İran ve Türkiye'de Güven: Kişilerarası, Kurumsal ve Sosyal Güven Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma

Öz

Aristoteles'in 2400 yıl önce belirttiği gibi, insanoğlu doğası gereği sosyal bir varlıktır. Bireyler ve gruplar arasındaki etkileşim ve ilişkileri şekillendirdiği için toplumun ekonomik ve sosyal gelişim için güvene ihtiyacı vardır. Kamuoyu araştırmaları, güven düzeyleri konusunda küresel karşılaştırmalar sunmakta ve heterojenlik göstermektedir. Örneğin İsveç ve Norveç gibi ülkelerde katılımcıların %60'ından fazlası 'çoğu insana güvenilebileceğini' belirtmiştir. Öte yandan, Türkiye, İran ve diğer Orta Doğu ülkeleri gibi ülkelerde bu oran %15'in altındadır. Bu çalışma İran ve Türkiye'de güven konusuna genel bir bakış sunmaktadır. Dünya Değerler Araştırması verilerinden yararlanarak güven türlerini incelemektedir. İran ve Türkiye vatandaşları en yüksek güveni aile gibi yakın gruplara duymaktadır. Öte yandan, başka milletten veya farklı dinden insanlar gibi dış gruplara duyulan güven daha yüksek veya orta düzeyde olabilmektedir. Ayrıca, İran ve Türk halkı silahlı kuvvetler gibi kurumları daha güvenilir bulurken, IMF ve WHO gibi uluslararası kurumlara daha az güvenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Türkiye
• İran
• Dünya Değerler Anketi
• Kişilerarası Güven
• Sosyal Güven
• Kurumsal Güven
• Davranışsal İktisat.

Trust in Iran and Türkiye: A Comparative Study of Interpersonal, Institutional, and Social Trust

Öz

Human beings are social creatures in their nature, as Aristotle stated 2400 years ago. Society needs trust for economic and social development as it shapes interactions and relations among individuals and groups. Opinion surveys offer global comparisons of trust levels and show heterogeneity. For example, in countries such as Sweden and Norway, more than 60% of respondents reported that 'most people can be trusted.' On the other hand, in countries such as Türkiye, Iran, and other Middle East countries, less than 15% think this is the case. This study offers an overview of trust in Iran and Türkiye. It examines types of trust utilizing the World Values Survey data. Citizens in Iran and Türkiye have the highest trust in close groups such as their families. On the other hand, trust in outgroups such as people from another nationality or different religions could be higher to moderate. Moreover, the Iranian and Turkish public consider institutions such as the armed forces more trustworthy, whereas international institutions such as the IMF and WHO are less trusted.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Türkiye
• Iran
• World Values Survey
• Interpersonal Trust
• Social Trust
• Institutional Trust
• Behavioral Economics.

Etik Beyan

During the writing process of the study titled “Trust in Iran and Turkey: A Comparative Study of Interpersonal, Institutional, and Social Trust,” scientific rules, and ethical and citation rules were respected. This study was not submitted to any other academic publication platform for evaluation. This study did not require an ethics committee approval required for the research.

Kaynakça

1. Afiouni, F. (2014). Women’s Careers in The Arab Middle East. Understanding Institutional Constraints to The Boundaryless Career View. Career Development International, 19(3), 314–336. Doi: 10.1108/CDI-05-2013-0061
2. Ahmad, M., & Hall, S. G. (2017). Trust-based Social Capital, Economic Growth and Property Rights: Explaining the Relationship. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(1), 21–52.
3. Alesina, A., E. La Ferrara (2000). Participation in Heterogeneous Communities. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), 847–904.
4. Andriani, L., and Sabatini, F. (2015). Trust and Prosocial Behavior in a Process of State Capacity Building: The Case of The Palestinian Territories. Journal of Institutional Economics, 11 (4), pp. 823-846.
5. Arrow, K. (1972). Gifts and Exchanges. Philosophy and Public Affairs
6. Banfield, Edward C. (1958). The Moral Basis of a Backward Society. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
7. Beugelsdijk, S., Kostova, T., & Roth, K. (2017). An Overview of Hofstede-inspired Country-level Culture Research in International Business Since 2006. Journal of International Business Studies, 48, pp. 30-47.
8. Burt, R. S. (1997). The Contingent Value of Social Capital. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, pp. 339–65.

9. Cáceres-Carrasco, F.R., Santos, F.J., & Guzmán, C. (2020). Social Capital, Personal Values, and Economic Development: Effect on Innovation: An International Analysis. The European Journal of Social Science Research, 33:1, pp. 70-95.
10. Cleaver, F. (2005). The Inequality of Social Capital and The Reproduction of Chronic Poverty. World Development, Vol. 33, Issue. 6, pp. 893–906.
11. Collier, P. (2002). Social Capital and Poverty: A Microeconomic Perspective. In Grootaert, C., Bastelaer, T., The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment, pp. 19–41. Cambridge University Press
12. Davis, J.H. and Ruhe, J. (2003). Perceptions of Country Corruption: Antecedents and Outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 275-88.
13. Delhey, J., and Welzel, C. (2012). Generalizing Trust: How Outgroup-Trust Grows Beyond Ingroup Trust. World Values Research, WVR, 5(3).
14. Delhey, J., Newton, K., & Welzel, C. (2011). How General Is Trust in “Most People”? Solving the Radius of Trust Problem. American Sociological Review, 76(5), pp. 786-807.
15. Delhey, J., and Newton, K. (2005). Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism. European Sociological Review, 21(4), pp. 311–327.
16. Delhey, J. and K. Newton (2003). Who Trusts? The Origin of Social Trust in Seven Societies. European Societies, 5(2), 93–137.
17. De Oliveira, M. D. (2002). Citizen Participation and Social Capital Formation Resource Mobilization for Social Development. Retrieved August 29, 2023, from http://digital- library.unesco.org/shs/most/gsdl/collect/most/index/assoc/HASH56cc.dir/doc.pdf
18. Deneulin, S., and Bano, M. (2009). Religion in Development: Rewriting the Secular Script, London: Zed Books.
19. Duriez, B. (2004). Taking a Closer Look at The Religion-Empathy Relationship: Are Religious People Nicer People? Mental Health, Religion and Culture, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 249–254.
20. Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and The Creation of Prosperity, Free Press.
21. Gerami, M., Rasekh, K., & Karimi, M. (2021). The Influence of Political and Social Trust on Participation of People in Politics in Jahrom City, Iran. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, vol 8, no.3, pp. 498-507.
22. Godefroidt, A., A, Langer., & B, Meuleman. (2017). Developing Political Trust in a Developing Country: The Impact of Institutional and Cultural Factors on Political Trust in Ghana. Democratization, 24(6): pp. 906–928.
23. Greif, A. (1994). Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies. Journal of Political Economy, 102(5), 912–950.
24. Guagnano, G., & Santini, I. (2020). Active Citizenship in Europe: The Role of Social Capital. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(1-2), pp. 79–98.
25. Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2006). Does Culture Affect Economic Outcomes?. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(2), pp. 23-48.
26. Hadarics, M. (2016). Ideological Bases of Institutional Trust in Eastern and Western Europe and the Effect of Motivated Social Cognition. Psychological Thought, 9(1), pp. 24-40.
27. Hall, M.C. (1996). Identity, Religion, and Values. Taylor and Francis Publishers, Washington, DC.
28. Han, Sehee., H, Kim., & H.S. Lee. (2011). Social Capital and its Association with Health and Well-being: An Individual Level of Analysis in Seoul, South Korea. Korea Journal, 51(4), 132–61.
29. Hassan, R. (2005). The State and Religious Institutions in Muslim Societies. Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS), Working Paper Series, pp.1-18.
30. Helliwell, J.F. and S, Wang. (2011). Trust and Well-being. International Journal of Well-being, 1(1), 42–78.
31. Hooghe, M. and Marien, S. (2013) A Comparatıve Analysıs Of The Relatıon Between Polıtıcal Trust And Forms Of Polıtıcal Partıcıpatıon In Europe, European Societies, 15:1, 131-15.
32. Inglehart, R., C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (eds.). 2014. World Values Survey: All Rounds - Country-Pooled Datafile Version: https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWVL.jsp. Madrid: J.D. Systems Institute.
33. Irwin, K. (2009). Prosocial Behavior Across Cultures: The Effects of Institutional Versus Generalized Trust. Advances in Group Processes, 26, pp.165–198.
34. Javidan, M., and Dastmalchian, A. (2003). Culture and Leadership in Iran: The Land of Individual Achievers, Strong Family Ties, and Powerful Elite. The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005), 17(4), pp. 127–142.
35. Jong, E. De. (2009). Culture and Economics: On Values, Economics, and International Business, Routledge.
36. Kaasa, A., and Andriani, L. (2022). Determinants of Institutional Trust: The Role of Cultural Context. Journal of Institutional Economics. 18, pp. 45–65.
37. Kasmaoui, K., Mughal, M., & Bouoiyours, J. (2018). Does Trust Influence Economic Growth? Evidence from the Arab World. Economics Bulletin, 38(2), pp. 880–891.
38. Kasmaoui, K., and Errami, Y. (2017). Social Cohesion, Institutions, and Public Policies: New Evidence from the MENA Region. MPRA Paper No. 80950, pp.1-16.
39. Kayaoğlu, A. (2016). Determinants of Trust in Turkey. European Societies. 19. 1–25. 10.1080/14616696.2016.1228992.
40. Kiani, M. (2012). Social Trust and Social Network in Iran. International Journal of Trade, Economics, and Finance. Vol.3, No.6, 458-463.
41. Knack, S. (2002). Social Capital, Growth, and Poverty: A Survey of Cross-Country Evidence. In Grootaert, C., and Van Bastelaer, T (Eds), The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment, (pp. 42–82). Cambridge University Press.
42. Knack, S., & P. Keefer. (1997). Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1251–1288.
43. Krishna, A., & Uphoff, N. (2002). Mapping and Measuring Social Capital Through Assessment of Collective Action to Conserve and Develop Watershed in Rajasthan, India. In Grootaert, C., Van Bastelaer, T (Eds), The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment, pp. 85–124. Cambridge University Press.
44. Kwon, O.Y. (2019). Social Trust: Its Concepts, Determinants, Roles, and Raising Ways. In Social Trust and Economic Development: The Case of South Korea. pp.19-49.
45. La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., Schleifer, A., & Vishny R.W. (1997). Trust in Large Organizations. The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, 87(2), pp. 333-338.
46. Miller, A., and Listhaug, O. (1999). Political Performance and Institutional Trust’’, In Norris, P. (Ed.), Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance, https://doi.org/10.1093/0198295685.003.0010
47. Mishler, W. and Rose, R. (1997). Trust, Distrust and Skepticism: Popular Evaluations of Civil and Political Institutions in Post-communist Societies. The Journal of Politics, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 418-451.
48. Mohaddes, K., and Pesaran. (2013). One Hundred Years of Oil Income and the Iranian Economy: A Curse or a Blessing? CESIFO Working Paper No. 4118, Category 12: Empirical and Theoretical.
49. Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and Organizational Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23 (2), 242–266.
50. Narayan, D. (1999). Bonds and Bridges: Social Capital and Poverty (English). Policy, Research Working Paper; No. WPS 2167. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
51. Newton, K., and Zmerli, S. (2011). Three Forms of Trust and their Association. European Political Science Review, 3(2), pp. 169-200.
52. Newton, K. (2007). Social and Political Trust. In R. J. Dalton, & H.-D. Klingemann (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behaviour (pp. 342–361). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
53. Newton, K., and Van Deth, J. W. (2005). Foundations of Comparative Politics: Democracies of the Modern World. Foundations of Comparative Politics: Democracies of the Modern World (pp. 1–374). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511806810
54. Saboori, F., Pishghadam, R., Fatemi, A.H., & Ghonsooli, B. (2015). Culture and Identity: Linking Iranian Identity Components and Cultural Dimensions. Issues in Language Teaching (ILT), Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 49–78.
55. Sedeh, A.A., Abootorabi, H., & Zhang, J. (2021). National Social Capital Perceived Entrepreneurial Ability and Entrepreneurial Intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 27(2), pp. 334–355.
56. Seleim, A., and Bontis, N. (2009). The Relationship Between Culture and Corruption: A Cross-National Study. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 10(1), pp. 165–184.
57. Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon & Schuster.
58. Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nonetti, R.Y (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University Press.
59. Tabellini, G. (2010). Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8(4), pp. 677–716.
60. Talaei, A., & Hashemi, E. (2021). Trust in Iran. In: Kwantes, C.T., Kuo, B.C.H. (eds) Trust and Trustworthiness across Cultures. Springer Series in Emerging Cultural Perspectives in Work, Organizational, and Personnel Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56718-7_5
61. Uslaner, E.M. (2006). Does Diversity Drive Down Trust? FEEM Working Paper No. 69. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=903051 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.903051
62. Uslaner, E. M. (2002). The Moral Foundations of Trust. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University.
63. Whiteley, P. F. (2000). Economic Growth and Social Capital. Political Studies, Vol. 48, pp. 443–466.
64. Van Oorschot, W., Arts, W., & Gelissen, J. (2006). Social Capital in Europe: Measurement and Social and Regional Distribution of a Multifaceted Phenomenon. Acta Sociologica, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 149-167.
65. Woolcock, M., and Narayan, D. (2000). Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy. Vol. 15(2), World Bank Research Observer, pp. 225–249. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/961231468336675195/Social-capital-implications-for- development-theory-research-and-policy
66. Wuthnow, R. (2002). The U.S.: Bridging the Privileged and the Marginalized. In: Robert Putnam (Ed.), Democracies in Flux, (pp. 59–102). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
67. Yamagishi, T., & Yamagishi, M. (1994). Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan. Motivation and Emotion, 18(2), 129–166.