The Manifestations of Zionism as State Ideology, Social Mo-bilization, and Foreign Policy Interaction in Israel: Understanding Statist Zionism (Mamlahtiyut), Neo-Zionism, and Christian Zionism

Öz

This article examines Zionism from three perspectives: its role as Israel's state ideology (Mamlahtiyut), its crystallization in right-wing and nationalist consolidation (Neo-Zionism), and ultimately, Neo-Zionism’s efforts to disp-lace internal settlers while expanding Israel's external political influence (Christian Zionism). Emerging in the 19th century as a nation-state ideology and social movement, Zionism played a decisive role in shaping Jewish na-tional identity and the establishment of the State of Israel. The article analy-zes the historical, ideological, and political manifestations of Zionism along this triadic trajectory, considering its foundational role while also discussing the influence of these three dimensions on Israel’s intellectual and institutio-nal development. The study observes that Zionism emerged as the founding ideology of the Israeli state and maintained a hegemonic position until the late 1960s under the ideological framework known as Socialist Zionism. However, the article argues that this ideological framework does not repre-sent the singular or dominant face of Zionism, which instead embodies a multi-layered structure. This diversity reflects Zionism's ability to reorganize itself through ideological conflicts, transform society, and interact with external ideas. One of the article’s central theses is that Zionism is not a sta-tic, local, or monolithic political idea and strategy. Rather, it exhibits signifi-cant adaptability to changing contexts and pragmatic responses to prevai-ling conditions, as explored throughout the discussion. The study adopts a historical and analytical perspective to examine the evolution of Zionism, its ideological transformations, and its external interactions across different periods. The first section focuses on Mamlahtiyut, or statist Zionism, analy-zing Israel's centralization process as a state, the indoctrination of social collectivism, and efforts to construct political unity. Following the wea-kening of Mamlahtiyut-oriented political blocs after the 1967 War, alternati-ve right-wing and nationalist groups began to ascend. The second section of the article examines Neo-Zionism as the ideological backdrop to this politi-cal transformation and the rise of new elites, emphasizing that the consoli-dation of Neo-Zionist elites became more evident with the ascendancy of Benjamin Netanyahu. The final section addresses Christian Zionism in terms of its historical trajectory, foundational ideas, and interactions with contemporary Israeli politics. While often excluded from mainstream Zionist interpretations, Christian Zionism is portrayed as a significant intellectual movement, social force, and lobbying group with which Israeli elites enga-ged, particularly during Netanyahu's administrations. As highlighted in the concluding part of the article, Neo-Zionist interactions with Christian Zio-nists facilitated the importation of key concepts from American right-wing politics into Israeli political discourse, including leadership typologies, politi-cal contradictions, and alternative institutional frameworks. Mapping and understanding Christian Zionism, therefore, is crucial for deciphering the current right-wing political rhetoric in Israel.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Israel
• Zionism
• Mamlachtiut
• Neo-Zionism
• Christian Zionism

İsrail’de Devlet İdeolojisi, Toplumsal Mobilizasyon ve Dış Politika Etkileşimi Olarak Siyonizmin Görünümleri: Devletçi Siyonizm (Mamlahtiyut), Neo-Siyonizm, Hristiyan-Siyonizmi Anlamlandırmak

Öz

Bu makale, Siyonizm'i İsrail'de devlet ideolojisi (mamlahtiyut), sağ ve milliyetçi konsolidasyonun billurlaşması (neo-siyonizm) ve nihayetinde Neo-Siyonizmin iç yerleşikleri tasfiyesi ve dış politik etkileşim alanını genişletmesi (Hristiyan Siyonizm) açılarından incelemektedir. 19. yüzyılda bir ulus-devlet ideolojisi ve toplumsal hareket olarak ortaya çıkan Siyonizm'in, Ya-hudi ulusal kimliğinin oluşumunda ve devletin kuruluşunda oynadığı belir-leyici rol önemlidir. Makale, Siyonizm'in kurucu rolünü göz önünde bulun-durarak bunun yanında bu üçlü rotada tarihsel, ideolojik ve politik tezahür-lerini analiz etmiştir. Bu üç rotanın İsrail'in fikirsel ve kurumsal süreçlerinin şekillenmesindeki rollerini tartışmaktadır. Makale, Siyonizm'in İsrail devleti-nin kurucu ideolojisi olarak ortaya çıkışını ve Sosyalist Siyonizm olarak ad-landırılan bir ideolojik akımla 1967’lere kadar olan hegemonik pozisyonunu sürdürdüğünü gözlemlemiştir. Fakat bu ideolojik görünümün Siyonizm’in tekil ve baskın yüzü olmadığı bilakis bu fikrin çok katmanlı bir yapıya sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çeşitliliğin Siyonizm'in ideolojik çatışmalarla yeniden düzenlenişi, toplumu dönüştürme gücü ve dış fikirlerle etkileşim kapasitesini yansıttığı makalenin temel tezlerinden birisidir. Siyonizm statik, yerel ve monoblok bir siyasi fikir ve strateji olmanın ötesindedir. Makalede işlendiği şekliyle Siyonizmin konjonktüre uyumluluğu ve koşulların zorunluluğu içe-risindeki pragmatizmi dikkat çekicidir. Bu çalışmada, Siyonizm'in farklı dö-nemlerdeki gelişimi, ideolojik dönüşümleri ve dışsal etkileşimleri tarihsel ve analitik bir perspektifle ele almaktadır. İlk bölümde Mamlahtiyut yani dev-letçi Siyonizm üzerinden ilerlenmiş ve İsrail’in bir devlet olarak merkezileş-me süreci, toplumsal kolektivizmin endoktrinasyonu ve siyasal birliği inşa etme çabaları analiz edilmiştir. 1967 Savaşı sonrası zayıflayan mamlahtiyut-çu politik bloklar yerlerini alternatif sağ ve milliyetçi kadrolara bırakmaya başlamıştır. Makalenin ikinci bölümü bu yeni politik dönüşümünün ve elitle-rin yükselişinin ideolojik arkaplanı olarak Neo-Siyonizmi ele almaktadır. Fakat makalede de vurgulandığı üzere Neo-Siyonist elitlerin konsolidasyonu Binyamin Netanyahu’nun iktidara gelişiyle netlik kazanmıştır. Makalenin son bölümünde ise Hristiyan Siyonizm tarihsel izlek, temel fikir havuzu ve İsrail’in güncel siyasetiyle etkileşimleri açılarından ele alınmıştır. Hristiyan Siyonizm her ne kadar genel Siyonist okumaların dışında tutulsa da İsrail’de Netanyahu hükümetleri boyunca İsrailli elitlerin etkileşimde olduğu fikirsel akım, toplumsal hareket ve lobi grubu olarak görülebilir. Makalenin son bö-lümünde altı çizildiği şekliyle Neo-Siyonistlerin Hristiyan Siyonistlerle etkile-şimi İsrail siyasetinde ABD sağ siyasetinin temel kavramlarını yani lider ti-polojilerinin, politik çelişkilerin ve alternatif kurumların ihracına da imkân tanımıştır. Bu açıdan Hristiyan Siyonizmi anlamlandırmak ve haritalandır-mak İsrail’in güncel sağ politik retoriğini çözümlemek açısından önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İsrail
• Siyonizm
• Mamlahtiyut
• Neo-Siyonizm
• Hristiyan Siyonizmi

Kaynakça

1. Abrams, Elliott. "The Settlement Obsession: Both Israel and the United Sta-tes Miss the Obstacles to Peace". ed. Breaking The Silence - Gadi Taub. Foreign Affairs 90/4 (2011), 142-152.
2. Alnaqib, Saafya. "American Evangelicals' Unique Support for Israel". Blog Post. The Chicago Council on Global Affairs. The Chicago Council on Global Affairs. 30 Eylül 2024. Erişim 30 Ekim 2024. https://globalaffairs.org/commentary-and-analysis/blogs/american-evangelicals-unique-support-israel
3. Alper, Becka A. "Modest Warming in U.S. Views on Israel and Palestinians". Pew Research Center (blog), 26 Mayıs 2022. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/05/26/modest-warming-in-u-s-views-on-israel- and-palestinians/
4. Ariel, Yaakov. "An Unexpected Alliance: Christian Zionism and Its Histori-cal Significance". Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience 26/1 (01 Şubat 2006), 74-100. https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjj005
5. Avineri, Shlomo. The Making of Modern Zionism: The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State. Hachette UK, 2017.
6. Bridges for Peace. "Our Vision - Bridges for PeaceBridges for Peace". Erişim 13 Kasım 2024. https://www.bridgesforpeace.com/meet-us/our-vision/
7. Ceylan, Tuğçe Ersoy. "İsrail'de Liberal Demokratlığın ve Etnik Milliyetçiliğin İdeolojik Yansıması: Post-Siyonizm ve Neo-Siyonizm". Marmara Üni-versitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi 8/2 (30 Eylül 2020), 430-450. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.783471
8. Chetrit, Sami Shalom. "Mizrahi Politics in Israel: Between Integration and Alternative". Journal of Palestine Studies 29/4 (01 Temmuz 2000), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.2307/2676561

9. Chetty, Irvin G. "The New Apostolic Reformation and Christian Zionism". Journal for the Study of Religion 27/2 (2014), 297-312.
10. Clark, Victoria. Allies for Armageddon: The Rise of Christian Zionism. Yale University Press, 2007.
11. Cohen, Jeremy. "Puritans, Jews, and the End of Days". The Salvation of Is-rael: Jews in Christian Eschatology from Paul to the Puritans. ed. Je-remy Cohen. Cornell University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501764721.003.0010
12. Cohen, Mitchell. Zion and State: Nation, Class, and the Shaping of Modern Israel. Columbia University Press, 1992.
13. Conforti, Yitzhak. "'The New Jew' in the Zionist Movement: Ideology and Historiography", 2011. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/%22The-New-Jew%22-in-the-Zionist-Movement%3A-Ideology- and-Conforti/e5e7c59082d1af25506d6dc4d3d3b16249537c4b
14. Cufi. “Israel's New 'Nation-State Law' Embodies Everything Christian Zio-nism Stands For". Christians United for Israel (blog), 26 Temmuz 2018. https://www.cufi.org.uk/opinion-analysis/israels-new-nation-state-law- embodies-everything-christian-zionism-stands-for/
15. Çınkara, Gökhan. Sosyalist Siyonist işçi partilerinin kurumsal ve ideolojik kökenleri (1897-1935). Ankara Universitesi (Turkey), 2020.
16. Dayan, Hilla. "הניאו־ציונות: דיוקן סוציולוגי (Ha-Neo-Tziyonut: Diyukan Sotsiolo-gi)". Tiorya U'Vikoret 52 (Yaz 2020), 87- 112.
17. Don-Yehiya, Eliezer - Liebman, Charles S. "The Symbol System of Zionist-Socialism: An Aspect of Israeli Civil Religion". Modern Judaism 1/2 (1981), 121-148.
18. Don‐Yehiya, Eliezer. "Jewish Messianism, religious Zionism and Israeli poli-tics: the impact and origins of Gush Emunim". Middle Eastern Studies 23/2 (01 Nisan 1987), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263208708700702
19. Dowland, Seth. "'Family Values' and the Formation of a Christian Right Agenda". Church History 78/3 (2009), 606-631.
20. Durbin, Sean. "Christian Zionism in the United States, 1930–2020". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.1205
21. Enarson, John. "Christian Zionists Have Long Supported Judicial Reform in Israel. Here Is Why". Israel365 News (blog), 28 Mart 2023. https://israel365news.com/368934/christian-zionists-have-long-supported-judicial- reform-in-israel-here-is-why/
22. Fink, Steven. "Fear Under Construction: Islamophobia Within American Christian Zionism". Islamophobia Studies Journal 2/1 (2014), 26-43. https://doi.org/10.13169/islastudj.2.1.0026
23. Friedman, Menachem. "The Structural Foundation for Religio-Political Ac-commodation in Israel: Fallacy and Reality". Israel. ed. S. Ilan Troen - Noah Lucas. 51-82. The First Decade of Independence. State University of New York Press, 1995. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.18254265.8
24. Goldman, Samuel. God’s Country: Christian Zionism in America. Phila-delphia (Pa.): University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
25. Guth, James L. God's Country: Christian Zionism in America. Perspectives on Politics. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592719000094
26. Hagee, John. Jerusalem Countdown: A Warning to the World. Frontline, First Edition., 2005.
27. HaMichlol. "Neo-Siyonut". HaMichlol-Ensiklopediya HaYehudit. 2024. Eri-şim 10 Eylül 2024. https://www.hamichlol.org.il/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95-%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA
28. Heller, Daniel Kupfert. Jabotinsky's Children: Polish Jews and the Rise of Right-Wing Zionism. Princeton: University Press, 2017.
29. Hirschhorn, Sara Yael. City on a Hilltop: American Jews and the Israeli Settler Movement. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2017.
30. Hummel, Daniel. "The New Christian Zionism". First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life 274 (01 Haziran 2017), 9-12.
31. Inbari, Motti - Bumin, Kirill. Christian Zionism in the Twenty-First Century: American Evangelical Opinion on Israel. Oxford University Press, 2024.
32. Inbari, Motti vd. "Why Do Evangelicals Support Israel?" Politics and Reli-gion 14/1 (Mart 2021), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175504831900052X
33. Jamal, Amal. "The Hegemony of Neo-Zionism and the Nationalizing State in Israel: The Meaning and Implications of the Nation-State Law". De-fining Israel. ed. Simon Rabinovitch. 159-182. The Jewish State, Democ-racy, and the Law. Hebrew Union College Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvd7w82b.10
34. Johnson, R. The Struggle Against Corruption: A Comparative Study. Sprin-ger, 2004.
35. Kaplan, Eran. The Jewish Radical Right: Revisionist Zionism and Its Ideolo-gical Legacy. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005.
36. Kedar, Nir. "Ben-Gurion's Mamlakhtiyut: Etymological and Theoretical Ro-ots". Israel Studies 7/3 (2002), 117- 133.
37. Laqueur, Walter. A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2009.
38. Laser, Rachel - Jones, Robert. Beyond the God Gap: A New Roadmap for Reaching Religious Americans on Public Policy Issues (2010).
39. Lockman, Zachary. Comrades and enemies: Arab and Jewish workers in Palestine, 1906-1948. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
40. Mark, Maya. "The Road Not Taken: Menachem Begin's Position on the For-mation of a Democratic Regime for Israel". Israel Studies Review 36/2 (2021), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.3167/isr.2021.360208
41. Mautner, Menachem. Law and the Culture of Israel. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
42. Medding, Peter Y. Mapai in Israel: Political Organisation and Government in a New Society. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
43. Medding, Peter. The Founding of Israeli Democracy, 1948-1967. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
44. Monitor, llene R. Prusher Special to The Christian Science. "Israel's Unlikely Ally: American Evangelicals: Well- Cultivated Ties Give Premier a Boost as Some US Jews Question His Hard Line". The Christian Science Moni- tor (1908-). https://www.proquest.com/hnpchristiansciencemonitor/docview/897705294/abstract/59B1A4A8A18C474EP Q/10
45. Netanyahu, Binyamin. Fighting Terrorism: How Democracies Can Defeat Domestic and International Terrorists. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001 ed., 2001.
46. Pappe, Ilan. The idea of Israel: a history of power and knowledge. London: Verso, 2014.
47. Peled, Yoav - Peled, Horit Herman. The Religionization of Israeli Society. Routledge, 2018.
48. Peled, Yoav. “Populist Protest: Mizrahim in the 2022 Elections”. Research-Gate. 2023. Erişim 07 Ocak 2025. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387437973_Populist_Protest_Mizrahim_in_the_2022_Elections
49. Pinson, Halleli. “Neo Zionist right-wing populist discourse and activism in the Israel education system”. Globalisation, Societies and Education 20/2 (15 Mart 2022), 124-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.1872372
50. Posner, Sarah. “Opinion | The Dispiriting Truth about Why Many Evange-lical Christians Support Israel”. MSNBC.com. 22 Ekim 2023. Erişim 30 Ekim 2024. https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/truth- many-evangelical-christians-support-israel-rcna121481
51. Poulantzas, Nicos Ar. State, power, socialism. London: NLB, 1978.
52. Ram, U. 2003. “Pre-, Pro-, Anti-, Post-: Socio-Political Model for Israeli Soci-ety in the Beginning of the 21st Century.” In In the Name of Security: The Sociology of Peace and War in Israel in Changing Times, edited by Majid El-Haj, and Uri Ben Eliezer, 489–508 . Haifa: Haifa University Press [Hebrew].
53. Ram, Uri. “The Future of the Past in Israel: A Sociology of Knowledge App-roach.” Making Israel. ed. Benny Morris. 202–230. University of Michi-gan Press, 2007.
54. Rais, Faiza R. "The Downfall of the Labour Party in Israel". Strategic Studies 25/1 (2005), 129-150.
55. Reichley, A. James. "Religion and Political Realignment". The Brookings Re-view 3/1 (1984), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.2307/20079853
56. Rouhana, Nadim N. - Sultany, Nimer. "Redrawing the Boundaries of Citi-zenship: Israel's New Hegemony". Journal of Palestine Studies 33/1 (2003), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2003.33.1.5
57. Rosenberg, Daniel (2011) Al Ha-Neo-Zioniut (On neo-Zionism). Teoria ve-Bikoret Fall 2011(38–39): 302–315.
58. Rynhold, Jonathan. The Arab-Israeli Conflict in American Political Culture. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
59. Sagiv, Masua. Why Israel Now? "Reclaiming Mamlakhtiyut: The Road to an Inclusive Israeli Identity". Sources Fall 2022. Erişim 09 Eylül 2024. https://www.sourcesjournal.org/articles/reclaiming-mamlakhtiyut-the-road- to-an-inclusive-israeli-identity
60. Salpeter, Eliahu. Who rules Israel? New York: Harper & Row, [1st ed.]., 1973.
61. Segev, Tom. Elvis in Jerusalem: Post-Zionism and the Americanization of Israel. Henry Holt and Company, 2003.
62. Shachar, Bezalel. Culture and Education in the Histadrut. General Federa-tion of labor In Israel HIstadrut 0 0 International Department, 1968. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED030790
63. Shafir, Gershon. Land, labor, and the origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conf-lict, 1882-1914. Berkeley: University of California Press, Updated ed., 1996.
64. Shafir, Gershon - Peled, Yoav. Being Israeli: the dynamics of multiple citi-zenship. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
65. Shalev, Chemi. "Why the Israeli Right Hates the State of Israel and Is Bent on Demolishing Its Democracy". Haaretz (22 Ocak 2019). https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2019-01-22/ty-article- magazine/.premium/why-israeli-right-hates-the-state-of-israel-and-is-bent-on-demolishing-its- democracy/0000017f-e95d-d639-af7f-e9dffe620000
66. Shalev, Michael. Labour and the Political Economy in Israel. Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1992.
67. Shapira, Anita. Israel: A History. Chicago: Brandeis University Press, 1. Ba-sım, 2012. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv102bfrj
68. Shapiro, Faydra L. "'Thank you Israel, for supporting America': the transna-tional flow of Christian Zionist resources". Identities 19/5 (01 Eylül 2012), 616-631. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2012.735616
69. Shapiro, Faydra L. Christian Zionism: Navigating the Jewish-Christian Bor-der. Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2015.
70. Shilon, Avi. Menachem Begin: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1st ed., 2012. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300189032
71. Shimoni, Gideon. The Zionist Ideology. University Press of New England [for] Brandeis University Press, 1995.
72. Shindler, Colin. The Rise of the Israeli Right: From Odessa to Hebron. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
73. Shindler, Colin. The Hebrew Republic: Israel’s Return to History. Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.
74. Spector, Stephen. Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism. Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2009.
75. Stanislawski, Michael. "(page 44)p. 44Socialist and Revisionist Zionisms, 1917–1939". Zionism: A Very Short Introduction. ed. Michael Stanis-lawski. Oxford University Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199766048.003.0005
76. Steensland, Brian - Wright, Eric L. "American Evangelicals and Conservati-ve Politics: Past, Present, and Future". Sociology Compass 8/6 (2014), 705-717. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12175
77. Sturm, Tristan. "Christian Zionism as Religious Nationalism Par Excellence". The Brown Journal of World Affairs 24/1 (2017), 7-22.
78. Sturm, Tristan. "Religion as nationalism: the religious nationalism of Ameri-can Christian Zionists". National Identities 20/3 (2018), 299-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2016.1255187
79. Swirski, Shlomo. Israel, the Oriental Majority. London; Zed Books, 1989.
80. Tamney, Joseph - Johnson, Stephen. "Explaining Support for the Moral Ma-jority". Sociological Forum 3/2 (1988), 234-255.
81. Troy, Gil. The Zionist Ideas: Visions for the Jewish Homeland—Then, Now, Tomorrow. U of Nebraska Press, 2018.
82. Turner, David. "Foundations of Antisemitism: Augustine and Christian Triumphalism". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 02 Ağustos 2012. Eri-şim 04 Kasım 2024. https://www.jpost.com/blogs/the-jewish-problem--- from-anti-judaism-to-anti-semitism/foundations-of-antisemitism-augustine-and-christian- triumphalism-365442
83. Tzfadia, Erez - Yacobi, Haim. Rethinking Israeli Space: Periphery and Iden-tity. London: Routledge, 2011. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203816998
84. Veracini, Lorenzo. "Israel-Palestine Through a Settler-Colonial Studies Lens". Interventions 21/4 (19 Mayıs 2019), 568-581. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2018.1547213
85. Wagner, Donald. "Reagan and Begin, Bibi and Jerry: The Theopolitical Alli-ance of the Likud Party with the American Christian 'Right'". Arab Studies Quarterly 20/4 (1998), 33-51.
86. Waxman, Dov. “Reviewed Work: Covenant Brothers: Evangelicals, Jews, and U.S.-Israeli Relations by Daniel G. Hummel”. Israel Studies Review Vol. 35, No. 2 (Autumn 2020), pp. 196-199 (4 pages).
87. Windmueller, Steven F. "Beyond Partnership: The Jewish Agency and the Diaspora, 1959-1971 (review)". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 14/4 (1996), 126-127.
88. Wormald, Benjamin. "Chapter 1: The Changing Religious Composition of the U.S." Pew Research Center (blog), 12 Mayıs 2015. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2015/05/12/chapter-1-the-changing-religious- composition-of-the-u-s/
89. Yadgar, Yaacov. Israel's Jewish Identity Crisis: State and Politics in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108773249
90. Yanai, Nathan. "Ben-Gurıon's Concept of 'Mamlahtıut' And The Formıng Realıty Of The State Of Israel". Jewish Political Studies Review 1/1/2 (1989), 151-177.
91. Zameret, Zvi. The Melting Pot in Israel: The Commission of Inquiry Concer-ning the Education of Immigrant Children During the Early Years of the State. State University of New York Press, 2012.