Sanal Otizm: Erken Çocuklukta Aşırı Ekran Maruziyetinin Gelişimsel Bir Riski

Yıl 2025, Sayı: Ö3 - Eğitim Bilimlerinde Yeni Yaklaşımlar, 157 - 201

Mehmet Başaran

Öz

Erken çocukluk döneminde ekran kullanımı, gelişim açısından kritik yılların önemli bir parçası olmuştur. Günümüzde ebeveynler, çocuklarını meşgul etmek amacıyla dijital cihazları bir tür dijital emzik olarak kullanabilmektedir. Çocukların bu yoğun ve kontrolsüz ekran kullanımı birçok soruna neden olmaktadır. Bunlardan biri sanal otizmdir. Sanal otizm, çok küçük yaşlarda yoğun ekran kullanımına maruz kalan çocuklarda, otizm spektrum bozukluğuna benzer belirtilerin ortaya çıkmasıyla tanımlanan gelişimsel bir risk kavramıdır. Bu çalışmada, belirlenen veri tabanlarında virtual autism ve sanal otizm anahtar sözcükleriyle yapılan taramalar sonucunda ulaşılan literatür, içerik analiz yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Bulgular, sanal otizm kavramının Türkçe literatürde henüz yer almadığını; ancak uluslararası yazında son yıllarda artan biçimde ele alındığını ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırmalar, özellikle üç yaş öncesinde uzun süreli ekran maruziyetinin, dil gelişimi, sosyal iletişim, dikkat süresi ve davranışsal düzenleme gibi gelişimsel alanlarda belirgin gecikmelere yol açabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Sanal otizme atfedilen belirtiler arasında göz teması kuramama, isme tepki vermeme, dil gecikmesi ve sosyal etkileşimde zayıflık gibi davranışsal örüntüler yer almaktadır. Bu belirtilerin OSB ile örtüşmesi, kavramın literatürde tartışılmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu açıdan sanal otizm kavramının bilimsel geçerliğine yönelik bazı eleştiriler ve kavramın tanı kategorisi olarak kullanılmasına dair endişeler de tartışılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca, sanal otizme yönelik erken müdahale ve önleme stratejileri değerlendirilmiş; erken yaşta ekran kullanımının sınırlandırılması ve ebeveyn-çocuk etkileşimi gibi sosyal etkileşim temelli gelişimsel ortamların sağlanması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

erken çocukluk , ekran maruziyeti , Sanal otizm , otizm benzeri belirtiler , gelişimsel risk

Virtual Autism: A Developmental Risk of Excessive Screen Exposure in Early Childhood

Öz

In early childhood, screen use has become an integral part of the developmental years. Today, parents may utilize digital devices as a form of digital pacifier to keep their children occupied. Such intensive and uncontrolled exposure to screens leads to a range of developmental concerns, one of which is referred to as virtual autism. Virtual autism is defined as a developmental risk concept characterized by autism-like symptoms observed in young children who are exposed to excessive screen time at very early ages. In this study, the literature retrieved through searches using the keywords virtual autism and sanal otizm across selected databases was examined through content analysis. The findings reveal that while the concept of virtual autism has not yet appeared in the Turkish literature, it has increasingly gained attention in the international research domain in recent years. Studies indicate that prolonged screen exposure before the age of three may lead to notable delays in several developmental areas, including language development, social communication, attention span, and behavioral regulation. Behavioral patterns attributed to virtual autism include lack of eye contact, failure to respond to one’s name, language delay, and weaknesses in social interaction. The overlap of these symptoms with those observed in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has sparked scholarly debate regarding the conceptual boundaries of virtual autism. Accordingly, the scientific validity of the concept and concerns about its use as a diagnostic category have also been discussed. The study further evaluates early intervention and prevention strategies related to virtual autism, emphasizing the necessity of limiting screen use in early childhood and providing socially rich, interaction-based developmental environments such as parent–child engagement.

Anahtar Kelimeler

early childhood , screen exposure , Virtual autism , autism-like symptoms , developmental risk

Kaynakça

• Aishworiya, Ramkumar vd. “Are There Bidirectional Influences between Screen Time Exposure and Social Behavioral Traits in Young Children?” Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 43/6 (2022), 362-369. https://doi.org/10.1097/dbp.0000000000001069
• Al Moussawi, Issa vd. “‘Virtual Autism’ and Excessive Screen Exposure in Children Aged 0-3 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Lebanese Con-text”. International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 11/4 (2024), 116-127. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpam.ijpam_109_24
• Ashraf, Anum - Azmat, Rabia. “The Growing Prevalence of Virtual Autism: A Cause for Concern”. Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research 5/1 (2025), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v5i1.1752
• Aslan, Melda Sultan vd. “Teknolojik alet-i̇nternet kullanımının 0-3 yaş aralı-ğındaki çocukların dil gelişimlerine etkisi”. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2/2 (2022), 434-454. https://doi.org/10.56061/fbujohs.1098866
• Bahadur, Evin - Karaca, Havva. “Growing Concern; the Relationship between Screen Time and Behavior Problems in Digital Era”. Medicine Science | In-ternational Medical Journal 12/1 (2023), 204-210. https://doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2022.12.269
• Beggiato, Anita vd. “Gender Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Di-vergence Among Specific Core Symptoms”. Autism Research 10/4 (2017), 680-689. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1715
• Bettoni, Roberta vd. “Learning and Generalization of Repetition-Based Rules in Autism”. Psychological Research 87/5 (2023), 1429-1438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01761-0
• Bhutani, Priyank vd. “Is the Screen Time Duration Affecting Children’s Lan-guage Development? A Scoping Review”. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 25 (2024), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101457
• Bishwas, Rinku vd. “Comparative Study of Traditional Autism (Autism Spect-rum Disorder) and Virtual Autism : A Clinical & Scientific Research”. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation 28/4 (2025), 332-338. https://doi.org/10.69980/ajpr.v28i4.423
• Braune‐Krickau, Katrin vd. “Smartphones in the Nursery: Parental Smartpho-ne Use and Parental Sensitivity and Responsiveness within Parent–Child Interaction in Early Childhood (0–5 Years): A Scoping Review”. Infant Mental Health Journal 42/2 (2021), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21908
• Chen, Jing-Yi vd. “Screen Time and Autistic-like Behaviors among Preschool Children in China”. Psychology, Health & Medicine 26/5 (2021), 607-620. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1851034
• Chung, Kyong-Mee vd. “Behavioral Interventions for Autism Spectrum Di-sorder: A Brief Review and Guidelines With a Specific Focus on Applied Behavior Analysis”. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35/1 (2024), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.230019
• Collet, M vd. “Case–Control Study Found That Primary Language Disorders Were Associated with Screen Exposure”. Acta Paediatrica 108/6 (2019), 1103-1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14639
• Council On Communications And Media. “Media and Young Minds”. Pediat-rics 138/5 (2016), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2591
• Çetin, Nursema. “Theoretical Basis of Language Acquisition In Early Child-hood”. Early Childhood Education Researches 1/1 (2023), 71-82.
• Dağıdır Gök, Hale vd. “Otizmin Etiyolojisi”. Future Biochemistry and Bioscience 4/2 (2022), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.48086/ASD0042
• De Decker, E. vd. “Influencing Factors of Screen Time in Preschool Children: An Exploration of Parents’ Perceptions through Focus Groups in Six Eu-ropean Countries”. Obesity Reviews 13/s1 (Mart 2012), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00961.x
• Dehesh, Tania vd. “A Assessment of the Effects of Parental Age on the Deve-lopment of Autism in Children: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis”. BMC Psychology 12/1 (22 Kasım 2024), 685. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02184-9
• Demir, Esra - Aksoy, Ayşe Belgin. “Baba- Çocuk Duygulanım, Yanıt Verme Ve Meşguliyet Ölçeği Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik”. The Journal of Academic So-cial Science Studies 4/45 (2016), 381-392. https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS3413
• Detroja, Shreya - Bhatia, Gayatri. “Early Screen Exposure and Developmental Abnormalities: Understanding the Trepidations of ‘Virtual Autism’”. In-dian Journal of Psychological Medicine 1/1 (2024), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176241263310
• Dipnall, Lillian M. vd. “Childhood Development of Brain White Matter Mye-lin: A Longitudinal T1w/T2w-Ratio Study”. Brain Structure and Function 229/1 (2023), 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-023-02718-8
• Dong, Han-Yu vd. “Correlation between Screen Time and Autistic Symptoms as Well as Development Quotients in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder”. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (16 Şubat 2021), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.619994
• Dong, Han-Yu vd. “Screen Time and Autism: Current Situation and Risk Fac-tors for Screen Time among Pre-School Children with ASD”. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.675902
• Downing, Katherine L vd. “Do the Correlates of Screen Time and Sedentary Time Differ in Preschool Children?” BMC Public Health 17/1 (Aralık 2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4195-x
• Eirich, Rachel vd. “Association of Screen Time With Internalizing and Exter-nalizing Behavior Problems in Children 12 Years or Younger: A Systema-tic Review and Meta-Analysis”. JAMA Psychiatry 79/5 (01 Mayıs 2022), 393. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0155
• Félix, Juliana vd. “Specific Language Impairment, Autism Spectrum Disorders and Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorders: Is There Overlap in Language Deficits? A Review”. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 11/1 (Mart 2024), 86-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-022-00327-5
• Ferguson, Kim T. vd. “The Physical Environment and Child Development: An International Review”. International Journal of Psychology 48/4 (2013), 437-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2013.804190
• Ferreira, Joana vd. “Screen Time Use in Children Less Than Five Years Old”. Nascer E Crescer-Birth and Growth Medical Journal 29/4 (2020), 188-195. https://doi.org/10.25753/BIRTHGROWTHMJ.V29.I4.18378
• Garg, Ram K. vd. “Virtual Autism among Children: A Leading Hazard of Gadget Exposure and Preventive Measures”. Journal of Education and He-alth Promotion 13/1 (2024), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1482_23
• Gayle, Roxanne I. vd. “Virtual Reality Training of Safety and Social Communi-cation Skills in Children with Autism: An Examination of Acceptability, Usability, and Generalization”. Behavior Analysis in Practice 18/1 (Mart 2025), 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-024-00968-4
• Grishma, Vemula - Aiyappa, Gaurav. “Are Screens Stealing Childhood? Exploring the Link between Digital Exposure and Autism-like Symptoms in Children Aged 1-4 Years”. European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 15/3 (2025), 696-701.
• Güneş, Hatice vd. “Prenatal, Perinatal, Postnatal Risk Factors, and Excess Screen Time in Autism Spectrum Disorder”. Pediatrics International 65/1 (Ocak 2023), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.15383
• Güngör, Hande. “An Investigation of the Relationship between 36-72 Monthly Children’s Screen Time and Their Behavioral Problems and Emotion Regulation Skills: A Case Study in Turkey”. Turkish International Journal of Special Education and Guidance & Counseling 14/1 (2025), 110-126.
• Hallström, Jonas vd. “Gender and Technology in Free Play in Swedish Early Childhood Education”. International Journal of Technology and Design Educa-tion 25/2 (2015), 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-014-9274-z
• Harlé, Bruno. “Intensive Early Screen Exposure as a Causal Factor for Symp-toms of Autistic Spectrum Disorder: The Case for «Virtual Autism»”. Trends in Neuroscience and Education 17/1 (2019), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2019.100119
• Heffler, Karen Frankel vd. “Changes in Autism Symptoms Associated with Screen Exposure: Case Report of Two Young Children”. Psychiatry Rese-arch Case Reports 1/2 (2022), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psycr.2022.100059
• Heffler, Karen Frankel vd. “Screen Time Reduction and Focus on Social Enga-gement in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study”. Pediatrics Internati-onal 64/1 (2022), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.15343
• Hermawati, Donna vd. “Early Electronic Screen Exposure and Autistic-like Symptoms”. Intractable & Rare Diseases Research 7/1 (2018), 69-71. https://doi.org/10.5582/irdr.2018.01007
• Hirota, Tomoya - King, Bryan H. “Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review”. JAMA 329/2 (2023), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.23661
• Horowitz‐Kraus, Tzipi - Hutton, John S. “Brain Connectivity in Children Is Increased by the Time They Spend Reading Books and Decreased by the Length of Exposure to Screen‐Based Media”. Acta Paediatrica 107/4 (2018), 685-693. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14176
• Hu, Bi Ying vd. “Relationship between screen time and Chinese children’s cognitive and social development”. Journal of Research in Childhood Educa-tion 34/2 (2020), 183-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2019.1702600
• Hutton, John S. vd. “Associations between Screen-Based Media Use and Brain White Matter Integrity in Preschool-Aged Children”. JAMA Pediatrics 174/1 (2020), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3869
• Jiang, Xinhong vd. “Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mainland China over the Past 6 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. BMC Psychiatry 24/1 (2024), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05729-9
• Jourdren, Marie vd. “The Impact of Screen Exposure on Attention Abilities in Young Children: A Systematic Review”. Pediatric Neurology 142 (2023), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.01.005
• Kahn, Michal vd. “Sleep, Screen Time and Behaviour Problems in Preschool Children: An Actigraphy Study”. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 30/11 (2021), 1793-1802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01654-w
• Kanatlı, Merve Çiçek. “Otizm İlişkili Belirtiler için Tanı Olarak Kullanılabilen ‘Uyaran Eksikliği’ Kavramının İncelenmesi: Eleştirel Derleme”. Osmangazi Journal of Medicine 47/4 (2025), 655-665. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1644363
• Karani, Nazeera F. vd. “The Influence of Screen Time on Children’s Language Development: A Scoping Review”. South African Journal of Communication Disorders 69/1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajcd.v69i1.825
• Kerai, Salima vd. “Screen Time and Developmental Health: Results from an Early Childhood Study in Canada”. BMC Public Health 22/1 (2022), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12701-3
• Komanchuk, Jelena vd. “Impacts of Parental Technoference on Parent–Child Relationships and Child Health and Developmental Outcomes: A Sco-ping Review”. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 26/8 (2023), 579-603. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2022.0278
• Kossewska, Joanna Monika - Płoszaj, Małgorzata. “Virtual Autism – a Neuro-developmental Disorder or the Result of Parental Neglect?” Family Upbringing 31/1 (2024), 181-202. https://doi.org/10.61905/wwr/188287
• Kumar, Chandan Jyoti - Das, Priti Rekha. “The Diagnosis of ASD Using Mul-tiple Machine Learning Techniques”. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities 68/6 (2022), 973-983. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2021.1933730
• Kushima, Megumi vd. “Association Between Screen Time Exposure in Child-ren at 1 Year of Age and Autism Spectrum Disorder at 3 Years of Age: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study”. JAMA Pediatrics 176/4 (2022), 384-391. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.5778
• Lai, Meng-Chuan vd. “Understanding Autism in the Light of Sex/Gender”. Molecular Autism 6/1 (2015), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0021-4
• Lakicevic, Nemanja vd. “Screen Time Exposure and Executive Functions in Preschool Children”. Scientific Reports 15/1 (2025), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79290-6
• Lee, Eun-Young vd. “Meeting New Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years and Associations with Adiposity among Toddlers Li-ving in Edmonton, Canada”. BMC Public Health 17/S5 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4855-x
• Liszkai-Peres, Krisztina vd. “Association between the Use of Mobile Touchsc-reen Devices and the Quality of Parent-Child Interaction in Preschoo-lers”. Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 3/1 (27 Mart 2024), 1330243. https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2024.1330243
• Luby, Joan L. vd. “Basic Environmental Supports for Positive Brain and Cog-nitive Development in the First Year of Life”. JAMA Pediatrics 178/5 (01 Mayıs 2024), 465. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.0143
• Madigan, Sheri vd. “Assessment of Changes in Child and Adolescent Screen Time During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. JAMA Pediatrics 176/12 (2022), 1188. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4116
• Madigan, Sheri vd. “Associations between Screen Use and Child Language Skills: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. JAMA Pediatrics 174/7 (2020), 665-675. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0327
• Mallawaarachchi, Sumudu vd. “Early Childhood Screen Use Contexts and Cognitive and Psychosocial Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. JAMA Pediatrics 178/10 (2024), 1017-1026. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.2620
• Mantilla, Ana - Edwards, Susan. “Digital Technology Use by and with Young Children: A Systematic Review for the Statement on Young Children and Digital Technologies”. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 44/2 (Haziran 2019), 182-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1836939119832744
• Massaroni, Valentina vd. “The Relationship between Language and Techno-logy: How Screen Time Affects Language Development in Early Life—A Systematic Review”. Brain Sciences 14/1 (2023), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14010027
• McArthur, Brae Anne vd. “Screen Time and Developmental and Behavioral Outcomes for Preschool Children”. Pediatric Research 91/6 (2022), 1616-1621. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-021-01572-w
• Miles, Judith H. “Autism Spectrum Disorders—A Genetics Review”. Genetics in Medicine 13/4 (2011), 278-294. https://doi.org/10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181ff67ba
• Montes, Guillermo. “Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Screen Time: Results from a Large, Nationally Representative US Study”. Acade-mic Pediatrics 16/2 (Mart 2016), 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.08.007
• Morsa, Maxime vd. “A Scoping Review of Education and Training Interventi-ons in Autism Spectrum Disorder”. Patient Education and Counseling 105/9 (2022), 2850-2859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2022.05.012
• Mustonen, Riikka vd. “Screen Time of Preschool-Aged Children and Their Mothers, and Children’s Language Development”. Children 9/10 (2022), 1577-1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101577
• Nisar, Mushayyyada Aamer vd. “The outcome of early intervention in child-ren with virtual autism spectrum disorders on the basis of ADOS”. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci 19/2 (2023), 176-180.
• Ophir, Yaakov vd. “Screen Time and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. JAMA Network Open 6/12 (2023), e2346775. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.46775
• Ošlejšková, Hana - Bytešníková, Ilona. “Virtual autism: The consequence of overusing digital ‘screen’ technologies at an early age”. Pediatrie pro praxi 25/4 (2024), 224-229. https://doi.org/10.36290/ped.2024.044
• Patidar, Dr Ghanshyam. “A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Vir-tual Autism and Its Impact on Child, Bhopal”. International Journal of Nur-sing and Health Research 5/2 (2023), 1-3.
• Ponti, Michelle. “Screen Time and Preschool Children: Promoting Health and Development in a Digital World”. Paediatrics & Child Health 28/3 (2023), 184-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxac125
• Qin, Lei vd. “New Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autism Spect-rum Disorders”. European Journal of Medical Research 29/1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-024-01916-2
• Rakshit, Shankha Shekhar - Biswas, Tapasi. “Virtual Autism vs Traditional Autism Spectrum Disorder: Comparative Insights from a Dual Case Study”. Towards Excellence 16/3 (2024), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.37867/te160313
• Roohani, Student - Singh, Sukhmani. “Virtual autism: A psychoeducational exploration”. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Approaches in Psycho-logy 3/5 (2025), 761-776.
• Sadeghi, Saeid vd. “Associations between Symptom Severity of Autism Spect-rum Disorder and Screen Time among Toddlers Aged 16 to 36 Months”. Behavioral Sciences 13/3 (2023), 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030208
• Sahai, Anjali. “Dealing with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Journey from Tradi-tional Methods to Artificial Intelligence”. Annals of Neurosciences x (2025), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531251369286
• Santos, Renata Maria Silva vd. “The Association between Screen Time and Attention in Children: A Systematic Review”. Developmental Neuropsycho-logy 47/4 (2022), 175-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2022.2064863
• Sarfraz, Saba vd. “Early Screen-Time Exposure and Its Association with Risk of Developing Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review”. Cureus 15/7 (2023), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.42292
• Srilakshmi, S vd. “Virtual Autism: A New Frontier in Understanding Neuro-developmental Disorders-Three Case Reports”. European Journal of Phar-maceutical and Medical Research 11/10 (2024), 241-244.
• Takahashi, Ippei vd. “Screen Time at Age 1 Year and Communication and Problem-Solving Developmental Delay at 2 and 4 Years”. JAMA Pediatrics 177/10 (2023), 1039-1046. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3057
• Takuli, Aatya vd. “Don’t Be a Doodad, thingummy…Be a Wise Daddy and Mummy!! Virtual Autism: A Review”. International Journal of Recent Ad-vances in Multidisciplinary Research 11/6 (2024), 10081-10083.
• Tamana, Sukhpreet K. vd. “Screen-Time Is Associated with Inattention Prob-lems in Preschoolers: Results from the CHILD Birth Cohort Study”. ed. Luca Cerniglia. Plos One 14/4 (2019), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213995
• Tartaglione, A.M. vd. “The Contribution of Environmental Pollutants to the Risk of Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review of Case-Control Studies”. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 164/1-15 (2024), 105815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105815
• Tulviste, Tiia - Tulviste, Jaan. “Weekend Screen Use of Parents and Children Associates with Child Language Skills”. Frontiers in Developmental Psycho-logy 2 (2024), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdpys.2024.1404235
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. “Çocuklarda Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araş-tırması, 2024”. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/. 2024. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/
• Twenge, Jean M. - Campbell, W. Keith. “Associations Between Screen Time and Lower Psychological Well-Being Among Children and Adolescents: Evidence from a Population-Based Study”. Preventive Medicine Reports 12/1 (2018), 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003
• Twork, Kira vd. “Parent–Child Interaction Frequency: Associations with Age, Sibling Presence, and Child Health”. Pediatric Research 98/1 (2025), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-024-03727-x
• Vogindroukas, Ioannis vd. “Language and Speech Characteristics in Autism”. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 18/1 (2022), 2367-2377. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S331987
• Webster, E. Kipling vd. “Fundamental Motor Skills, Screen-Time, and Physical Activity in Preschoolers”. Journal of Sport and Health Science 8/2 (Mart 2019), 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.11.006
• Wong, Chee Wai vd. “Digital Screen Time during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk for a Further Myopia Boom?” American Journal of Ophthalmology 223 (Mart 2021), 333-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2020.07.034
• Yang, Ning vd. “Language Development in Early Childhood: Quality of Teac-her-Child Interaction and Children’s Receptive Vocabulary Compe-tency”. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2021), 649680. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.649680
• Yeni̇çeri̇, Mikail. “Mitokondriyal Disfonksiyon ve Otizm”. Sakarya Medical Jo-urnal 10/1 (2020), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.618624
• Yenkoyan, Konstantin vd. “Environmental Risk Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review”. Current Medicinal Chemistry 31/17 (2024), 2345-2360. https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298673252471231121045529
• Yıldız, Ayşe. “Bir Araştırma Metodolojisi Olarak Sistematik Literatür Tarama-sına Genel Bakış”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 22/2 (2022), 367-386. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1227366
• Yin, Weiyan vd. “Charting Brain Functional Development from Birth to 6 Ye-ars of Age”. Nature Human Behaviour 9/6 (2025), 1246-1259. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02160-2
• Yuan, Guojing vd. “Screen Time and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Compre-hensive Systematic Review of Risk, Usage, and Addiction”. Journal of Au-tism and Developmental Disorders x (2024), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06665-z
• Zamfir, Marius Teodor. “The Consumption of Virtual Environment More than 4 Hours/Day, in the Children between 0-3 Years Old, Can Cause a Synd-rome Similar with the Autism Spectrum Disorder”. J Romanian Literacy Stud 13 (2018), 1-13.
• Zhang, Jinghui vd. “Parental Technoference and Child Problematic Media Use: Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Medical Internet Research 27/1 (2025), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.2196/57636
• Zhang, Minyue vd. “Virtual Reality Technology as an Educational and Inter-vention Tool for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Pers-pectives and Future Directions”. Behavioral Sciences 12/5 (2022), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050138
• Zhang, Zhiguang vd. “Associations between Screen Time and Cognitive De-velopment in Preschoolers”. Paediatrics & Child Health 27/2 (2022), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxab067
• Zulkifli, Maizatul Naqiah vd. “Interrelation of Food Selectivity, Oral Sensory Sensitivity, and Nutrient Intake in Children with Autism Spectrum Di-sorder: A Scoping Review”. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 93 (2022), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2022.101928