALA-I MARTIN, X. (1992), “Convergence”, Journal of Political Economy, 100, 223-251.
  • BARRO, R.J. and SALA-I MARTIN, X. (1995), Economic Growth, London: The MIT Press.
  • BAŞAR, S., AKSU, H., TEMURLENK, M.S ve POLAT, O. (2009), “Türkiye’de Kamu Harcamaları ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 13 (1), 301-314.
  • BAYRAKDAR, S., DEMEZ, S. ve YAPAR, M. (2015), “Testing the Validity of Wagner’s Law: 1998-2004 The Case of Turkey”, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 493-500. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042815037301
  • BLANKEANU, W.F., (2005), “Public Schooling, College Subsidies and Growth” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 29, 487-507.
  • BREITUNG, J. (2005), “A Parametric Approach to the Estimation of Cointegration Vectors in Panel Data”, Econometric Reviews, 24, 151-173.
  • BREUSCH, T.S. and PAGAN, A.R. (1980): “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics,” Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-253.
  • BUSEMEYER, M. R. (2007), “Determinants of Public Education Spending in 21 OECD Democracies, 1980–2001”, Journal of European Public Policy, 14 (4), 582-610.
  • ÇELEBİOĞLU, F. and DALL’ERBA, S. (2010), “Spatial Disparities Across the Regions of Turkey: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis”, The Annals of Regional Science, 45, 379–400. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225527023_Spatial_Disparities_Across_the_Regions_of_Turkey_An_Exploratory_Spatial_Data_Analysis
  • DORNBUSCH, R., FISCHER, S. and RICHARD, S. (2011). Macroeconomics (11th,). New York: McGraw Hill
  • DUMITRESCU, E.I. and HURLIN, C. (2012), “Testing for Cranger Non-causality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Econ. Model, 29 (4), 1450–1460.
  • EASTERLY, E. and REBELO, S., (1993), “Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, 417-458.
  • ECKSTEIN, Z. and ZILCHA, I., (1994), “The Effects of Compulsory Schooling on Growth, Income Distribution and Welfare”, Journal of Public Economics, 53, 339-359.
  • FUJITA, M. and HU, D. (2001), “Regional Disparity in China 1985-1994: The Effects of Globalization and Economic Liberalization” Annals of Regional Science, 35, 3-37.
  • GACENER, A. (2005), “Türkiye Açısından Wagner Kanunu’nun Geçerliliğinin Analizi”, D. E. Ü. İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 20 (1), 103-122. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/deuiibfd/issue/22754/242880
  • GLOMM, G. and RAVIKUMAR, B., (1997), “Productive Government Expenditures and Long-run Growth”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 21, 183-204.
  • GRANGER, C. W . J. (2003), Some Aspects of Causal Relationships, Journal of Econometrics, 112, 69-71.
  • GRILICHES, Z. (1997), “Education, Human Capital and Growth: A Personal Perspective”, Journal of Labor Economics, 15 (1), 330-344.
  • GÜL, E. ve Yavuz, H. (2010), “AB’nin Yeni Üyeleri ile Türkiye’de Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: 1996-2008 Dönemi”, Maliye Dergisi, 158, 164-178. https://library.dogus.edu.tr/mvt/pdf.php
  • GUPTA, S. (1967), “Public Expenditure and Economic Growth: A Time-series Analysis”, Public Finance, 22, 423-461.
  • HENREKSON, M. (1993), “Wagner’s Law—A Spurious Relationship?”, Public Finance, 46 (3): 406-15.
  • IM, K. S., PESARAN, M. H. and SHIN, Y. (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74.
  • KANCA, O. C. (2011), “Kamu Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi 1980-2008”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25 (1), 75-92. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/30345
  • KARAALP-ORHAN, H. S. (2020), “Regional Disparities in Turkey: A Socio-Economic Perspective”, European Journal of Sustainable Development, 9 (3), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p103
  • KEYNES, J.M. (1936), The General Theory of Interest, Employment and Money, London: McMillan.
  • KOLLURI, B., PANIK, M. and WHAB, M. (2000), “Government Expenditure and Economic Growth: Evidence from G7 Countries”, Applied Economics, 32, 1059-1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368400322110
  • KRUEGER, A. and LINDAHL, M., (2001), “Education for Growth: Why and for Whom?” Journal of Economic Literature, 39, 1101-1136.
  • LALL, S. and YILMAZ, S. (2001). “Regional Economic Convergence: Do Policy Instruments Make Difference?” Annals of Regional Science, 35, 153-166.
  • LEVINE, R. and RENELT, D., (1992) “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-country Growth Regressions”, American Economic Review, 82, 942-963.
  • LUCAS, R., (1988) “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 3-42.
  • NORD, S. (1983), “On the Determinants of Public Education Expenditures”, The American Economist, 27 (2), 21-28.
  • OKTAYER, A. (2011), “Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kamu Harcamaları Arasındaki İlişkinin Ampirik Analizi: 1950-2009”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 61 (1), 261-282. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iuifm/issue/815/8904
  • PESARAN, M. H. (2006), “Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure”, Econometrica, 74, 967-1012.
  • PESARAN, M. H. (2007), “A simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • PESARAN, M. H., and YAMAGATA, T. (2008), “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142 (1), 50-93.
  • PESARAN M.H., (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240. https://ssrn.com/abstract¼572504
  • REY, S. and MONTOURI, B. (1999) “US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Economic Perspective”, Regional Studies, 33, 143-156.
  • ROMAR, P. (1986) “Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 94 (5), 1002-37.
  • ROSTOW, W. W., (1959) “The Stages of Economic Growth.” Economic History Review, 12, 1, 1–16.
  • SARGIN, S., (2007) “Türkiye’de Üniversitelerin Gelişim Süreci ve Bölgesel Dağılımı”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3 (5), 133-150. Microsoft Word - 8.doc
  • SAYGILI, H. and OZDEMIR, K. A., (2017), “Regional Economic Growth in Turkey: The Effects of Physical, Social and Financial Infrastructure Investments”, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Working Paper No: 17/16. http://wp1716.pdf (tcmb.gov.tr)
  • SELEN, U. ve ERYİĞİT, K. (2009), “Yapısal Kırılmaların Varlığında Wagner Kanunu Türkiye İçin Geçerli mi?”, Maliye Dergisi, 156, 177-198. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2019/09/11.Ufuk_.SELEN_Kadir.ERYigiT.pdf
  • SOLOW, R. M. (1956), “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65-69.
  • SWAMY, P. A. (1970), “Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 38, 311-323
  • SWAN, T. W. (1956), “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation”, Economic Record, 32 (2), 334-361.
  • TEMPLE, J. (1999), “The New Growth Evidence”, Journal of Economic Literature, 37 (1), 112-156.
  • TSUNG-HAO, W., SHU-BIG, L. ve SHUN-JEN, H. (2016), “The Causal Relationship Between Economic Policy Uncertainty and Stock Market: A Panel Data Analysis”, International Economic Journal, 30 (1), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2015.1136668
  • TUNA, K. (2013), “Turkiye’de Wagner Kanunu’nun Geçerliliğinin Test Edilmesi”, İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1 (3), 54-57. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iicder/issue/31641/347013.
  • WU, T. P., Liu, S. B., and Hsueh, S. J. (2016). “The Causal Relationship between Economic Policy Uncertainty and Stock Market: A Panel Data Analysis”, International Economic Journal, 30(1), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2015.1136668.
  • YILDIRIM, N., DENİZ, H. ve HEPSAĞ, A. (2011), “Do Public Education Expenditures Really Lead to Economic Growth? Evidence from Turkey”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 65, 12-24. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289212910_Do_public_education_expenditures_really_lead_to_economic_growth_Evidence_from_Turkey

An investigation of causal relationship between public education expenditures and economic growth in Turkiye: Evidence from provincial level analysis

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 52 Sayı: 1, 203 - 237, 30.06.2025

Mustafa Çelen , Ebru Çağlayan Akay , Serdar Yılmaz

Öz

This paper investigates the causal relationship between educational expenditures and economic growth in Turkiye at the provincial level by using annual panel data covering the period 2009-2021. The main finding suggests that the causal relationship between economic growth and public education spending is heterogenous: it varies from one province to the other. Although there is no causal relationship between total and primary and secondary education expenditures and economic growth in a majority of provinces, there is a unidirectional causal relationship between higher education expenditures and economic growth in 41 out of 81 provinces.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Panel causality Public education expenditures Provincial level economic growth Provincial level public education expenditures

Kaynakça

  • References
  • AFSAR, M. (2009), “Türkiye’de Eğitim Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9 (1), 85-98. https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423869552.pdf
  • ALTUNC, O. F. (2011), “Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye’ye İlişkin Ampirik Kanıtlar”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 18 (2), 147-157. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yonveek/issue/13695/165751
  • AROCA, P., BOSCH, M. and HEWINGS, G. J. D. (2004), Regional Growth and Convergence in Chile 1960-1998: The Role of Public and Foreign Direct Investment, in AROCA, P. & HEWINGS, G. J. D. (eds.) Structure and Structural Change in the Chilean Economy, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • ARISOY, I. (2005), “Turkiye’de Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi (1950-2003)’’, Turkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Tartışma Metni, 2005/15. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6379627.pdf
  • BAĞDİGEN, M. ve BEŞER, B. (2009), “Ekonomik Büyüme ile Kamu Harcamaları Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisinin Wagner Tezi Kapsamında Bir Analizi: Türkiye Örneği”, ZKU Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5 (9), 1-17. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijmeb/issue/54834/750730
  • BARRO, R.J. (1991), “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (2), 407-443.
  • BARRO, R.J. and SALA-I MARTIN, X. (1992), “Convergence”, Journal of Political Economy, 100, 223-251.
  • BARRO, R.J. and SALA-I MARTIN, X. (1995), Economic Growth, London: The MIT Press.
  • BAŞAR, S., AKSU, H., TEMURLENK, M.S ve POLAT, O. (2009), “Türkiye’de Kamu Harcamaları ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 13 (1), 301-314.
  • BAYRAKDAR, S., DEMEZ, S. ve YAPAR, M. (2015), “Testing the Validity of Wagner’s Law: 1998-2004 The Case of Turkey”, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 493-500. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042815037301
  • BLANKEANU, W.F., (2005), “Public Schooling, College Subsidies and Growth” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 29, 487-507.
  • BREITUNG, J. (2005), “A Parametric Approach to the Estimation of Cointegration Vectors in Panel Data”, Econometric Reviews, 24, 151-173.
  • BREUSCH, T.S. and PAGAN, A.R. (1980): “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics,” Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-253.
  • BUSEMEYER, M. R. (2007), “Determinants of Public Education Spending in 21 OECD Democracies, 1980–2001”, Journal of European Public Policy, 14 (4), 582-610.
  • ÇELEBİOĞLU, F. and DALL’ERBA, S. (2010), “Spatial Disparities Across the Regions of Turkey: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis”, The Annals of Regional Science, 45, 379–400. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225527023_Spatial_Disparities_Across_the_Regions_of_Turkey_An_Exploratory_Spatial_Data_Analysis
  • DORNBUSCH, R., FISCHER, S. and RICHARD, S. (2011). Macroeconomics (11th,). New York: McGraw Hill
  • DUMITRESCU, E.I. and HURLIN, C. (2012), “Testing for Cranger Non-causality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Econ. Model, 29 (4), 1450–1460.
  • EASTERLY, E. and REBELO, S., (1993), “Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, 417-458.
  • ECKSTEIN, Z. and ZILCHA, I., (1994), “The Effects of Compulsory Schooling on Growth, Income Distribution and Welfare”, Journal of Public Economics, 53, 339-359.
  • FUJITA, M. and HU, D. (2001), “Regional Disparity in China 1985-1994: The Effects of Globalization and Economic Liberalization” Annals of Regional Science, 35, 3-37.
  • GACENER, A. (2005), “Türkiye Açısından Wagner Kanunu’nun Geçerliliğinin Analizi”, D. E. Ü. İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 20 (1), 103-122. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/deuiibfd/issue/22754/242880
  • GLOMM, G. and RAVIKUMAR, B., (1997), “Productive Government Expenditures and Long-run Growth”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 21, 183-204.
  • GRANGER, C. W . J. (2003), Some Aspects of Causal Relationships, Journal of Econometrics, 112, 69-71.
  • GRILICHES, Z. (1997), “Education, Human Capital and Growth: A Personal Perspective”, Journal of Labor Economics, 15 (1), 330-344.
  • GÜL, E. ve Yavuz, H. (2010), “AB’nin Yeni Üyeleri ile Türkiye’de Kamu Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: 1996-2008 Dönemi”, Maliye Dergisi, 158, 164-178. https://library.dogus.edu.tr/mvt/pdf.php
  • GUPTA, S. (1967), “Public Expenditure and Economic Growth: A Time-series Analysis”, Public Finance, 22, 423-461.
  • HENREKSON, M. (1993), “Wagner’s Law—A Spurious Relationship?”, Public Finance, 46 (3): 406-15.
  • IM, K. S., PESARAN, M. H. and SHIN, Y. (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74.
  • KANCA, O. C. (2011), “Kamu Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi 1980-2008”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25 (1), 75-92. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/30345
  • KARAALP-ORHAN, H. S. (2020), “Regional Disparities in Turkey: A Socio-Economic Perspective”, European Journal of Sustainable Development, 9 (3), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p103
  • KEYNES, J.M. (1936), The General Theory of Interest, Employment and Money, London: McMillan.
  • KOLLURI, B., PANIK, M. and WHAB, M. (2000), “Government Expenditure and Economic Growth: Evidence from G7 Countries”, Applied Economics, 32, 1059-1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368400322110
  • KRUEGER, A. and LINDAHL, M., (2001), “Education for Growth: Why and for Whom?” Journal of Economic Literature, 39, 1101-1136.
  • LALL, S. and YILMAZ, S. (2001). “Regional Economic Convergence: Do Policy Instruments Make Difference?” Annals of Regional Science, 35, 153-166.
  • LEVINE, R. and RENELT, D., (1992) “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-country Growth Regressions”, American Economic Review, 82, 942-963.
  • LUCAS, R., (1988) “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 3-42.
  • NORD, S. (1983), “On the Determinants of Public Education Expenditures”, The American Economist, 27 (2), 21-28.
  • OKTAYER, A. (2011), “Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kamu Harcamaları Arasındaki İlişkinin Ampirik Analizi: 1950-2009”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 61 (1), 261-282. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iuifm/issue/815/8904
  • PESARAN, M. H. (2006), “Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure”, Econometrica, 74, 967-1012.
  • PESARAN, M. H. (2007), “A simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • PESARAN, M. H., and YAMAGATA, T. (2008), “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142 (1), 50-93.
  • PESARAN M.H., (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240. https://ssrn.com/abstract¼572504
  • REY, S. and MONTOURI, B. (1999) “US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Economic Perspective”, Regional Studies, 33, 143-156.
  • ROMAR, P. (1986) “Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 94 (5), 1002-37.
  • ROSTOW, W. W., (1959) “The Stages of Economic Growth.” Economic History Review, 12, 1, 1–16.
  • SARGIN, S., (2007) “Türkiye’de Üniversitelerin Gelişim Süreci ve Bölgesel Dağılımı”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3 (5), 133-150. Microsoft Word - 8.doc
  • SAYGILI, H. and OZDEMIR, K. A., (2017), “Regional Economic Growth in Turkey: The Effects of Physical, Social and Financial Infrastructure Investments”, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Working Paper No: 17/16. http://wp1716.pdf (tcmb.gov.tr)
  • SELEN, U. ve ERYİĞİT, K. (2009), “Yapısal Kırılmaların Varlığında Wagner Kanunu Türkiye İçin Geçerli mi?”, Maliye Dergisi, 156, 177-198. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2019/09/11.Ufuk_.SELEN_Kadir.ERYigiT.pdf
  • SOLOW, R. M. (1956), “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65-69.
  • SWAMY, P. A. (1970), “Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 38, 311-323
  • SWAN, T. W. (1956), “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation”, Economic Record, 32 (2), 334-361.
  • TEMPLE, J. (1999), “The New Growth Evidence”, Journal of Economic Literature, 37 (1), 112-156.
  • TSUNG-HAO, W., SHU-BIG, L. ve SHUN-JEN, H. (2016), “The Causal Relationship Between Economic Policy Uncertainty and Stock Market: A Panel Data Analysis”, International Economic Journal, 30 (1), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2015.1136668
  • TUNA, K. (2013), “Turkiye’de Wagner Kanunu’nun Geçerliliğinin Test Edilmesi”, İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1 (3), 54-57. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iicder/issue/31641/347013.
  • WU, T. P., Liu, S. B., and Hsueh, S. J. (2016). “The Causal Relationship between Economic Policy Uncertainty and Stock Market: A Panel Data Analysis”, International Economic Journal, 30(1), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2015.1136668.
  • YILDIRIM, N., DENİZ, H. ve HEPSAĞ, A. (2011), “Do Public Education Expenditures Really Lead to Economic Growth? Evidence from Turkey”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 65, 12-24. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289212910_Do_public_education_expenditures_really_lead_to_economic_growth_Evidence_from_Turkey
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Büyüme, Bölgesel Ekonomi, Kamu Ekonomisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mustafa Çelen 0000-0001-5876-2241

Ebru Çağlayan Akay 0000-0002-9998-5334

Serdar Yılmaz 0000-0003-4105-709X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 52 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelen, M., Çağlayan Akay, E., & Yılmaz, S. (2025). An investigation of causal relationship between public education expenditures and economic growth in Turkiye: Evidence from provincial level analysis. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 52(1), 203-237.
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