Топоздордун (Bos grunniens) жүрүш-туруш актыларын изилдөөлөргө системалык сереп

Öz

Максаты: Заманбап адабият булактарындагы топоздордун жүрүш-туруш актылары тууралуу илимий маалыматтарга баа берүү. Бул сереп, топоздордун жүрүш-туруш актыларын изилдөөчүлөр үчүн жаңы изилдөө багыттарын аныктоого мүмкүнчүлүк түзүү максатын дагы көздөйт. Материал жана ыкмалары: Макаланын темасы боюнча изилдөөлөрдүн деңгээлин тактоо жана бул багыттагы илимий көйгөй боюнча адабий булактарга сереп жүргүзүү максатында төмөндөгү иликтөө платформаларында, маалымат базаларында жана интернет ресурстарында иликтөөлөр жүргүзүлдү: Web of Science, Scopus, Google, eLIBRARY.RU, RSCI, Pubmed и Kyrlibnet. Сереп жүргүзүүдө Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses колдонмосу пайдаланылды. Бул изилдөөдөгү маалыматтарды талдоодо сыпаттоо жана мазмунду талдоо ыкмалары колдонулду. Жыйынтык: Изилдөөлөрдө топоздордун таксономиялык статусу, топоздорду асыроо багыттары, топоздорду асыроо ареалы, топоздордун дүйнөдөгү саны, топоздордун тукумдары, топоздордун жергиликтүү аталыштары жана өңү-түсү, топоздордун жайыттагы жүрүш-туруш актылары жана жайыт пайдалануусу, жүрүш-туруш актыларына мониторинг жүргүзүү, топоздордун жеке өзгөчөлүктөрү жана эгоцентристик жүрүш-туруш актылары, топоздордун социалдык жүрүш-туруш актылары, топоздордун жыныстык жана ата-энелик жүрүш-туруш актылары тууралуу маалыматтар анализге алынып, Кыргыз Республикасынын бийик тоолуу жайыттарын натыйжалуу колдонуу үчүн топоздорду жүрүш-туруш актыларын изилдөөнүн маанилүүлүгү аныкталды..

Anahtar Kelimeler

• топоз
• жүрүш-туруш
• жайыт
• жеке жүрүш-туруш
• социалдык жүрүш-туруш

A systematic review of research on the behavioral acts of yaks (Bos grunniens)

Öz

Aim: To assess the scientific data on the behavioral actions of yaks in modern literary sources. This review also aims to provide an opportunity for researchers of the behavioral actions of yaks to identify new research directions. Material and methods: To clarify the level of research on the topic of the article and to conduct a review of literary sources on the scientific problem in this area, a search was performed on the following research platforms, databases and Internet resources: Web of Science, Scopus, Google, eLIBRARY.RU, RSCI, Pubmed and Kyrlibnet. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses application was used in the review. Descriptive and content analysis methods were used in the data analysis of this study. Results: The research analyzed data on the taxonomic status of yaks, yaks' breeding areas, yaks' breeding range, the number of yaks in the world, yaks' breeds, local names and colors of yaks, yaks' behavioral acts on pastures and pasture use, monitoring of behavioral acts, yaks' individual characteristics and egocentric behavioral acts, yaks' social behavioral acts, yaks' sexual and parental behavioral acts, and determined the importance of studying yaks' behavioral acts for the effective use of high-altitude pastures of the Kyrgyz Republic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• yak
• behavior
• pasture
• egocentric behavior
• social behavior

Kaynakça

1. Abdurasulov, A., Kasmaliev, M., Attokurov, K. (2024). Rezultaty uboya bykov-yakov raznogo genotipa i vozrasta. Vestnik Oshskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, (2), 195 202. https://doi.org/10.52754/16948610_2024_2_19. (In Russ.).
2. Abdurasulov, A., Kasmaliev, M., Muratova, R. (2022). Racionalnoe ispolzovanie pastbish v yakovodstve i myasnom skotovodstve. Vestnik Oshskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Selskoe hozyajstvo: agronomiya, veterinariya i zootehniya, 1(1), 7 13. https://doi.org/10.52754/16948696_2022_1_1. (In Russ.).
3. Abdykerimov A.A., Samykbaev A.K., Bekzhanova E.A., Iskembaeva A.M., Bujlashev U.T. (2016). Yakovodstvo Kyrgyzstana. Vestnik Kyrgyzskogo nacionalnogo agrarnogo universiteta im. K.I. Skryabina, 1 (37). 66 70. (In Russ.).
4. Abdykerimov, A.A. (2001). Teoriya i praktika razvedeniya yakov v Kyrgyzstane. Bishkek, 95. (In Russ.).
5. Akasbi, Z., Oldeland, J., Dengler, J., Finckh, M. (2012). Analysis of GPS trajectories to assess goat grazing pattern and intensity in Southern Morocco. Rangel. J, 34, 415 427.
6. Alymbekov, K.A. (2002). Biologicheskaya cennost myasa yakov. Myasnaya industriya, 10. 36. (In Russ.).
7. Alymbekov, K.A. (2007). Myaso yaka. Bishkek, 207. (In Russ.).
8. Alymbekov, K.A. (2017). Myaso yaka: obosnovanie racionalizacii pererabotki. Tovaroved prodovolstvennyh tovarov. 5-6. (In Russ.).

9. Anand, I., Harris, E., Ferrari, R., Pearce, P., Harris, P. (1986). Pulmonary haemodynamics of the yak, cattle, and cross breeds at high altitude. Thorax, 41:696 700. https://doi: 10.1136/thx.41.9.696.
10. Anderson, D.M., Estell, R.E., Cibils, A.F. (2013). Spatiotemporal Cattle Data – A Plea for Protocol Standardization. Positioning, 4(1): 115 136. https://doi.org/10.4236/pos.2013.41012.
11. Anonymus (2003). The Yak, second edition. RAP Publication 2003/06. FAO 2003. ISBN 92-5-104965-3.
12. Anonymus (2025a). ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak. https://nrcy.icar.gov.in/overview.htm.
13. Anonymus (2025b). NCBI: id=72004. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.c gi? id=72004.
14. Awad, A.I. (2016). From Classical Methods to Animal Biometrics: A Review on Cattle Identification and Tracking. Comput. Electron. Agric, 123, 423 435.
15. Ayalew, W., Chu, M., Liang, C., Wu, X., Yan, P. (2021). Adaptation Mechanisms of Yak (Bos grunniens) to High- Altitude Environmental Stress. Animals, 11(8), 2344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082344.
16. Bahtushkina, A.I. (2022). Nagulnye svojstva molodnyaka yakov altajskoj populyacii. Vestnik Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 5(211), 61 68. https://doi.org/10.53083/1996-4277-2022-211-5-61- 68 (In Russ.).
17. Bahtushkina, A.I. (2024). Osobennosti povedeniya yakov altajskoj populyacii na sezonnyh pastbishah Kosh- Agachskogo rajona Respubliki Altaj. Innovacii i prodovolstvennaya bezopasnost, 3(45), 48 57. https://doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2024-45-3-48-57. (In Russ.).
18. Barnard, S., Calderara, S., Pistocchi, S. et al. (2016). Quick, Accurate, Smart: 3D Computer Vision Technology Helps Assessing Confined Animals' Behaviour. PloS one, 11 (7), e0158748. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158748.
19. Bat-Erdene, T. (1961). Biologicheskie i hozyajstvennye kachestva yaka i ego gibridov: Avtoref. dis. ... kand. biol. nauk. Moskva. 21. (In Russ.).
20. Bat-Erdene, T. (1988). Hozyajstvennye i biologicheskie osobennosti yakov i ih znachenie v narodnom hozyajstve v MNR: diss. ... d-ra s.- h. nauk. Moskva. 360. (In Russ.).
21. Batista, P., Almeida, G., Sarmento, R., Pandorfi, H., Melo, A., Monteiro, M., Medeiros, V., Gonçalves, G. (2019). Monitoring the bovine activity in grazing by an electronic sensing device based on GPS. Revista de Ciencias Agrarias, 42. 31 40. https://doi: 10.19084/rca.17264.
22. Bello, Rotimi-W., Abubakar, S. (2020). Framework for Modeling Cattle Behavior through Grazing Patterns, 4. 75 79.
23. Cai Li (1992). China Yak. Beijing,. Agricultural Publishing Company.
24. Chen, Z. et. al. (2000). The Relationship between yak body size and ecological factors. Journal of Southwest Nationalities College (Natural Science Edition), Vol. 24 (4): 403-406.
25. Chertkiev, Sh.Ch. (2007). Nauchnye osnovy formirovaniya myasnoj produktivnosti yakov v ontogeneze. Bishkek, 253. (In Russ.).
26. Chertkov, V.A., Mukashev, Z.M., Kydyrmaev, A.K., Alchikeev, T.Zh. (2005). Ajkolskaya poroda yakov. Bishkek, (In Russ.).
27. Chillo, V., Ojeda, R. (2014). Disentangling ecosystem responses to livestock grazing in drylands. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 197:271 7. https://doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2014.08.011.
28. Chuntao, Y., Guru, T., Qingshan, F., Shulin, W., Zhaofeng, W., Shenghua, C., Fujiang, H. (2021). Behavioral patterns of yaks (Bos grunniens) grazing on alpine shrub meadows of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Volume 234, 105182, ISSN 0168-1591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105182.
29. Chysyma, R.B. (2006). Hozyajstvenno-biologicheskie osobennosti yakov v razlichnyh ekologicheskih usloviyah respubliki Tyva. Avtoreferat dissertacii na soiskanie uchenoj stepeni doktora biologicheskih nauk. 06.02.01-Razvedenie, selekciya, genetika i vosproizvodstvo selskohozyajstvennyh zhivotnyh i 03.00.16- Ekologiya. Novosibirsk, 39. (In Russ.)
30. Cui, G., Yuan, F., Degen, A., Liu, S., Zhou, J., Shang, Z., Ding, L., Mi, J., Wei, X., Long, R. (2016). Composition of the milk of yaks raised at different altitudes on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Int. Dairy J, 59:29–35. https://doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.02.046.
31. Das, P.J., Bam, J., Paul, V., Medhi, D., Roy, A.N., Deb, S.M. (2017). The yak wool. ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak Publication.
32. Degen, A.A., Kam, M., Pandey, S.B., Upreti, C.R., Pandey, S., Regmi, P. (2007). Transhumant pastoralism in yak production in the lower Mustang district of Nepal. Nomadic Peoples, 11:57 85.
33. Denisov, V.F. (1958a). Domashnie yaki i ix gibridy` (Domestic yaks and their hybrids). Moscow: Sel`xozgiz. 116. (In Russ.).
34. Denisov, V.F. (1958b). Razvedenie yakov. Frunze, 25 28. (In Russ.).
35. Ding, L., Long, R., Shang, Z., Wang, C., Yang, Y., Xu, S. (2008). Feeding behaviour of yaks on spring, transitional, summer and winter pasture in the alpine region of the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 111:373 390.
36. Ding, L., Long, R., Wang, C., & Shang, Z. (2006). Grazing Behavior of Lactating and Non-Lactating Yaks in the Summer Season of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution, 52(2), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1560/IJEE_52_2_141.
37. Ding, L., Long, R., Yang, Y., Xu, S., Wang, C. (2007). Behavioural responses by yaks in different physiological states (lactating, dry or replacement heifers), when grazing natural pasture in the spring (dry and germinating) season on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 108:239 250. https://doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.12.004.
38. Ding, L., Wang, Y., Brosh, A., Chen, J., Gibb, M., Shang, Z. et al. (2014). Seasonal heat production and energy balance of grazing yaks on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 198:83–93.
39. Dong, S.K.; Long, R.J.; Hu, Z.Z.; Kang, M.Y.; Pu, X.P. (2010). Productivity and nutritive value of some cultivated perennial grasses and mixtures in the alpine region of the Tibetan plateau. Grass Forage Sci, 58, 302–308.
40. Dorji, T., Goddard, M., Perkins, J. (2000). Genetic diversity in Bhutanese yak (Bos grunniens) populations using microsatellite markers. Proceedings of the third international congress on yak held in Lhasa, China. 197-201.
41. Drickamer, L.C., Vessey, S.H. (1996). Animal Behavior: Concepts, Processes and Methods. Wadsworth Publ. Co., Belmont, Calif., 619.
42. Durmowicz, A.G., Hofmeister, S., Kadyraliev, T., Aldashev, A.A., Stenmark, K.R. (1993). Functional and structural adaptation of the yak pulmonary circulation to residence at high altitude. J Appl Physiol, 74:2276–2285. https://doi: 10.1152/jappl.1993.74.5.2276.
43. Elemanova, R.Sh., Kodzhegulova, D.A., Dzhumanalieva, A.E., Alybaev, K.M., Kubatbekov, T.S., Abdurasulov, A.H., Uzakbaev, T.M., Mamaev, S.Sh., Kasmaliev, M.K. (2023). Sanitarno-giginicheskayaocenka myasa novoj porody i tipa yakov v Kyrgyzstane. Vestnik Oshskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Selskoe hozyajstvo: agronomiya, veterinariya i zootehniya, 2. 44 51. (In Russ.).
44. Fan, J., Yu, Y., Han, X., He, H., Luo, Y., Yu, S. et al. (2020). The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in primary reproductive organs of the female yak (Bos grunniens) at different reproductive stages. Reprod Dom Anim, 55:1371–82. https://doi: 10.1111/rda.13783.
45. Fang, Y.C. (2009). The analysis of the situation and development prospect of Chinese wild yak. Agricultural Information & Technology, 14-15.
46. Gerald, W., Han, J.L., Long, R.J. (2003). The yak. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 460.
47. Goe, M., Stranzinger, G. (2002). Monitoring of traits for yak and yak hybrids. In Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Yak held in Lhasa. 291-299.
48. Goshu, H.A., Chu, M., Wu, X.Y., Bao, P.J., Zhi, D.X., Yan, P. (2019). Genomic copy number variation of the chkb gene alters gene expression and affects growth traits of Chinese domestic yak (Bos grunniens) breeds. Mol. Gene Genom, 294, 549–561.
49. Gregorini, P., DelaRue, B., McLeod, K., Clark, C.E.F., Glassey, C.B., Jago, J. (2012). Rumination behavior of grazing dairy cows in response to restricted time at pasture. Livest Sci, 146:95 8. https://doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.02.020.
50. Gregorini, P., Tamminga, S., Gunter, S.A. (2006). Behavior and daily grazing patterns of cattle. Prof Anim Sci, 22:201 9. https://doi: 10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31095-0.
51. Guang-Xin, E., Basang, W.D., Zhu, Y.B. (2019a). Whole-genome analysis identifying candidate genes of altitude adaptive ecological thresholds in yak populations. J. Anim. Breed. Genet, 136. 371 377.
52. Guang-Xin, E., Yang, B.G., Basang, W.D., Zhu, Y.B., An, T.W., Luo, X.L. (2019b). Screening for signatures of selection of Tianzhu white yak using genome-wide re-sequencing. Anim. Genet, 50. 534 538.
53. Guo, S. et al. (2006). Origin of mitochondrial DNA diversity of domestic yaks. BMC Evol. Biol, 6, 1 13. https://doi: 10.1186/1471-21486-73.
54. Gurarie, E., Andrews, R.D., Laidre, K.L. (2009). A novel method for identifying behavioural changes in animal movement data. Ecol. Lett, 12. 395 408.
55. Han, X., Xie, A., Bi, X., Liu, S., Hu, L. (2002). Effects of high altitude and season on fasting heat production in the yak Bos grunniens or Poephagus grunniens. Br J Nutr, 88:189–197. https://doi: 10.1079/BJNBJN2002610.
56. He, Y., Yu, S., Cui, Y., Du, P. (2010). Morphological study on microvasculature of left ventricular wall in infant and adult yaks. Anat Rec: Adv Integr Anat Evol Biol, 293:1519–1526. https://doi: 10.1002/ar.21201.
57. He, Y., Yu, S., Hu, J., Cui, Y., Liu, P. (2016). Changes in the anatomic and microscopic structure and the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF of the yak heart with aging and hypoxia. PLoS One, 11:e0149947. https://doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149947.
58. Heath, D., Williams, D., Dickinson, J. (1984). The pulmonary arteries of the yak. Cardiovasc Res, 18:133–139. https://doi: 10.1093/cvr/18.3.133.
59. Hoppeler, H., Lindstedt, S.L., Claassen, H., Taylor, C.R., Mathieu, O., Weibel, E.R. (1984). Scaling mitochondrial volume in heart to body mass. Respir Physiol, 55:131–137. https://doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(84)90018-5.
60. Hu, L., Xie, A., Han, X. (1994). Study on the body surface areas of growing yaks and cattle. Chin J Anim Sci. 30:9–10.
61. Hudoyarov, E.S. (2005). Zakonomernosti rosta i razvitiya organov molodnyaka yakov v postnatalnyj period. Avtoref. diss. na soisk. uch. step. k.s-h.n. B. 20. (In Russ.).
62. Iqbal Yatoo, M., Shabir, M., Kubrevi, S.S., Dar, R.A., Angmo, K., Kanwar, M.S., … Parray, O.R. (2019). A study on biological rhythms of Himalayan yaks. Biological Rhythm Research, 51(7), 1087 1094. https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2019.1579883.
63. Irgit, R.Sh., Lushenko, A.E. (2021). Yakovodstvo: uchebnoe posobie. Kyzyl: Izd-vo TuvGU. 131. ISBN 978-5-91178- 179-8. (In Russ.).
64. Ivanova, V.V. (1956). Gibridizaciya yaka s domashnim krupny`m rogaty`m skotom i ee perspektivy. Abstract of dissertation of doctor of agricultural sciences. Moscow, 34. (In Russ.).
65. Jing, X, Ding, L, Zhou, J, Huang, X, Degen, A, Long, R. (2022). The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands. Anim Nutr. Mar, 4;9:249-258. https://doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.02.002.
66. Jochims, F., Soares, E.M., de Oliveira, L.B., Kuinchtner, B.C., Casanova, P.T., Marin, L. et al. (2020). Timing and duration of observation periods of foraging behavior in natural grasslands. Front Vet Sci, 7:519698. https://doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.519698.
67. Johnson, T., Pilleboue, E., Herbrich, M., Garine, E., Sueur, C. (2023). Management of Social Behaviour of Domestic Yaks in Manang, Nepal: An Etho-Ethnographic Study. Animals (Basel), Jan 10;13(2):248. https://doi: 10.3390/ani13020248.
68. Joshi, S., Shrestha, L., Bisht, N., Wu, N., Ismail, M., Dorji, T. et al. (2020). Ethnic and cultural diversity amongst yak herding communities in the Asian highlands. Sustainability, 12:957.
69. Kan-ool, B.K. (2016). Sovremennoe sostoyanie, tendenciya chislennosti i rasprostraneniya yakov v Respublike Tyva. Innovacionnaya nauka, 9. 100 102.
70. Kasmaliev, M. (2008). Pastbishno-kormovye ugodya yakov v ekologicheskih usloviyah vysokogorya. Vestnik KAU, 1(9). Bishkek, 143 144. (In Russ.).
71. Kasmaliev, M., Kalmurzaev, A. (2015). Hozyajstvenno-biologicheskie osobennosti yakov raznogo genotipa, Izvestiya Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2 (52). 135 137. (In Russ.).
72. Kasmaliev, M.K., Bekkuliev, K.M., Bykovchenko, Yu.G. (2011). Razrabotka sovremennoj ekologicheskoj klassifikacii populyacii, tipov, porod yakov. Vestnik selskohozyajstvennoj nauki, 5. Bishkek. 102–104. (In Russ.).
73. Kasmaliev, M.K., Kerimaliev, J.K., Khalmurzaev, A.N. (2016). Economical and biological peculiarities of new Aikol breed of yaks of Kyrgyzstan. Vestnik myasnogo skotovodstva, 1(93). 54 59.
74. Kataktalware, M.A., Pourouchottamane, R., Dutta Borah, Binod., Saikia, P., Borah, Sanjib., Deka, B.C., Sarkar, Mihir. (2008). Sexual behavior of yak bulls. Indian Veterinary Journal, 85. 95 96.
75. Key, N., Sneeringer, S. (2014). Potential Effects of Climate Change on the Productivity of U.S. Dairies. Am. J. Agric. Econ, 96, 1136 1156.
76. Koh, M.Y., Spivak-Kroizman, T.R., Powis, G. (2008). HIF-1 regulation: not so easy come, easy go. Trends Biochem Sci, 33:526–534. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2008.08.002.
77. Kreutzmann, H.A. (1986). Note on Yak-Keeping in Hunza (Northern Areas of Pakistan) Prod. Pastor. Société, 19:99 106.
78. Lan, D. et al. (2021). Population genome of the newly discovered Jinchuan yak to understand its adaptive evolution in extreme environments and generation mechanism of the multirib trait. Integr. Zool, 16, 685–695.
79. Lan, D., Xiong, X., Ji, W., Li, J., Mipam, T.D., Ai, Y., Chai, Z. (2018). Transcriptome profile and unique genetic evolution of positively selected genes in yak lungs. Genetica, 146, 151 160.
80. Lei, G., Li A., Zhang, Z., Bian, J., Hu, G., Wang, C., Nan, X., Wang, J., Tan, J., Liao, X. (2020). The Quantitative Estimation of Grazing Intensity on the Zoige Plateau Based on the Space-Air-Ground Integrated Monitoring Technology. Remote Sensing, 12(9):1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091399.
81. Li, J., Ling, M., Shui, J., Huang, S., Dan, J., Gou, B., Wu, Y. (2022). Smart Grazing in Tibetan Plateau: Development of a Ground-Air-Space Integrated Low-Cost Internet of Things System for Yak Monitoring. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. 1 19. https://doi: 10.1155/2022/1870094.
82. Lin, L.J., Dickhoefer, U., Müller, K., Wurina, S., Susenbeth, A. (2011). Grazing behavior of sheep at different stocking rates in the inner Mongolian steppe, China. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 129:36 42. https://doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.11.002.
83. Liu, C., Xie, C., Liu, X. (2018). Properties of Yak Wool in Comparison to Cashmere and Camel Hairs. J. Nat. Fibers, 15:162–173. https://doi: 10.1080/15440478.2016.1212762.
84. Liu, F.Y., Long R.J. (2009). Effect of different grazing intensities on grazing behavior of yak in summer. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Science), 45. 2. 55 60.
85. Liu, P., Ding, L., Zhou, Y., Jing, X., Degen, A.A. (2019). Behavioural characteristics of yaks grazing summer and winter pastures on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 218:104826.
86. Liu, X., Liu, W., Lenstra, J.A. et al. (2023). Evolutionary origin of genomic structural variations in domestic yaks. Nat Commun, 14, 5617 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41220-x.
87. Long, R., Ding, L., Shang, Z., Guo, X. (2008). The yak grazing system on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and its status. Rangel J, 30:241 246.
88. Long, R.J., Zhang, D.G., Wang, X., Hu, Z.Z., Dong, S.K. (1999). Effect of strategic feed supplementation on productive and reproductive performance in yak cows. Prev. Vet. Med, 38, 195 206. https://doi: 10.1016/s0167- 5877(98)00125-1.
89. Lu, W., Fei, J., Yang, J., Tang, M., Dong, Z., Zhou, Z. et al. (2013). A novel method to identify yak fiber in textile. Textil Res J, 83:773–779.
90. Lu, Z. L. (2007). Retrospect and prospect on science and technology development of yak in China. China Cattle Science, 33. 4. 3 13.
91. Ma, Z.J., Zhong, J.C., Han, J.L. (2009). Genetic diversity in the mtDNA D-Loop region of wild yak (Bos grunniens mutus). Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29. 9. 4798 4803.
92. Malin B., Kangeldieva G., Kaufmann О., Tulobaev A.Z. (2009). Analyse des Weideverhaltens von Yaks Mit Hilfe von GPS – Erste Ergebnisse. Vestnik KAU. Bishkek, 4(15). 68 78.
93. Mamatkalykov, P.M., Abdurasulov, A.H., Muratova, R.T., Kubatbekov, T.S. (2020). Sostoyanie yakovodstva i povyshenie ih produktivnosti, Vestnik Oshskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 1-2. 100 105. (In Russ.).
94. Mamatov, N., Kangeldiyeva, G., Comba. (2012). Yüksek Rakımlı Meraların Kullanımı ve Yak (Topoz) Etolojisinin Araştırılması. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 41 43.
95. Mangel, M, Clark, C.W. (1986). Towards a unified foraging theory. Ecology, 67:1127 38. https://doi: 10.2307/1938669.
96. Manning, J.K., Cronin, G.M., González, L.A., Hall, E.J.S., Merchant, A., Ingram, L.J. (2017). The effects of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) collars on cattle (Bos taurus) behaviour. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci, 187, 54 59.
97. McGranahan, D.A., Geaumont, B., Spiess, J.W. (2018). Assessment of a livestock GPS collar based on an open- source datalogger informs best practices for logging intensity. Ecol. Evol, 8, 5649 5660.
98. Miao, F., Guo, Z., Xue, R., Wang, X., Shen, Y. (2015). Effects of Grazing and Precipitation on Herbage Biomass, Herbage Nutritive Value, and Yak Performance in an Alpine Meadow on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. PLoS ONE. 10:e0127275. https://doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127275.
99. Montalván, S., Arcos, P., Sarzosa, P., Rocha, R.A., Yoo, S. G., Kim, Y. (2024). Technologies and Solutions for Cattle Tracking: A Review of the State of the Art. Sensors, 24(19), 6486. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196486.
100. Namgay, K., Millar, J., Black, R., Samdup, T. (2013). Transhumant agro-pastoralism in Bhutan: exploring contemporary practices and socio-cultural traditions. Pastoral: Res Pol Pract, 3:1 26.
101. Neave, H.W., Lomb, J., Weary, D.M., LeBlanc, S.J., Huzzey, J.M., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G. (2018). Behavioral changes before metritis diagnosis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci, 101, 4388 4399.
102. Noci, B., Neocleous, P., Gemeinhardt, O., Hiebl, B., Berg, R., Plendl, J. et al. (2012). Age-and gender-dependent changes of bovine myocardium architecture. Anat Histol Embryol, 41:453–460. https://doi: 10.1111/j.1439- 0264.2012.01156.x.
103. Pourouchottamane, R., Kataktalware, M.A., Ramesha, K.P., Saravanan, B.C., Ghosh, M.K., Sarkar, M., Mishra, A., Pankaj, P.K. (2011). Lactation performance and milk characteristics of yak (Poephagus grunniess L.) under sub-alpine temperate zone of North-Eastern India. Vet. Pract, 12, 229 232.
104. Qi, X.-B., Jianlin, H., Blench, R., Rege, J.E.O. (2008). Past Human Migrations in East Asia. Routledge; London, UK: Understanding Yak Pastoralism in Central Asian Highlands: Mitochondrial DNA Evidence for Origin, Domestication and Dispersal of Domestic Yak.
105. Qiu, Q. et al. (2012).The yak genome and adaptation to life at high altitude. Nat. Genet, 44, 946 949.
106. Qiu, Q., Wang, L., Wang, K., Yang, Y., Ma, T., Wang, Z. et al. (2015). Yak whole-genome resequencing reveals domestication signatures and prehistoric population expansions. Nat Commun, 6:1 7. https://doi: 10.1038/ncomms10283.
107. Qiu, Q., Zhang, G., Ma, T., Qian, W., Wang, J., Ye, Z., Cao, C., Hu, Q., Kim, J., Larkin, D.M. et al. (2012). The yak genome and adaptation to life at high altitude. Nat. Genet, 44, 946 949.
108. Reece, W.O., Erickson, H.H., Goff, J.P., Uemura, E.E. John, W., Sons, P. (2015). Dukes' physiology of domestic animals.
109. Riaboff, L., Couvreur, S., Madouasse, A., Roig-Pons, M., Aubin, S., Massabie, P., Chauvin, A., Bédère, N., Plantier, G. (2020). Use of Predicted Behavior from Accelerometer Data Combined with GPS Data to Explore the Relationship between Dairy Cow Behavior and Pasture Characteristics. Sensors, 20. 4741. https://doi: 10.3390/s20174741.
110. Rivero, M.J., Grau-Campanario, P., Mullan, S., Held, S.D., Stokes, J.E., Lee, M.R., Cardenas, L.M. (2021). Factors affecting site use preference of grazing cattle studied from 2000 to 2020 through GPS tracking: A review. Sensors, 21, 2696.
111. Rodrigues Silva, R., Nunes do Prado, I., Giordano Pinto de Carvalho, G., Almeida de Santana Junior, H., Ferreira da Silva, F., Lucas Santos Dias, D. (2008). Efeito da utilização de três intervalos de observações sobre a precisão dos resultados obtidos no estudo do comportamento ingestivo de vacas leiteiras em pastejo. Ciência Anim Brasil, 9:319 26. https://doi: 10.5216/cab.v9i2.1205.
112. Rojas-Downing, M.M., Nejadhashemi, A.P., Harrigan, T., Woznicki, S.A. (2017). Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Clim. Risk Manag, 16, 145 163.
113. Sarbagishev, B.S., Rabochev, V.K., Terebaev, A.I. (1994). Yaki. Geneticheskie resursy selskohozyajstvennyh zhivotnyh v Rossii i sopredelnyh stranah. Sankt-Peterburg: VNIIGRZh, 335-342. (In Russ.)
114. Sarkar, M., Borah, B., Bandopadhayay, S., Meyer, H., Prakash, B.S. (2009). Season of the year influences semen output and concentrations of testosterone in circulation of yaks (Poephagus grunniens L.). Anim. Reprod. Sci, 115, 300 305.
115. Sarkar, M., Das, D., Monda,l D. (1999a). Fetal haemoglobin in pregnant yaks (Poephagus grunniens L.). Vet J, 158:68–70. https://doi: 10.1053/tvjl.1999.0361.
116. Sarkar, M., Pal, R., Das, D., Mondal, D., Mohanty, T., Pattanaik, S. (1999b) Postnatal persistence of foetal haemoglobin in yaks. Aust Vet J, 77:190. https://doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb11234.x.
117. Sarkar, M., Prakash, B.S. (2005). Timing of ovulation in relation to onset of estrus and LH peak in yak (Poephagus grunniens L). Anim. Reprod. Sci, 86, 353 362.
118. Schieltz, J.M., Okanga, S., Allan, B.F., Rubenstein, D.I. (2017). GPS tracking cattle as a monitoring tool for conservation and management. Afr. J. Range Forage Sci, 34, 173 177.
119. Schirmann, K., Chapinal, N., Weary, D.M., Heuwieser, W., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G. (2012). Rumination and its relationship to feeding and lying behavior in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 95:3212 7. https://doi: 10.3168/jds.2011-4741.
120. Schlecht, E., Hülsebusch, C., Mahler, F., (2004). Becker, K. The use of differentially corrected global positioning system to monitor activities of cattle at pasture, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 85, no. 3-4, 185 202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.11.003.
121. Shao, B., Long, R., Ding, Y., Wang, J., Ding, L., Wang, H. (2010). Morphological adaptations of yak (Bos grunniens) tongue to the foraging environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. J Anim Sci, 88:2594 2603. https://doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2398.
122. Sheahan, A.J., Kolver, E.S., Roche, J.R. (2011). Genetic strain and diet effects on grazing behavior, pasture intake, and milk production. J Dairy Sci, 94:3583–91. https://doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-4089.
123. Shi, Q., Guo, Y., Engelhardt, S.C. (2016). Endangered wild yak (Bos grunniens) in the Tibetan plateau and adjacent regions: Population size, distribution, conservation perspectives and its relation to the domestic subspecies. J. Nature Conservat, 32. 35 43.
124. Silva, T.P.D., Marques, C.A.T., Torreão, J.N., Bezerra, L.R., Araujo, M.J., Lima, L.A. (2016). Effect of concentrate supplementation and time scales of evaluation on behavioral and physiological responses of pregnant ewes on grazing system. Acta Scient Anim Sci, 38:77 86. https://doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i1.28748.
125. Singh, S, Mishra, A, Singh, J, Rai, S, Baig, M, Biradar, N. et al. (2014). Water requirement estimates of feed and fodder production for Indian livestock vis a vis livestock water productivity. Indian J Anim Sci, 84:1090–4.
126. Sinitsa, A.M., Sufelfa, A.R. (2019). Otsenka parametrov blagopolu-chiia zhivotnykh na osnove iskusstvennogo intel-lekta. Molodezhnaia shkola-seminar po problemam upravleniia v tekhnicheskikh sistemakh imeni A.A. Vavilova, 1. 70 72. (In Russ.)
127. Smith, D., Rahman, A., Bishop-Hurley, G.J., Hills, J., Shahriar, S., Henry, D., Rawnsley, R. (2016). Behavior classification of cowsfitted with motion collars: Decomposing multi-class classification into a set of binary problems. Comput. Electron.Agric. 131:40 50. https://doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2016.10.006.
128. Sokolov, V.E. (1979). Sistematika mlekopitayushih (kitoobraznye, hishnye, lastonogie, trubkozubye, hobotnye, damany, sireny, parnokopytnye, mozolenogie, neparnokopytnye). M.: Izd. Vysshaya shkola. 528. (In Russ.).
129. Stolpovskij, Yu.A., Cendsuren, C., Kol, N.V., Voronkova, V.N., Sulimova G.E. (2013). Genofondy domashnih zhivotnyh Mongolii. M.: T-vo nauchnyh izdanij KMK, 275. (In Russ.).
130. Sun, D., Camerlink, I. (2025). Ethology at the Roof of the World: A cross-language systematic review of the behaviour and welfare of yaks (Bos mutus and Bos grunniens). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 285, 106587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106587.
131. Sun, G., Liu, T., Zhang, H., Tan, B., Li, Y. (2023). Basic behavior recognition of yaks based on improved SlowFast network. Ecological Informatics, 78, 102313. https://doi: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102313.
132. Swain, D.L., Friend, M.A., Bishop-Hurley, G.J., Handcock, R.N., Wark, T. (2011). Tracking livestock using global positioning systems-are we still lost? Anim. Prod. Sci, 51, 167.
133. Tajshin, V.A. (1998). Ekologicheskie osnovy adaptacii nomadnyh zhivotnyh Buryatii. Irkutsk, 60. (In Russ.).
134. Tajshin, V.A. (2015). Poroda yaka domashnego (poephagus grunniens l.) okinskaya. Mezhdunarodnyj zhurnal prikladnyh i fundamentalnyh issledovanij, 1-1. 84-85. URL: https://applied- research.ru/ru/article/view?id=6342 (data obrasheniya: 21.12.2024). (In Russ.)
135. Tajshin, V.A., Yakovleva, E.B. (2010). Vliyanie emocionalnogo stressa na chastotu pulsa u yakov. Mater. nauch. prakt. konferencii, posv. prof. K.T. Munkoevu. Ulan-Ude: Izd-vo BGSHA im.V.R. Filippova. (In Russ.)
136. Tarnuev, A.S., Sampilova, B.B., Lhamsajzmaa, D. (2016). Ekologiya, etologiya i produktivnost sayanskih yakov. Nauchno-tehnicheskij progress v selskohozyajstvennom proizvodstve. Agrarnaya nauka – selskohozyajstvennomu proizvodstvu Sibiri, Kazahstana, Mongolii, Belarusi i Bolgarii: materialy Mezhdunar. nauch.-tehn. konf. (Minsk, 19–21 oktyabrya 2016 g.), Minsk, 142 148. (In Russ.).
137. Tulobaev, A., Aldaiarov, N., Jumakanova, Z., Niiazbekova, Z. (2016). Information on traditional veterinary knowledge of Kyrgyz people. Manas Journal of Agriculture, Veterinary and Life Sciences, 6 (2), 29 35.
138. Tulobaev, A.Z., Kangeldieva, G. (2009). Harakteristika vesennih peredvizhenij yakov na vysokogornyh pastbishah. Vestnik KAU. Bishkek, 5(16). 294 297.
139. Tүlөbaev A.Z. (2025). Topozdordun zhүrүsh-turushu boyuncha talaa izildөөlөrү. Chүj oblasty. Choӊ-Kemin. Kalmak-Ashuu kapchygajy.
140. Tuo, Y.F., Gan, B.Z., Huang, F., Song, X. (2013). Analysis of fatty acids in white yak’s milk from areas in Gansu’s Tianzhu. Dairy Sci. Technol, 36, 23 27.
141. Turner, L.W., Udal, M.C., Larson, B.T., Shearer, S.A. (2000) Monitoring cattle behavior and pasture use with GPS and GIS. Can. J. Anim. Sci, 80, 405 413.
142. Ulimbasheva, R.A., Ulimbashev, M.B., Dubrovin, A.I. (2016). Seasonal Variability of Behavioral Responses of Yaks in High-Mountain Areas of the North Caucasian Region. Vestnik Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 6 (140), 104 107. (In Russ.).
143. Vasilev, K.A. (1991). Morfofunkcionalnaya harakteristika ontogeneza yaka po periodam razvitiya. Ulan-Ude: Buryat. knizh. izd-vo. 224. (In Russ.).
144. Verdiev, Z.V., Erin, I.A. (1981). Molochnoe i myasnoe skotovodstvo. 2, 16 17. (In Russ.).
145. Walker, J., Turnbull, E.P. (1955). Haemoglobin and red cells in the human foetus: III. Foetal and adult haemoglobin. Arch Dis Child, 30:111. https://doi: 10.1136/adc.30.150.102.
146. Wang, H., Chai, Z., Hu, D., Ji, Q., Xin, J., Zhang, C. et al. (2019). A global analysis of CNVs in diverse yak populations using whole-genome resequencing. BMC Genom, 20:1 12. https://doi: 10.1186/s12864-019-5451-5.
147. Wang, Y., Cai, H., Luo, X., Ai, Y., Jiang, M., Wen, Y. (2020). Insight into unique somitogenesis of yak (Bos grunniens) with one additional thoracic vertebra. BMC Genom, 21:1 15. https://doi: 10.1186/s12864-020-6598- 9.
148. Wen, Y.L., Wang, Y., Qi, S., Wang, Y.H., Ma, L. (2008). Determination of plasma melatonin of female yaks with different reproductive rhythms by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in warm and cold seasons. Acta Vet. Zootech. Sin, 39, 302 308.
149. West, J.B. (2015). Recent Advances in High Altitude Medicine and Biology. High Alt. Med. Biol, 16, 73.
150. Wiener G., Jianlin H., Ruijun L. (2003). The yak (2nd ed.). FAO Regional office for Asia and the Pacific; Thailand.
151. Wiener, G. (2013). The yak, an essential element of the high altitude regions of Central Asia. Mongolian and Siberian, Central Asian and Tibetan Studies.
152. Wilson, D.E., Reeder, D.M. (2005). Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Baltingore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3rd ed. 142.
153. Wilson, E.O. (2012). The Social Conquest of Earth. New York. Liveright Publishing corporation. 330.
154. Wu, X.Y., Ding, X.Z., Min, C.H.U., Xian, G.U.O., Bao, P.J., Liang, C.N., Ping, Y.A.N. (2015) Novel SNP of EPAS1 gene associated with higher hemoglobin concentration revealed the hypoxia adaptation of yak (Bos grunniens). J. Integr. Agric, 14, 741 748.
155. Xiaojing, L., Jian, G., Suozhu, L., Yanfen, C., Lizhuang, H., Shujie, L., Weiyun, Z. (2023). The uniqueness and superiority of energy utilization in yaks compared with cattle in the highlands: A review. Animal Nutrition, Volume 12, Pages 138 144. ISSN 2405-6545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2022.09.011.
156. Xiaoping, J., Luming, D., Jianwei, Z., Xiaodan, H., Allan, D., Ruijun, L. (2022). The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands. Animal Nutrition, Volume 9, Pages 249 258. ISSN 2405-6545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2022.02.002.
157. Xin, G. (2010). The mineral dynamics of soil-plant-animal system from northeast of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Lanzhou University.
158. Xu, H., Li, S., Lee, C., Ni, W., Abbott, D., Johnson, M., Lea, J.M., Yuan, J., Campbell, D.L.M. (2020). Analysis of cattle social transitional behaviour: attraction and repulsion, Sensors, 20, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185340.
159. Xue, B., Zhao, X., Zhang, Y. (2005). Seasonal changes in weight and body composition of yak grazing on alpine-meadow grassland in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau of China. J Anim Sci, 83:1908–1913. https://doi: 10.2527/2005.8381908x.
160. Yang, C., Millner, J.P., Sun, Y., Yuan, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y. et al. (2021). Supplementary feeding yak with oat hay improves nitrogen cycling in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Agric Syst, 193:103216. https://doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103216.
161. Yang, S., Liu, J., Gu, Z., Liu, P., Lan, Q. (2022). Physiological and Metabolic Adaptation to Heat Stress at Different Altitudes in Yaks. Metabolites, 12(11), 1082. https://doi: 10.3390/metabo12111082.
162. Yang, X., Daraz, U., Ma, J., Lu, X., Feng, Q., Zhu, H., Wang, X.B. (2024). Temporal–spatial variability of grazing behaviors of yaks and the drivers of their intake on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Front. Vet. Sci, 11:1393136. https://doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1393136.
163. Yu, S., Huang, Y., Chen, B. (1993). Reproductive patterns of the yak. I Reproductive phenomena of the female yak. Br Vet J, 149:579–83. https://doi: 10.1016/S0007-1935(05)80042-9.
164. Yuan, F. 2013. Soil ingestion behaviour of yak grazing on alpine grassland in different season. Lanzhou University.
165. Zhang, K., Lenstra, J. A., Zhang, S., Liu, W., Liu, J. (2020). Evolution and domestication of the Bovini species. Anim. Genet, 51, 637 657.
166. Zhang, R. (2000). Interspecies Hybridization between Yak, Bos taurus and Bos indicus and Reproduction of the Hybrids. Gaithersburg, MD: iVis.
167. Zhang, Z.G., Xia, L., Yang, Q.S. (2009). Distribution and conservation of yak (Bos grunniens). Chinese Journal of Zoology, 44. 1. 148 150.
168. Zi, X.D. (2003). Reproduction in female yaks (Bos grunniens) and opportunities for improvement. Theriogenology, 59, 1303 1312.