The Mediating Effect of Ruminative Thinking on The Relationship between Resilience and COVID-19 Phobia

Öz

The aim of the study is to examine the mediating effect of ruminative thinking on the relationship between resilience and COVID-19 phobia. The total number of students who took part in the research is 409 and 123 of them are male, and 286 are female, studying in different programs at a state university. “COVID-19 Phobia Scale”, “Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale” “Rumination Scale Short Form” and “Personal Information Form” were used as data collection tools in the study. The mediating effect of ruminative thinking on the relationship between resilience and COVID-19 phobia was examined with the structural equation model. According to the results; rumination was positively associated with COVID-19 phobia and rumination was negatively associated with resilience. In addition, a negative relationship was found between psychological resilience and COVID-19 phobia. Finally, when the indirect effect is examined, it has been revealed that ruminative thinking has a mediating role in the relationship between resilience and COVID-19 phobia in the 95% confidence interval. In other words, it has been observed that rumination has a negative contribution to the protective role of resilience against COVID-19 phobia. It was determined that the whole model was significant and rumination and resilience together explained 12% of the change in COVID-19 phobia. The research findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19/Pandemic era
• university students
• COVID-19 phobia
• rumination
• resilience

Psikolojik Sağlamlık ile COVID-19 Fobisi Arasındaki İlişkide Ruminatif Düşüncenin Aracı Etkisi

Öz

Bu araştırmada psikolojik sağlamlık ile COVID-19 fobisi arasındaki ilişkide ruminatif düşüncenin aracı etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemi farklı programlarında öğrenim gören 123’ü erkek ve 286’sı kadın toplam 409 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın verilerini toplamada, “COVID-19 Fobisi Ölçeği”, “Connor ve Davidson Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği”, “Ruminasyon Ölçeği Kısa Formu” ve “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada psikolojik sağlamlık ile COVID-19 fobisi arasındaki ilişkide ruminatif düşüncenin aracı etkisi yapısal eşitlik modeliyle incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; ruminasyonun COVID-19 fobisiyle pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğu ve ruminasyonun psikolojik sağlamlıkla negatif yönde ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca psikolojik sağlamlık ile COVID-19 fobisi arasında da negatif yönde bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Son olarak, dolaylı etkiye bakıldığında %95 güven aralığında ruminatif düşüncenin psikolojik sağlamlık ile COVID-19 fobisi arasındaki ilişkide aracılık rolünün olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Diğer bir deyişle, psikolojik sağlamlığın COVID-19 fobisine karşı koruyucu rolüne ruminasyonun olumsuz bir katkısının olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Tüm modelin anlamlı olduğu ve ruminasyon ile psikolojik sağlamlığın birlikte COVID-19 fobisindeki değişimin %12’sini açıkladığı tespit edilmiştir. İlgili alanyazın ışığında araştırma bulguları tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19/Pandemi dönemi
• üniversite öğrencileri
• COVID-19 fobisi
• ruminasyon
• psikolojik sağlamlık

Kaynakça

1. Altun-Ekiz, M. (2020). Koronavirüs karantinasında günlük tutan beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencileri üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(4), 387-401.
2. APA (Amerikan Psikoloji Derneği) (2007). APA Dictionary of psychology. American Psychological Association.
3. Arpacı, I., Karataş, K. ve Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and individual differences, 164, 1-6. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110108
4. Arslan G. ve Allen K. A. (2022). Exploring the association between coronavirus stress, meaning in life, psychological flexibility, and subjective well-being. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27(4), 803–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1876892
5. Arslan, G., ve Coşkun, M. (2022). Coronavirus–related stressors, resilient mindset, loneliness, depressive symptoms in college students: testing a moderated mediation model. Psychological Reports, 00332941221139721. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221139721
6. Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M. ve Aytaç, M. (2020). Subjective vitality and loneliness explain how coronavirus anxiety increases rumination among college students. Death Studies, 46(5), 1042-1051. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1824204
7. Artan, T., Atak, I., Karaman M. ve Cebeci, F. (2020). Koronavirüs (COVID-19) salgınında sosyodemografik özellikler, psikolojik sağlamlık ve kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Turkish Studies, 15(6), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.43882
8. Aylaz, R. (2020). Yeni koronavirüs hastalığının toplum üzerine etkileri ve hemşirelik yaklaşımları. İnönü Üniversitesi Yayınevi.

9. Bahar, A., Koçak H. S., Samancıoğlu Bağlama, S. ve Çuhadar, D. (2020). Can psychological resilience protect the mental health of healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic period? Dubai Med. J., 3, 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1159/000510264
10. Bakker, A. B. ve van Wingerden, J. (2021). Rumination about COVID-19 and employee well-being: The role of playful work design. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne, 62(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000262
11. Bozdağ, F. (2020). Pandemi sürecinde psikolojik sağlamlık. Turkish Studies, 15(6), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44890
12. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. ve Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920.
13. Bueno, R., Sandoval, C. ve Lilienthal, K. K. (2021). The mediating effects of personality on COVID- 19 anxiety and rumination. Journal of Research in Psychology, 3(2), 1-15.
14. Bugay-Sökmez, A., Manuoğlu, E., Coşkun, M., ve Sümer, N. (2023). Predictors of rumination and co-rumination: the role of attachment dimensions, self-compassion and self-esteem. Current Psychology, 42, 4400–4411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01799-0
15. Chong, M.-Y., Wang, W.-C., Hsieh, W.-C., Lee, C.-Y., Chiu, N.-M., Yeh, W.-C., . . . Chen, C.-L. (2004). Psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on health workers in a tertiary hospital. The British journal of psychiatry, 185(2), 127-133.
16. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a New Resilience Scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
17. Çetin, C. ve Anuk, Ö. (2020). COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde yalnızlık ve psikolojik dayanıklılık: Bir kamu üniversitesi öğrencileri örneklemi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(5), 170-189.
18. Doğan, M. M. ve Düzel, B. (2020). COVID-19 özelinde korku-kaygı düzeyleri. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 739-752. http://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44678
19. Erdur-Baker, Ö. ve Bugay, A. (2010). The short version of ruminative response scale: reliability, validity and its relation to psychological symptoms. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2178-2181.
20. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage Publications.
21. Fletcher, D. ve Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic Champions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 669-678.
22. Fletcher, D. ve Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts and theory. Article in European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016- 9040/a000124
23. Gardiner, C., Laud, P., Heaton, T. ve Gott, M. (2020). What is the prevalence of loneliness amongst older people living in residential and nursing care homes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing, 49(5), 748-757.
24. Garnefski, N. ve Kraaij, V. (2018). Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 32(7), 1401- 1408.
25. Gizir C. A. (2007). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörler ve koruyucu faktörler üzerine bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(28),113-128.
26. Güler, M. ve Bozkur, B. (2022). COVID-19 anxiety and rumination in university students in the COVID-19 process. Selçuk Ün. Sos. Bil. Ens. Der., 48, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1096817
27. Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
28. Karaırmak, Ö. (2010). Establishing the psychometric qualities of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a trauma survivor sample. Psychiatry Research, 179(3), 350-356.
29. Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
30. Luthar S. (2013). Resilience at an early age and ıts impact on child psychosocial development. In Encyclopedia on early childhood development [online]. [Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2021, child- encyclopedia.com/documents/LutharANGxp.pdf]
31. Michl, L. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Shepherd, K. and Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013). Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety: Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 339-352.
32. Nolen- Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569- 582. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021- 843x.100.4.569
33. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 843X.109.3.504
34. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. and Morrow, J. (1991) A Prospective Study of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms after a Natural Disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115
35. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2008).Rethinking rumination. Perspect Psychol Sci., 3(5), 400-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x.
36. Önel, S. N. (2021). COVID-19 sürecinde öz duyarlık ve psikolojik sağlamlık ile depresyon, anksiyete, stres arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Işık Üniversitesi.
37. Prime, H., Wade, M., and Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 75(5), 631-643. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
38. Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B. ve Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213.
39. Rajkumar R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
40. Robertson, I. T., Cooper, C. L., Sarkar, M. ve Curran T (2015). Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88, 533– 562.
41. Ryff, C. D. ve Singer, B. (2003). Flourishing under fire: Resilience as a prototype of challenged thriving. In Keyes C. L. M., Haidt J. (Eds.), Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 15–36). American Psychological Association.
42. Sameroff, A. (2013). Early resilience and its developmental consequences. In Encyclopedia on early childhood development [online]. [Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2021, child- encyclopedia.com/documents/SameroffANGxp.pdf]
43. Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, S.A. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2022). Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: Serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19. Int J Ment Health Addiction, 20, 2731– 2742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0
44. Shenesey, J. W. ve Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (2015). Perceived resilience: Examining impacts of the deepwater horizon oil spill one-year post-spill. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 7(3), 252–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035182
45. Tian, F., Li, H., Tian, S., Yang, J., Shao, J. ve Tian, C. (2020). Psychological symptoms of ordinary Chinese citizens based on SCL-90 during the level emergency response to COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112992.
46. Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R. & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561
47. Watkins, E. R. ve Roberts, H. (2020). Reflecting on rumination: Consequences, causes, mechanisms, and treatment of rumination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 127, 1-28.
48. Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 163-206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163
49. Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E. ve Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 210-218.
50. Wilkinson, P. O., Croudace, T. J. ve Goodyer, I. M. (2013). Rumination, anxiety, depressive symptoms and subsequent depression in adolescents at risk for psychopathology: A longitudinal cohort study. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 1-9.
51. World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Stuation Report 79. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200408-sitrep-79- covid-19.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 06.05.2021)
52. Ye, B., Zhou, X., Im, H., Liu, M., Wang, X. Q. ve Yang, Q. (2020). Epidemic rumination and resilience on college students’ depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of fatigue. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.560983
53. Yıldırım A. & Hacıhasanoğlu-Aşılar R. (2020). COVID-19 salgınınında ruhsal bozukluğu olan bireylere yaklaşım. İçinde R. Aylaz & E. Yıldız (Eds.), Yeni koronavirüs hastalığının toplum üzerine etkileri ve hemşirelik yaklaşımları. İnönü Üniversitesi Yayınevi.