A Review on the Antimicrobial Effect of Honey on Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes: Recent Studies

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 210 - 225, 22.12.2023

Fatih Ramazan İstanbullugil , Nuri Taş , Ulaş Acaröz , Damla Arslan-acaroz , Ömer Çakmak , Sezen Evrenkaya , Zeki Gürler

https://doi.org/10.53518/mjavl.1379465

Cited By: 1

Öz

Foodborne pathogens like Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes are microbial agents capable of causing severe illnesses, and they pose a perpetual menace to the food industry. Given their potential to jeopardize human health, both food producers and consumers hold significant concerns regarding these pathogens. The quest for novel strategies and natural preservatives in the domain of food safety holds paramount importance in the effort to curtail the dissemination and contamination of these pathogens. In this context, honey stands out as a notable natural product with substantial potential. Honey, through its bioactive constituents, including phenolic compounds, specialized enzymes, and particularly the production of hydrogen peroxide, can serve as an efficacious tool in combatting microorganisms. This review undertakes an exploration of the antimicrobial impacts of honey on Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes by conducting a comprehensive assessment of existing literature and consolidating available data. The existing data strongly indicates the potential of honey's antimicrobial components to hinder the proliferation and dissemination of these pathogens. This review's principal aim is to outline a path for future research and applications, acknowledging the essential need for additional data and thorough investigations before efficiently deploying honey as a countermeasure against these pathogens.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Honey, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Antimicrobial Effect, Food Pathogens

Kaynakça

• Acaröz, U., Arslan-Acaröz, D., Kara, R., Zemheri, F., & Gürler, Z. (2017). Afyonkarahisar İlinden Toplanan Manda ve İnek Sütlerinde Listeria Türlerinin Varlığının Belirlenmesi. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 10(4), 264–268. https://doi.org/10.5578/kvj.61878
• Acaröz, U., Gürler, Z., Kara, R., Arslan-Acaröz, D., & Zemheri, F. (2018). Afyonkarahisar İlinde Satışa Sunulan Tavuk Eti ve Sakatatlarında Salmonella spp. Varlığının Belirlenmesi. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 11(4), 414– 418. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.444137
• Acaröz, U., Kara, R., Gürler, Z., Arslan-Acaröz, D., & Zemheri, F. (2018). Afyonkarahisar’dan Toplanan Çiğ Manda Sütlerinde Salmonella spp. Varlığının Araştırılması. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 11(2), 180–185. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.417136
• Adeyemo, R. O., Torimiro, N., Akinola, S. A., Lawal, S. K., Abolarinwa, T. O., & Adewoye, W. O. (2017). Study on antibacterial efficacy of different honey types in South Western Nigeria against wound associated bacteria. Journal of Aphyterapy, 2(1). https://doi.org/5/ja.20170309062135
• Akyalçın, H., & Süerdem, T. B. (2017). In Vitro Screening of Antibacterial Activity of Honey Samples Collected from Kosovo. Journal of Scientific Perspectives, 1(2), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.26900/jsp.2017.7
• Albaridi, N. A. (2019). Antibacterial Potency of Honey. International Journal of Microbiology, 2019, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2464507
• Ali, A., Paramanya, A., Poojari, P., Arslan-Acaroz, D., Acaroz, U., & Kostić, A. Ž. (2023). The utilization of bee products as a holistic approach to managing polycystic ovarian syndrome-related infertility. Nutrients, 15(5), 1165.
• Asma, S. T., Bobiş, O., Bonta, V., Acaroz, U., Shah, S. R. A., Istanbullugil, F. R., & Arslan-Acaroz, D. (2022a). General Nutritional Profile of Bee Products and Their Potential Antiviral Properties against Mammalian Viruses. Nutrients 14 (17). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173579
• Asma, S. T., Imre, K., Morar, A., Imre, M., Acaroz, U., Shah, S. R. A., Hussain, S. Z., Arslan-Acaroz, D., Istanbullugil, F. R., Madani, K., Athanassiou, C., Atanasoff, A., Morar, D., Herman, V. & Zhu, K. (2022b). Natural strategies as potential weapons against bacterial biofilms. Life, 12(10), 1618.
• Asma, S. T., Imre, K., Morar, A., Herman, V., Acaroz, U., Mukhtar, H., Arslan-Acaroz, D., Shah S. R. A & Gerlach, R. (2022c). An overview of biofilm formation–combating strategies and mechanisms of action of antibiofilm agents. Life, 12(8), 1110.
• Ayub, R., Umer, M., Maan, A. A., Rasool, B., Khan, M. K. I., Younis, T., Abbas, S., Sajjad, M., Kaleem, I., Imran, M., Ullah, A., Afzal, M. S., Shah, Z. H., Ahmed, S., Aslam, F., Chaudhary, N., & Afzal, M. I. (2020). Antibiotics, Acid and Heat Tolerance of Honey adapted Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Foods, 9(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030311
• Bahar, S. (2022). Farklı Bal Tiplerinin Renk Sınıflandırmasına Göre Staphylococcus Aureus Üzerindeki Antimikrobiyal Etkisinin Incelenmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Balázs, V. L., Nagy-Radványi, L., Filep, R., Kerekes, E., Kocsis, B., Kocsis, M., & Farkas, Á. (2021). In vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of Hungarian honeys against respiratory tract bacteria. Foods, 10(7), 1632.
• Bernard, F. O.-X., Sablé, S., Cameron, B. A., Provost, J., Desnottes, J.-F. O., Crouzet, J., Blanche, F., & Program, A. (1997). Glycosylated Flavones as Selective Inhibitors of Topoisomerase IV. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41(5), 992-998. https://journals.asm.org/journal/aac
• Bhalchandra, W., & Joshi, M. A. (2021). Antibacterial activity of raw honey of three bee species collected from Kannad Taluka of Aurangabad district. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 10(2), 706–709. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2021.v10.i2i.13880
• Bican T. & Akyalçın, S. (2018). Screening of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of different types of honey samples obtained from Geyikli (Çanakkale) province. Communications Faculty of Science University of Ankara Series C Biology Geological Engineering and Geophysical Engineering, 27(2), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1501/commuc_0000000199
• Brudzynski, K., Abubaker, K., & Wang, T. (2012). Powerful bacterial killing by buckwheat honeys is concentration-dependent, involves complete DNA degradation and requires hydrogen peroxide. Frontiers in Microbiology, 3(JUL). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00242
• Brudzynski, K. (2020). A current perspective on hydrogen peroxide production in honey. A review. Food Chemistry, 332, 127229.
• Bucekova, M., Valachova, I., Kohutova, L., Prochazka, E., Klaudiny, J., & Majtan, J. (2014). Honeybee glucose oxidase—its expression in honeybee workers and comparative analyses of its content and H 2 O 2-mediated antibacterial activity in natural honeys. Naturwissenschaften, 101, 661-670.
• Çoban B. (2022). Balın Listeria monocytogenes Suşları Üzerındekı Antimikrobiyel Etkisinin Araştırılması [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Combarros-Fuertes, P., Fresno, J. M., Estevinho, M. M., Sousa-Pimenta, M., Tornadijo, M. E., & Estevinho, L. M. (2020). Honey: another alternative in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria?. Antibiotics, 9(11), 774.
• Çakir, Y., Nur ÇOBANOĞLU, D., Dervişoğlu, G., Koçyiğit, S., Karahan, D., & Yelkovan, S. (2020). Determination of Antimicrobial Activity, Palynological Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Some Honey Samples from Turkey. Mellifera, 2020 (1).
• Çakır, Y., & Dervişoğlu, G. (2022). Antimicrobial Effect of Honeys Collected in Bingol Region. MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(2), 537–544. https://doi.org/10.52520/masjaps.v7i2id206
• Campeau, M. E. M., & Patel, R. (2014). Antibiofilm Activity of Manuka Honey in Combination with Antibiotics. International Journal of Bacteriology, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/795281
• Cilia, G., Fratini, F., Marchi, M., Sagona, S., Turchi, B., Adamchuk, L., Felicioli, A., & Kačániová, M. (2020). Antibacterial activity of honey samples from Ukraine. Veterinary Sciences, 7(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040181
• Cinar, A. (2020). Determination of antimicrobial activities of different flower honeys. Uludag Aricilik Dergisi, 20(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.31467/ULUARICILIK.687207
• Cokcetin, N. N., Pappalardo, M., Campbell, L. T., Brooks, P., Carter, D. A., Blair, S. E., & Harry, E. J. (2016). The antibacterial activity of Australian Leptospermum honey correlates with methylglyoxal levels. PLoS ONE, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167780
• Diğrak, M., & Aksoy, Z. (2006). Bingöl Yöresinde Toplanan Bal ve Propolisin Antimikrobiyal Etkisi Üzerinde in vitro Araştırmalar. Science and Eng. J of Fırat Univ., 18(4), 471–478. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228508120
• Dunford, C., Cooper, R., Molan, P., & White, R. (2000). The use of honey in wound management. Nursing Standard, 15(11), 63.
• Đurović, V., Mandić, L., Mijatović, M., Miletić, N., Radovanović, M., Mladenović, J., Pešaković, M., & Đukić, D. (2022). Comparative analysis of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of three different types of honey. Acta Agriculturae Serbica, 27(54), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.5937/aaser2254115d
• Dustmann, J. H. (1979). Antibacterial Effect of Honey. Apiacta 1.
• Ehuwa, O., Jaiswal, A. K., & Jaiswal, S. (2021). Salmonella, food safety and food handling practices. Foods, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10050907
• Ejaz, H., Sultan, M., Qamar, M. U., Junaid, K., Rasool, N., Alanazi, A., Alruways, M. W., Mazhari, B. B. Z., Alruwaili, Y., Bukhari, S. N. A., & Younas, S. (2023). Antibacterial efficacy of indigenous Pakistani honey against extensively drug-resistant clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi: an alternative option to combat antimicrobial resistance. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906- 023-03870-8
• Engin, A. S., Ceylan, Ö., & Duru, M. E. (2022). Monofloral Balların Saklama Koşullarına Göre Antimikrobiyal Aktivite Üzerine Etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(2), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.1062571
• Faúndez, X., Báez, M. E., Martínez, J., Zúñiga-López, M. C., Espinoza, J., & Fuentes, E. (2023). Evaluation of the generation of reactive oxygen species and antibacterial activity of honey as a function of its phenolic and mineral composition. Food Chemistry, 426, 136561.
• Finnegan, M., Linley, E., Denyer, S. P., McDonnell, G., Simons, C., & Maillard, J. Y. (2010). Mode of action of hydrogen peroxide and other oxidizing agents: Differences between liquid and gas forms. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 65(10), 2108–2115. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq308
• Fratianni, F., De Giulio, B., d’Acierno, A., Amato, G., De Feo, V., Coppola, R., & Nazzaro, F. (2023). In Vitro Prebiotic Effects and Antibacterial Activity of Five Leguminous Honeys. Foods, 12(18), 3338. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12183338
• Fratianni, F., Ombra, M. N., D’acierno, A., Caputo, L., Amato, G., De Feo, V., Coppola, R., & Nazzaro, F. (2021). Polyphenols content and in vitro α-glycosidase activity of different italian monofloral honeys, and their effect on selected pathogenic and probiotic bacteria. Microorganisms, 9(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081694
• Ganz, T. (2003). Defensins: Antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity. In Nature Reviews Immunology. 3(9), 710–720. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1180
• Ghifari Alhadz, G., Tri, A. E., & Wahyuni, H. (2021). Antibacterial Activities of Honey, Papaya Leaf, Basil Leaf, and Temu Ireng Extract on the Growth of Salmonella Typhimurium. Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2(2), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijvs.v2i2.83329
• Gkoutzouvelidou, M., Panos, G., Xanthou, M. N., Papachristoforou, A., & Giaouris, E. (2021). Comparing the Antimicrobial Actions of Greek Honeys from the Island of Lemnos and Manuka Honey from New Zealand against Clinically Important Bacteria. Foods, 10(6), 1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-07716
• Gośliński, M., Nowak, D., & Kłębukowska, L. (2020). Antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of manuka honey versus Polish honeys. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(4), 1269–1277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04159-w
• Goulet, V., Jacquet, C., Martin, P., Vaillant, V., Laurent, E., & de Valk, H. (2006). Surveillance of human listeriosis in France, 2001-2003. Eurosurveillance, 11(6), 3–4. https://doi.org/10.2807/esm.11.06.00629-en
• Hardy, A. (2004). Salmonella: A continuing problem. Postgraduate Medical Journal 80(947), 541–545. https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2003.016584
• Hatipoğlu, F., Terzi, F., Özdemir, Ö., Ortatatli, M., Çiftçi, M. K., & Ateş, M. B. (2022). Comparison of Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Real-Time PCR Methods for Diagnosis of Listeriosis in Ruminants with Encephalitis. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 28(5), 643–652. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2022.27945
• Homaeigohar, S., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2020). Antibacterial biohybrid nanofibers for wound dressings. Acta biomaterialia, 107, 25-49.
• Hossain, K. S., Hossain, M. G., Moni, A., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, U. H., Alam, M., & Uddin, M. J. (2020). Prospects of honey in fighting against COVID-19: pharmacological insights and therapeutic promises. Heliyon, 6(12).
• Hunter, M., Ghildyal, R., D’Cunha, N. M., Gouws, C., Georgousopoulou, E. N., & Naumovski, N. (2021). The bioactive, antioxidant, antibacterial, and physicochemical properties of a range of commercially available Australian honeys. Current Research in Food Science, 4, 532–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2021.08.002
• Ilia, G., Simulescu, V., Merghes, P., & Varan, N. (2021). The health benefits of honey as an energy source with antioxidant, antibacterial and antiseptic effects. In Science and Sports, 36 (4), 272.e1-272.e10). Elsevier Masson s.r.l. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.10.005
• Ilyasov, R. A., Gaifullina, L. R., Saltykova, E. S., Poskryakov, A. V., & Nikolenko, A. G. (2012). Review of the expression of antimicrobial peptide defensin in honey bees Apis mellifera L. Journal of Apicultural Science, 56(1), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10289-012-0013-y
• Israili, Z. H. (2014). Antimicrobial Properties of Honey. American Journal of Therapeutics, 21, 304–323.
• Jenkins, R., & Cooper, R. (2012). Improving Antibiotic Activity against Wound Pathogens with Manuka Honey In Vitro. PLoS ONE, 7(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045600
• Kalidasan, P. Saranraj, V. Ragul, & S. Sivasakthi. (2017). Antibacterial Activity of Natural and Commercial Honey-A Comparative Study. Advances in Biological Research, 11(6), 365–372.
• Kara, R., Acaröz, U., Gürler, Z., Soylu, A., & Küçükkurt, O. (2019). Taze Marul Örneklerinde Esherichia coli O157 ve Listeria monocytogenes Varlığının Belirlenmesi. European Journal of Science and Technology, 16, 870–873. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.573247
• Karadal, F. (2012). Balın Kalite Nitelikleri, Beslenme ve Sağlık Açısından Önemi. J Fac Vet Med Univ Erciyes (Vol. 9, Issue 3).
• Khan, S. U., Anjum, S. I., Rahman, K., Ansari, M. J., Khan, W. U., Kamal, S., Khattak, B., Muhammad, A., & Khan, H. U. (2018). Honey: Single food stuff comprises many drugs. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 25(2), 320–325). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.08.004
• Kim, S., Kim, S. H., Rahman, M., & Kim, J. (2018). Characterization of a Salmonella Enteritidis bacteriophage showing broad lytic activity against Gram-negative enteric bacteria. Journal of Microbiology, 56(12), 917–925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8310-1
• Kwakman, P. H. S., te Velde, A. A., de Boer, L., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C. M. J. E., & Zaat, S. A. J. (2011). Two major medicinal honeys have different mechanisms of bactericidal activity. PLoS ONE, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017709
• Maddocks, S. E., & Jenkins, R. E. (2013). Honey: A sweet solution to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance? In Future Microbiology 8(11), 1419–1429). https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.13.105
• Mahmood, A. L., Lani, M. N., Hassan, Z., Razak, S. B. A., & Ahmad, F. T. (2021a). Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Indo-Malayan stingless bee (Heterotrigona itama) honey from different seasons and distribution of flowers. Food Research, 5(2), 498–507. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).546
• Majtan, J., Bucekova, M., Kafantaris, I., Szweda, P., Hammer, K., & Mossialos, D. (2021). Honey antibacterial activity: A neglected aspect of honey quality assurance as functional food. In Trends in Food Science and Technology 118, 870–886. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.012
• Molan, P. C. (1992). The Antibacterial Activity of Honey. Variation in the potency of the antibacterial activity.
• Molan, P. C. (1999). Why honey is effective as a medicine. I. Its use in modern medicine. Bee World, 80(2), 80– 92. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1999.11099430
• Müller, P., Alber, D. G., Turnbull, L., Schlothauer, R. C., Carter, D. A., Whitchurch, C. B., & Harry, E. J. (2013). Synergism between Medihoney and Rifampicin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PLoS ONE, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057679
• Nainu, F., Masyita, A., Bahar, M. A., Raihan, M., Prova, S. R., Mitra, S., & Simal-Gandara, J. (2021). Pharmaceutical prospects of bee products: Special focus on anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic properties. Antibiotics, 10(7), 822.
• Nayaka, N. M. D. M. W., Fidrianny, I., Sukrasno, Hartati, R., & Singgih, M. (2020). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of multiflora honey extracts from the Indonesian Apis cerana bee. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 15(3), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.04.005
• Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., d’Acierno, A., Ombra, M. N., Caputo, L., Coppola, R., & Feo, V. De. (2021). Anti-Biofilm Properties Exhibited by Different Types of Monofloral Honey. 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020066016
• Nolan, V. C., Harrison, J., & Cox, J. A. G. (2019). Dissecting the antimicrobial composition of honey. Antibiotics 8(4). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040251
• Oğur, S., & Dayan, Y. (2022). Antimicrobial activities of natural honeys and royal jellys on some pathogenic bacteria. BAUN Fen Bil. Enst. Dergisi, 24(2), 672–689. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed
• Oryan, A., Alemzadeh, E., & Moshiri, A. (2016). Biological properties and therapeutic activities of honey in wound healing: A narrative review and meta-analysis. Journal of Tissue Viability, 25(2), 98–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2015.12.002
• Otmani, A., Amessis-Ouchemoukh, N., Birinci, C., Yahiaoui, S., Kolayli, S., Rodríguez-Flores, M. S., Escuredo, O., Seijo, M. C., & Ouchemoukh, S. (2021). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Algerian honeys. Food Bioscience, 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101070
• Özdemir, Ö., Ortatatli, M., Terzi, F., Hatipoğlu, F., Çiftçi, M. K., & Ateş, M. B. (2021). The usability of cytological and immunocytological methods for rapid diagnosis of encephalitic listeriosis in ruminants. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 27(2), 225–233. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2020.25106
• Özmen, N., & Alkın, E. (2006). The Antimicrobial Features of Honey and The Effects on Human Health. Uludag Bee Journal, 155–160.
• Pajor, M., Worobo, R. W., Milewski, S., & Szweda, P. (2018). The antimicrobial potential of bacteria isolated from honey samples produced in the apiaries located in pomeranian voivodeship in Northern Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092002
• Park, S. H., Kim, Y. K., Kim, M. S., & Lee, S. H. (2020). Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Hovenia (Hovenia dulcis) monofloral honey produced in South Korea. Food Science of Animal Resources, 40(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2020.e6
• Pita-Calvo, C., & Vázquez, M. (2017). Differences between honeydew and blossom honeys: A review. In Trends in Food Science and Technology, 59, 79–87). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.11.015
• Postali, E., Peroukidou, P., Giaouris, E., & Papachristoforou, A. (2022). Investigating Possible Synergism in the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Actions of Honey and Propolis from the Greek Island of Samothrace through Their Combined Application. Foods, 11(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11142041
• Putri, I., Jannah, N., & Purwantisari, S. (2020). Isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacteria from Apis mellifera and their potential as antibacterial using in vitro test against growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. NICHE Journal of Tropical Biology, 3(1), 26–34.
• Redzic H., Prazina N., Tuka M., Avdagic T., Kurtagic S. (2011). The antimicrobial activity of honey in relation to the composition of pollen (Bosnia-Herzegovina, W. Balkan). Planta Medica, 77(12), SL62. https://doi.org/10.1055/s- 0031-1282185
• Russo, N., Di Rosa, A. R., Pino, A., Mazzeo, G., Liotta, L., Caggia, C., & Randazzo, C. L. (2023). Assessment of sensory properties and in vitro antimicrobial activity of monofloral Sicilian honey. Food Bioscience, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102449
• Sagdic, O., Silici, S., & Ekici, L. (2013). Evaluation of the phenolic content, antiradical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of different floral sources of honey. International Journal of Food Properties, 16(3), 658– 666. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2011.561463
• Saral, O. (2018). Determination of Antioxidant Activities of the Chestnut and Flower Honeys Collected from Eastern Black Sea Region in Turkey. In Journal of Apitherapy and Nature/Apiterapi ve Doğa Dergisi 1(1). www.dergipark.gov.tr/jan
• Saranraj, P., & Sivasakthi, S. (2018). Comprehensive Review on Honey: Biochemical and Medicinal Properties. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR), 6(10).
• Segueni, N., Boutaghane, N., Asma, S. T., Tas, N., Acaroz, U., Arslan-Acaroz, D., Shah, S. R. A., Abdellatieff, H. A., Akkal, S., Peñalver, R., & Nieto, G. (2023). Review on Propolis Applications in Food Preservation and Active Packaging. In Plants 12 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081654
• Sekar, M., Zuraini, N. Z. A., Rani, N. N. I. M., Lum, P. T., & Gan, S. H. (2023). Antimicrobial Properties of Honey. Honey: Composition and Health Benefits, 186-196.
• Shalsh, F. J., Khalaf, A. M., Hafiz, M., & Al-Sultan, I. I. A. (2021). Antibacterial Properties of Local Malaysian Trigona Sp. Honey Towards Different of Pathogenic Bacteria in Vitro. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 13(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.52951/dasj.21130101
• Silici, S., Sagdic, O., & Ekici, L. (2010). Total phenolic content, antiradical, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rhododendron honeys. Food Chemistry, 121(1), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.078
• Sulaiman, N. H. I., & Sarbon, N. M. (2022). Physicochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of selected Malaysian honey as treated at different temperature: A comparative study. Journal of Apicultural Research, 61(4), 567–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2020.1846295
• Viuda-Martos, M., Ruiz-Navajas, Y., Fernández-López, J., & Pérez-Álvarez, J. A. (2008). Functional properties of honey, propolis, and royal jelly. In Journal of Food Science 73 (9). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00966.x
• Wadi, M. A. (2022). In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Different Honey Samples against Clinical Isolates. BioMed Research International, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1560050
• Wang, Y., Gou, X., Yue, T., Ren, R., Zhao, H., He, L., Liu, C., & Cao, W. (2021). Evaluation of physicochemical properties of Qinling Apis cerana honey and the antimicrobial activity of the extract against Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 in vitro and in vivo. Food Chemistry, 337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127774
• Zapata-Vahos, I. C., Henao-Rojas, J. C., Yepes-Betancur, D. P., Marín-Henao, D., Giraldo Sánchez, C. E., Calvo- Cardona, S. J., David, D., & Quijano-Abril, M. (2023). Physicochemical Parameters, Antioxidant Capacity, and Antimicrobial Activity of Honeys from Tropical Forests of Colombia: Apis mellifera and Melipona eburnea. Foods, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12051001
• Zhu, J., Chen, Y., Imre, K., Arslan-Acaroz, D., Istanbullugil, F.R., Fang, Y., Ros, G., Zhu, K. and Acaroz, U., 2023. Mechanisms of probiotic Bacillus against enteric bacterial infections. One Health Advances, 1(1), p.21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44280-023-00020-0