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Psikolojik Estetik İhtiyaç ve Felsefi Estetik Düşünce

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 12, 171 - 193, 15.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1448352

Öz

Estetik, sanat felsefesinin ana konusu olmakla birlikte bir ihtiyaç türü olarak psikolojinin de inceleme alanına girmektedir. Felsefi açıdan estetik, ilk olarak duyusal bilgiyi bilimsel bir çaba olarak meşrulaştıran Baumgarten’in (1714-1762) yazılarındaki kökenlerinden, güzeli yüce olanla ilişkilendiren Kant’ın (1724-1804) dönüştürücü fikirlerine ve estetik nesnelerin özü ve biçimini çevreleyen çağdaş felsefi tartışmalara kadar evrilmiştir. Bu evrim, estetiğin yalnızca güzelliğin takdir edilmesi olarak değil, insanların dünyalarını nasıl algıladıkları ve onlarla nasıl etkileşime girdiklerine dair eleştirel bir araştırma olarak derinleşen bir anlayışı yansıtmaktadır. Psikolojik olarak, ‘estetik ihtiyaçlar’ kavramı Abraham Harold Maslow’un (1908-1970) ihtiyaçlar hiyerarşisi içinde yer bulmuş ve bu ihtiyaçların insan psikolojik sağlığı ve refahı için çevresel değil, merkezi olduğunu vurgulamıştır. Maslow’un genişletilmiş çerçevesi, güzellik ve uyumun kişisel tatmin için nasıl temel olduğunu göstererek, kendini gerçekleştirme için gerekli olan estetik ihtiyaçları içermektedir. Çağdaş psikolojik çalışmalar bu anlayışı genişleterek estetik ihtiyaçları karşılayan unsurlarla etkileşimin duygusal dayanıklılığa, bilişsel gelişime ve genel psikolojik sağlığa katkıda bulunduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışma, estetiğin hem felsefi hem de psikolojik disiplinler içindeki ikili yörüngelerini araştırmakta ve her birinin insan deneyiminin daha geniş bir şekilde anlaşılmasına nasıl benzersiz bir şekilde katkıda bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Felsefe teorik bir çerçeve sunarken, psikoloji estetik angajmanın pratik sonuçlarına ilişkin ampirik içgörüler sağlamaktadır. Bu perspektiflerin sentezi, estetik anlayışımızı zenginleştirmekte ve estetiğin yalnızca sanat ve kültürde değil, aynı zamanda dünyayla daha derin bir bağ kurmada ve bireysel ve kolektif refahı artırmadaki temel rolünü ortaya koymaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, estetik ihtiyaçların hem felsefi söylem hem de psikolojik uygulama içerisinde yeniden değerlendirilmesini savunmakta ve daha bütüncül bir yaklaşımın insan motivasyonunun karmaşıklığı ve tatmin edici bir yaşam arayışı hakkında derin içgörüler sunabileceğini öne sürmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb. Reflections on Poetry: Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten’s Meditationes Philosophicae de Nonnullis ad Poema Pertinentibus. İngilizceye çev. Karl Aschenbrenner-William B. Holther. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1954.
  • Bell, Clive. Art. New York: Capricorn Books, 1958.
  • Celentani, Marco. The Industry of Self Actualization: Exploiting the Top of Mas-low's Pyramid. Chair of Entrepreneurship, Innovation & Technology, 2019.
  • Danto, Arthur C. The Abuse of Beauty. Peru: Open Court Publishing Co., 2003.
  • Diessner, Rhett - Pohling, Rico - Stacy, Shawnee ve Güsewell, Angelika. “Trait Appreciation of Beauty: A Story of Love, Transcendence, and Inquiry”. Review of General Psychology 22/4 (2018), 377-397.
  • Diessner, Rhett - Solom, Rebecca D. - Frost, Nellie. K. - Parsons, Lucas ve Davidson, John. “Engagement with Beauty: Appreciating Natural, Artistic, and Moral Beauty”. The Journal of Psychology 142/3 (2008), 303-332.
  • Duyan, Emin Cihan. Çalışma Yaşamında Yoga: İş Tatmini ve Stres Yönetiminde Etkileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2008.
  • Dweck, Carol S. “From Needs to Goals and Representations: Foundations for a Unified Theory of Motivation, Personality, and Development”. Psychol Rev. 124/6 (2017), 689–719.
  • Gawel, Joseph E. Herzberg's Theory of Motivation and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Massachusetts: Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation Journal. Cilt 5 Makale 11, 1996.
  • Gregor, Mary J. “Baumgarten's Aesthetica". The Review of Metaphysics (1983), 357-385.
  • Howell, Brittany M. - Diessner, Rhett ve Robinson, Rachel M. “Self-Actualization and the Tragedy of Beauty”. Journal of Humanistic Psycho-logy 60/2 (2020), 227-243.
  • Hume, David, Of the Standard of Taste. Ed. Eugene Miller (1985). Essays Moral, Political, and Literary. Indianapolis Liberty Fund, 1757.
  • Jerome, Nyameh. Application of the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need Theory; Impacts and Implications on Organizational Culture, Human Resource and Employee’s Performance. Hindistan: International Journal of Business and Management Invention, Cilt 2 Sayı 3, 2013.
  • Kant, Immanual. Critique of the Power of Judgment. İngilizceye çev. P. Guyer-E. Matthews, (tekrar basım 2000). Birleşik Krallık: Cambridge University Press, 1790.
  • Kaplan, Stephan - Kaplan, Rachel. The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  • Kim, Jinhyung - Holte, Patricia - Martela, Frank - Shanahan, Colin - Li, Zhanhong - Zhang, Hong - Eisenbeck, Nikolett - Carreno, David F. - Schlegel, Rebecca J. ve Hicks, Joshua A. “Experiential Appreciation as a Pathway to Meaning in Life”. Nature Human Behaviour 6/5 (2022), 677-690.
  • Kivy, Peter. The Seventh Sense: Francis Hutcheson and Eighteenth-Century British-Aesthetics. Büyük Britanya: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Kringelbach, Morten L. - Berridge, Kent C. “Towards a Functional Neuroanatomy of Pleasure and Happiness”. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13/11 (2009), 479-487.
  • Laçinbay, Kerim. “Estetik Algılama ve Sanatsal Yaratım Sürecinde Sanat Motivasyonunun Önemi”. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 40/2 (2020), 775-795. Erişim adresi:
  • Landry, Charles. The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators. Routledge, 2012.
  • Levinson, Jerrold. The Pleasures of Aesthetics. New York: Cornell University Press, 1996.
  • Maslow, Abraham H. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review. Cilt 50 Sayı 4, 1943.
  • Maslow, Abraham H. Motivation and Personality. Delhi/Hindistan: Pearson Education, 1987.
  • Mehdi, Mubasher. “Kant on Aesthetic of the Beautiful”. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 2/2 (2017), 239177.
  • Partee, Morriss Henry. “Inspiration in the Aesthetics of Plato”. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 30/1 (1971), 87-95.
  • Quvvatov, Sardor Isomiddinovich. “Beauty As An Aesthetic Basis Of Human Life”. The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 3/05 (2021), 195-201.
  • Raymond, M. A vd. When is a Hierarchy not a Hierarchy? Factors Associated with Different Perceptions of Needs, with Implications for Standardization–Adaptation Decisions in Korea. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Cilt 11 Sayı 4, 2003.
  • Rentfrow, Peter J. - Gosling, Samuel D. (2003). “The Do Re Mi's of Everyday Life: The Structure and Personality Correlates of Music Preferen-ces”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84/6 (2003), 1236–1256.
  • Shalley, James. The Concept of Aesthetic. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Erişim 11 Şubat 2024 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-concept/
  • Sider, David. (1977). “Plato's Early Aesthetics: The Hippias Major”. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 35/4 (1977), 465-470.
  • Simons, Janet A. vd. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Scientific Research, 1987.
  • Stuckey, Heather L. - Nobel, Jeremy. “The Connection Between Art, Healing, and Public Health: A Review of Current Literature”. American Journal of Public Health, 100/2 (2010), 254-263.
  • Świątek, Agata Hiacynta - Szcześniak, Małgorzata - Borkowska, Hanna - Stempień, Michał - Wojtkowiak, Karolina ve Diessner, Rhett. “The Unexplored Territory of Aesthetic Needs and the Development of the Aesthetic Needs Scale”. Plos One 19/3 (2024), e0299326.
  • Taormina, Robert J. - Gao, Jennifer H. Maslow and the Motivation Hierarchy: Measuring Satisfaction of the Needs. The American journal of psychology, cilt 126 sayı 2, 2013.
  • Tunalı, İsmail. Estetik. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 2022.
  • Tutuk, Büşra Nur. Tanrı, Estetik ve Estetik Kanıt. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans, 2023.
  • Vartanian, Oshin - Skov, Martin. “Neural Correlates of Viewing Paintings: Evidence From a Quantitative Meta- Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data”. Brain and Cognition 87 (2014), 52-56.
  • Wahba, Mahmoud A. - Bridwell, Lawrance G. Maslow Reconsidered: A Review of Research on the Need Hierarchy Theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. Cilt 15 Sayı 2, 1976.
  • Yetkin, Suut Kemal. Estetik. İstanbul: Devlet Basımevi, 1938.
  • Zangwill, Nick. Aesthetic/Sensory Dependence. British Journal of Aesthetics, Sayı 38, 1998.

Psychological Aesthetic Need and Philosophical Aesthetic Thought

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 12, 171 - 193, 15.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1448352

Öz

Although aesthetics is the main subject of the philosophy of art, it also falls within the field of psychology as a type of need. Philosophically, aesthetics has evolved from its origins in the writings of Baumgarten (1714-1762), who first legitimized sensory knowledge as a scientific endeavor, to the transformative ideas of Kant (1724-1804), who linked the beautiful to the sublime, to contemporary philosophical debates surrounding the essence and form of aesthetic objects. This evolution reflects a deepening understanding of aesthetics not only as the appreciation of beauty, but as a critical investigation of how people perceive and interact with their world. Psychologically, the concept of 'aesthetic needs' found a place within Abraham Harold Maslow's (1908-1970) hierarchy of needs, emphasizing that these needs are central, not peripheral, to human psychological health and well-being. Maslow's expanded framework includes aesthetic needs as essential for self-actualization, showing how beauty and harmony are fundamental to personal fulfillment. Contemporary psychological studies extend this understanding, emphasizing that interaction with elements that satisfy aesthetic needs contributes to emotional resilience, cognitive development, and overall psychological health. This study explores the dual trajectories of aesthetics within both philosophical and psychological disciplines, showing how each uniquely contributes to a broader understanding of human experience. Philosophy provides a theoretical framework, while psychology provides empirical insights into the practical consequences of aesthetic engagement. The synthesis of these perspectives enriches our understanding of aesthetics and reveals its fundamental role not only in art and culture, but also in fostering a deeper engagement with the world and enhancing individual and collective well-being. This paper therefore argues for a re-evaluation of aesthetic needs within both philosophical discourse and psychological practice, and suggests that a more holistic approach can offer profound insights into the complexity of human motivation and the search for a fulfilling life.

Kaynakça

  • Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb. Reflections on Poetry: Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten’s Meditationes Philosophicae de Nonnullis ad Poema Pertinentibus. İngilizceye çev. Karl Aschenbrenner-William B. Holther. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1954.
  • Bell, Clive. Art. New York: Capricorn Books, 1958.
  • Celentani, Marco. The Industry of Self Actualization: Exploiting the Top of Mas-low's Pyramid. Chair of Entrepreneurship, Innovation & Technology, 2019.
  • Danto, Arthur C. The Abuse of Beauty. Peru: Open Court Publishing Co., 2003.
  • Diessner, Rhett - Pohling, Rico - Stacy, Shawnee ve Güsewell, Angelika. “Trait Appreciation of Beauty: A Story of Love, Transcendence, and Inquiry”. Review of General Psychology 22/4 (2018), 377-397.
  • Diessner, Rhett - Solom, Rebecca D. - Frost, Nellie. K. - Parsons, Lucas ve Davidson, John. “Engagement with Beauty: Appreciating Natural, Artistic, and Moral Beauty”. The Journal of Psychology 142/3 (2008), 303-332.
  • Duyan, Emin Cihan. Çalışma Yaşamında Yoga: İş Tatmini ve Stres Yönetiminde Etkileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2008.
  • Dweck, Carol S. “From Needs to Goals and Representations: Foundations for a Unified Theory of Motivation, Personality, and Development”. Psychol Rev. 124/6 (2017), 689–719.
  • Gawel, Joseph E. Herzberg's Theory of Motivation and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Massachusetts: Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation Journal. Cilt 5 Makale 11, 1996.
  • Gregor, Mary J. “Baumgarten's Aesthetica". The Review of Metaphysics (1983), 357-385.
  • Howell, Brittany M. - Diessner, Rhett ve Robinson, Rachel M. “Self-Actualization and the Tragedy of Beauty”. Journal of Humanistic Psycho-logy 60/2 (2020), 227-243.
  • Hume, David, Of the Standard of Taste. Ed. Eugene Miller (1985). Essays Moral, Political, and Literary. Indianapolis Liberty Fund, 1757.
  • Jerome, Nyameh. Application of the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need Theory; Impacts and Implications on Organizational Culture, Human Resource and Employee’s Performance. Hindistan: International Journal of Business and Management Invention, Cilt 2 Sayı 3, 2013.
  • Kant, Immanual. Critique of the Power of Judgment. İngilizceye çev. P. Guyer-E. Matthews, (tekrar basım 2000). Birleşik Krallık: Cambridge University Press, 1790.
  • Kaplan, Stephan - Kaplan, Rachel. The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  • Kim, Jinhyung - Holte, Patricia - Martela, Frank - Shanahan, Colin - Li, Zhanhong - Zhang, Hong - Eisenbeck, Nikolett - Carreno, David F. - Schlegel, Rebecca J. ve Hicks, Joshua A. “Experiential Appreciation as a Pathway to Meaning in Life”. Nature Human Behaviour 6/5 (2022), 677-690.
  • Kivy, Peter. The Seventh Sense: Francis Hutcheson and Eighteenth-Century British-Aesthetics. Büyük Britanya: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Kringelbach, Morten L. - Berridge, Kent C. “Towards a Functional Neuroanatomy of Pleasure and Happiness”. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13/11 (2009), 479-487.
  • Laçinbay, Kerim. “Estetik Algılama ve Sanatsal Yaratım Sürecinde Sanat Motivasyonunun Önemi”. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 40/2 (2020), 775-795. Erişim adresi:
  • Landry, Charles. The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators. Routledge, 2012.
  • Levinson, Jerrold. The Pleasures of Aesthetics. New York: Cornell University Press, 1996.
  • Maslow, Abraham H. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review. Cilt 50 Sayı 4, 1943.
  • Maslow, Abraham H. Motivation and Personality. Delhi/Hindistan: Pearson Education, 1987.
  • Mehdi, Mubasher. “Kant on Aesthetic of the Beautiful”. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 2/2 (2017), 239177.
  • Partee, Morriss Henry. “Inspiration in the Aesthetics of Plato”. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 30/1 (1971), 87-95.
  • Quvvatov, Sardor Isomiddinovich. “Beauty As An Aesthetic Basis Of Human Life”. The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 3/05 (2021), 195-201.
  • Raymond, M. A vd. When is a Hierarchy not a Hierarchy? Factors Associated with Different Perceptions of Needs, with Implications for Standardization–Adaptation Decisions in Korea. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Cilt 11 Sayı 4, 2003.
  • Rentfrow, Peter J. - Gosling, Samuel D. (2003). “The Do Re Mi's of Everyday Life: The Structure and Personality Correlates of Music Preferen-ces”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84/6 (2003), 1236–1256.
  • Shalley, James. The Concept of Aesthetic. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Erişim 11 Şubat 2024 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-concept/
  • Sider, David. (1977). “Plato's Early Aesthetics: The Hippias Major”. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 35/4 (1977), 465-470.
  • Simons, Janet A. vd. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Scientific Research, 1987.
  • Stuckey, Heather L. - Nobel, Jeremy. “The Connection Between Art, Healing, and Public Health: A Review of Current Literature”. American Journal of Public Health, 100/2 (2010), 254-263.
  • Świątek, Agata Hiacynta - Szcześniak, Małgorzata - Borkowska, Hanna - Stempień, Michał - Wojtkowiak, Karolina ve Diessner, Rhett. “The Unexplored Territory of Aesthetic Needs and the Development of the Aesthetic Needs Scale”. Plos One 19/3 (2024), e0299326.
  • Taormina, Robert J. - Gao, Jennifer H. Maslow and the Motivation Hierarchy: Measuring Satisfaction of the Needs. The American journal of psychology, cilt 126 sayı 2, 2013.
  • Tunalı, İsmail. Estetik. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 2022.
  • Tutuk, Büşra Nur. Tanrı, Estetik ve Estetik Kanıt. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans, 2023.
  • Vartanian, Oshin - Skov, Martin. “Neural Correlates of Viewing Paintings: Evidence From a Quantitative Meta- Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data”. Brain and Cognition 87 (2014), 52-56.
  • Wahba, Mahmoud A. - Bridwell, Lawrance G. Maslow Reconsidered: A Review of Research on the Need Hierarchy Theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. Cilt 15 Sayı 2, 1976.
  • Yetkin, Suut Kemal. Estetik. İstanbul: Devlet Basımevi, 1938.
  • Zangwill, Nick. Aesthetic/Sensory Dependence. British Journal of Aesthetics, Sayı 38, 1998.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sistematik Felsefe (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Aydoğan Arı 0009-0002-0169-8263

Osman Elmalı 0000-0001-8850-223X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 3 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Arı, Aydoğan - Elmalı, Osman. “Psikolojik Estetik İhtiyaç Ve Felsefi Estetik Düşünce”. Mevzu – Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 12 (Eylül 2024), 171-193. https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1448352.

Mevzu – Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.