Current Paradigm Shift in the Cathars' Historiography on the Axis of Debate of the Origin

Öz

Although historical writings on Cathars' date back to the Catholic scholars in the 13th century, it is only in 19th century that a dramatical increase took place on this subject. The mystery of the Cathars has undergone significant changes over the years and allowed for different ideological point of views to prevail at various periods. Cathars' Manichaean origin was perceived as the dominant view for many years in Cathar studies. This perspective, which we call the traditional view, claims that the dualist doctrine, which started with Manichaeism, reached the Cathars of Northern Italy and Southern France through the Paulicians in Anatolia in the 9th century and the Bogomils in the Balkans in the 10th century. This view seems to have been abandoned after the 1950s. Recently, a new trend, known as the “skeptic” view, has emerged whose supporters speculate that the Cathars may have never existed in history and could be an imaginary enemy invented by the Catholics. Contemporary historians of Cathars are divided into two: "traditional" and "skeptic." The purpose of this article is to propose a new category, "the contemporary view," which questions the Eastern connections of the Cathars on the one hand and criticizes the “skeptical view” on the other by considering the sufficiency of these two categories and the points on which historians agree and disagree

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cathars
• Bogomils
• Paulicians
• Cathar Historiography
• Dualism
• Christian Heresy

Köken Tartışmaları Ekseninde Katarlara Dair Tarih Yazımındaki Güncel Paradigma Değişikliği

Öz

Katarlara dair tarih yazımı her ne kadar XIII. yüzyılda başlamışsa da yoğunluk ve ivme kazanması ancak XIX. yüzyıldan sonraya tekabül etmektedir. Katarların tarihindeki gizem zaman zaman ideolojik bakış açılarına imkân vermiş ve bu yaklaşımlar süreç içerisinde birçok safhaya evrilmiştir. 1950’ler öncesi yapılan akademik çalışmalarda, Katarların Maniheist kökenli olduğu ve bu öğretinin IX. yüzyılda Anadolu’da Pavlikenler, X. yüzyılda ise Balkanlar'da Bogomiller üzerinden Güney Fransa ve Kuzey İtalya Katarlarına geldiği tezi savunulmaktadır. Ancak bu düşüncenin artık terkedilmeye yüz tuttuğunu söylemek mümkündür. Günümüzde, Katarların tarihte hiç var olmayıp Katoliklerin icat ettikleri hayali bir düşman olabileceğini savunan “septik yaklaşım” ortaya çıkmıştır. Bununla beraber Katar tarihçilerinin “septikler” ve “gelenekselciler” olarak ikiye ayrıldığını da görmekteyiz. Bu makalenin amacı, “güncel” paradigma olarak adlandıracağımız, Maniheist kökeni reddetmekle birlikte septik görüşü de birçok noktada eleştiren yeni bir kategori teklif etmektir. Bu amaçla makale, konu etrafında gelişen literatürde tartışılan bu iki kategorinin ne kadar yeterli olduğu meselesini tarihçilerin mutabık kaldıkları ve ayrıştıkları noktaları analiz edip yorumlayarak ortaya koymaya çalışacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Katarlar
• Bogomiller
• Pavlikenler
• Düalizm
• Katarlar tarih yazımı
• Hıristiyan Heresisi

Kaynakça

1. Arberth, John. Contesting the Middle Ages: Debates That Are Changing Our Narrative of Medieval History, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
2. Arnold, John, Biller, Peter. Heresy and inquisition in France, 1200-1300, Manchester University Press, 2016.
3. Arnold, John H. Inquisition and Power. University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc, 2013.
4. Barbezat, Michael D. Burning Bodies: Communities, Eschatology, and the Punishment of Heresy in the Middle Ages, 2018.
5. Biget, Jean-Louis, Hérésie et inquisition dans le Midi de la France, Paris: Picard, (2007).
6. Biller, Peter, “Goodbye to Cathars”, Cathars in Question.
7. Borst, Arno. Die Katharer, Monumenta Germaniae Historica Schriften 12, Stuttgart, 1953.
8. Brunn Uwe. Des contestataires aux “Cathares” Discours de réforme et propagande antihérétique dans les pays du Rhin et de la Meuse avant l’Inquisition (Paris: Institut d’Études Augustiniennes, 2006).

9. Bruschi, Caterina, and Peter Biller. 2003. Texts and the repression of medieval heresy. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: York Medieval Press.
10. Walker Reid Cosgrove, “Clergy and Crusade: the church in Southern France and the Albigensian Crusade” Saint Louis University, 2011.
11. Dondaine, “L’hiérarchie Cathare en Italie”, AFP, XIX, 1949, XX, 1950.
12. Douais, L’Abbe C. Les Albigeois Leurs Origenes Action de L’eglise Au XIIe Siécle, 1. Baskı, Paris: Librarie Academique, 1879.
13. Frasetto, Michael. Heretic lives: Medieval heresy from Bogomil and the Cathars to Wyclif and Hus. London: Profile Books. 2007.
14. _______________, (ed.)Heresy and the Persecuting Society in the Middle Ages: Essays on the Work of R.I. Moore. Leiden: Brill, 2006. 
15. Hamilton, Janet&Bernard, ve Yuri Stayenov, Bizans Döneminde (650-1405) Hıristiyan Düalist Heretikler,(Çev. Leyla Kuzucular) Yurt Kitap Yayın, 2011.
16. Lambert, Malcolm. Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the Reformation, Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
17. _______________, The Cathars, Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
18. Léglu, Catherine, Rebecca Rist, and Claire Taylor. The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade: A Sourcebook, 2014.
19. Moore, I. R. The Formation of a Persecuting Society : Authority and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250, Blackwell Publishing, 2009.
20. __________, The war on heresy: faith and power in medieval Europe.,London : Profile Books, 2014.
21. __________, The Origins of European Dissent, Oxford, 1985.
22. __________, The Birth of Popular Heresy, Documents of Medieval History, 1, London, 1975.
23. Obolensky, Dimitri The Bogomils: A Study in Balkan Neo-Manicheism, 2. Baskı ,Twickenham: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
24. Pegg, Mark. The Corruption of Angels: the Great Inquisition of 1245-1246, Princeton University Press 2009.
25. __________, “The Paradigm of Catharism; or, the Historians’ Illusion,” Sennis, Cathars in Question, s. 21.
26. __________, “Principles at Stake,” Principles at Stake: The Debate of April 2013 in Retrospect”, Cathars in Question, 2016.
27. Puech, H., A. Vaillant, “Le Traité Contre les Bogomiles de Cosmas le Prétre : Traduction et étude”, Travaux publiés par l'Institut d'Études Slaves, XXI. Paris, 1945.
28. Roach, Andrew, James Simpson, Heresy and the Making of European Culture Medieval and Modern Perspectives, Routledge, 2013. Roach, Andrew. 2002. Heresy and medieval society, 1100-1320. Harlow: Longman.
29. RUNCİMAN, Steven The Medieval Manichee: a Study for the Christian Dualist Heresy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1982. Russell, Jeffrey “Interpretations of the Origins of Medieval Heresy”, Medieval Studies, 25, no 2, (1963)
30. Sackville, Lucy J. Heresy and Heretics of the Thirteenth Century: The Textual Representations, York: York Medieval Press, 2011.
31. Sennis, Antonio C. (ed.) Cathars in Question, York Medieval Press, 2016.
32. Söderberg, Hans. 1949. La Religion des Cathares. Almqvist & Wiksell.
33. Taylor, Claire Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Medieval Quercy, York University Press, 2011.
34. ___________, Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Medieval Quercy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
35. Théry-Astruc, Julien, “The Heretical Dissidence of the ‘Good Men’ in the Albigeois (1276–1329): Localism and Resistance to Roman Clericalism,” Cathars in Question, 2016.
36. Townsend, Anne Bradford, Cathars of Languedoc as Heretics: From the Perspectives of Five Contemporary Scholars, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Union Institute&University Cincinnati, Ohio, 2007.
37. Zerner, Monique (ed.), Inventer l’hérésie? Discours polémiques et pouvoirs avant l’inquisition, Nice: Centre d’Études Médiévales, 1998.
38. İnternet sitesi Cathars in Question: A Responce to Pete Biller, Son güncelleme, 9 Aralık 2020, http://rimoore.net/2016/11/13/cathars-in-question-a-response-to-pete-biller/ https://www.york.ac.uk/res/doat/project/