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TWO WEAKNESS ROUTES OF MARKET ECONOMY: AFGHANISTAN AND KYRGYZSTAN

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 99 - 118, 01.04.2015

Öz

Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan are two Central Asian economies that are historically and morally has gained interest of Turkey and at the same time are living problem within the framework of globalization. The research question can be considered in three ways: i- The pathway of Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan to market economy: Kyrgyzstan, an old remainder of Soviet, mostly recovered the problems of transforming to market economy as Afghanistan has characteristic of “Third World”. iiThe market economy structures of these two countries: Both countries are poor and less developed. In these countries the institutions and the rules of the market economy are not developed. iii- The information, experience and the financial addition of Turkey to both countries during the process to market economy: Turkey, as a candidate to European Union may act as a bridge to the region in the aspect of modern market improvements

Kaynakça

  • Abazov, R. (1999). “Policy of Economic Transition in Kyrgyzstan”. Central Asian Survey. 18/2: 197-223.
  • Ai-guo, L.(2001). “The Impact of Transition to the Market Economy on weelfare Changes: Lessons from the Experience of Asian Transitional Economies”. China & World Economy. No 2. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan003180. pdf (5/12/2012)
  • Bıyıkoğlu, N (2010). “Orta Asya’da Su Sorunları”, Uzembassy, Haziran, 64-68 http://www.uzembassy. org.tr/files/Turkish_press/tr/press1_14072010_tr.pdf (16/4/2015)
  • BS-Bertelsmann Stiftung (2012). Afghanistan Country Report. Gütersloh.
  • Bold, C. (2009). “The Importance of Private Sector Development in Conflict-Affected Countries”. IFC- Smartlessons. Nov.
  • Byrd, W. A. (2008). “Responding to Afghanistan’s Opium Economy Challenge: Lessons and Policy Implications from a Development Perspective”. Policy Research Working Paper 4545. The World Bank South Asia Region. March.
  • CAP- Country Assistance Program Evaluation (2012). “Kyrgyz Republic Country Assistance Program Evaluation: Evolving Transition to a Market Economy”. CAP: KGZ 2012-09. Independent Evaluation Department.
  • CIA-Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the- world- fa c tboo k/ geo s /a f. factbook/geos/kg.html (20/11/2014) ht ml ; https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world
  • Cordesman, A. H. (2013). “Afghanistan: Meeting the Real World Challenges of Transition”. CSIS Report. Washington, January 23.
  • Cordesman, A. H., Burke, A. A. (2012). “Afghanistan: The Uncertain Economics of Transition, Chair in Strategy First Working Draft”. CSIS Report. Washington, April 18.
  • Cordesman, A. H., Mann, S. T. (2012). “Afghanistan: The Failing Economics and Civil-Military Aid Efforts of Transition, Third Working Draft”. CSIS Report. Washington, September 11.
  • Çöloğlu, Z. (2009). “Poverty in Kyrgyz Republic in Early Transition”, Universty of Delaware Econ 868 Research Paper. http://www.thewashingtonreview.org/files/ cologlu.pdf (4/9/2014)
  • Dąbrowski, M., Antczak, R. (1994). “Economic Reforms in Kyrgzstan”, CASE-Center for Social & Economic Research., library/Publications/Detail/?ots783 =0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c 7060233&lng= en&id= 140198 (2/10/2013) Ekonomik September,
  • DEİK-TC Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Kurulu (2012a). Afganistan Ülke Bülteni. Ankara. http://www.deik.org.tr/Contents/FileAction/2735 (6/6/2014)
  • DEİK (2012b). Kırgızistan Ülke Bülteni. Ankara. www.deik.org.tr/Contents/FileAction/1692 (6/6/2014)
  • DEİK (2012b). Kırgızistan Ülke Bülteni. Ankara. www.deik.org.tr/Contents/FileAction/1692 (6/6/2014)
  • DPT-TC Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı (2000). VIII. Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı: Türkiye ile Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Bölge Ülkeleri İlişkileri Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu.Ankara.
  • D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation. “Brief History of D-8”; “Puposes and Objectives”. http://www.developing8.org/About.aspx; http://www.developing8.org/ MissionStatement.aspx
  • Hogg, R., Nassif, C., Camilo, G. O., Byrd, W., Beath, A. (2013). “Afghanistan in Transition Looking beyond 2014”, World Bank Direcetions in Development Countries and Regions.
  • IBRD-IFC (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development-International Finance Corporation) (2014). Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency: Comparing Business Regulations for domestic firms in 189 Ec onomies A World Bank Group Flagship Report. 12th ed., Washington, http:// www.doing business.org/~/media/ GIAWB/Doing%20Business/Documents/ Annual-Reports/ English/DB15-Full-Report.pdf (24/4/2015)
  • IMF Middle East and Central Asia Department (2013). “Caucasus and Central Asia: Favorable Near- Term Outlook Provides Opportunities for Reform”, Regional Economic Outlook. May.
  • İTO-İstanbul Ticaret Odası (2007). Afganistan Ülke Raporu. İstanbul. http://www.ito.org.tr/ Dokuman/Ulke/Afganistan.pdf (6/6/2014)
  • Koichumanov, T., Otorbayev, J., Starr, S.F. (2005). “Kyrgyzstan: The Path Forward”. Silk Road Paper. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. http://www.silkroadstudies. org/new/inside/publications/ 0511Kyrgyz_E.pdf (7/10/2014)
  • Lee, C. Y., Turgut, M. (2008). “Transition Economy and its Implications on the Kyrgyz Business Environment: Analysis and Recommendations”, Journal of International Management Studies. February.
  • Looney, R. E. (2008).The Afghan Economy I: History and Key Issues. Oct.(nps.edu).
  • Khaama Press (2015), “Ghani aims to turn Asia the largest continental economy with strategic railroad”, Mar 27, http://www.khaama.com/ghani-aims-to-turn-asia-the-largest-continental-economy-with- strategic-railroad-9957 (16/4/2015) (2011). http://www.usakanalist.com///images_upload/files/sayi6/files/Analist%206_%20say%C4%B1_ 001(15).pdf (16/4/2015) Su Sorunu”, Usak Analist, Ağustos, 62-64.
  • Martin, B. (1997). “The Interdepartmental Action Programme on Privatization, Restructing and Economic Democracy: Social and Employment Consequences of Privatization in Transition Economies. ILO, IPPRED-4. Geneva.
  • Met, O., Torobekova, V., Keleş, İ. (2008). “Financial System Developments in Transition Economies: The Case of Kyrgyz Financial System”. Manas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. S.19, 1-11. http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjsr/oldarchives/Vol10_Issue19_2008/570-1560-1-PB.pdf (8/11/2013)
  • MoFA- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2012). Third Party Evaluation Report 2011:Evaluation of Assistance for the Transition to a Market-oriented Economy in Three Central Asian Countries (Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Uzbekistan). INGÉROSEC Corporation. pdf/central_asia.pdf (3/9/2014)
  • Namazie, C., Sanfey, P. (1999). “Happiness in Transition: the Case of Kyrgyzstan”, London School of Economics and Political Science, March. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/ 6591/1/Happiness_in_transition_ the_ case_of_Kyrgyzstan.pdf (21/12/2013)
  • Palau, R. G. (2012). “Socio-Economic Reintegration and Livelihoods: Part 3 of a 4-Part Series on Peace and Reintegration in Afghanistan”. Afghanistan in Transition. Civil – Military Fusion Centre. April.
  • Pickup, F. (2003). “The Impact of ‘Transition’ and the Afghanistan Crisis on Employment and Decent Work Concerns in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan”, ILO Working Paper 13.
  • Ponfret, R. (2010). “Constructing market-based economies in central Asia: A natural experiment?”, The European Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 7, n. 2, Agu. ss. 449-467.
  • SIGAR, 2013, http://www.sigar.mil/about/index.aspx?SSR=1 (11/5/2014)
  • EB-TC Ekonomi Bakanlığı (2014). İhracat Bilgi Platformu. http://www.ibp.gov.tr/pg/section-pg-ulke.cfm? id=Afganistan (11/5/2014)
  • Upadhyay, D. K., Zafar, A. (2012). “Afghanistan Under Transition: Assessing India’s Economic Engagement”. Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) Issue Brief.
  • WB-World Bank (2007). Kyrgyz Republic Poverty Assessment (In Two Volumes) Volume II: Labor Market Dimensions of Poverty Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Europe and Central Asia Region, Report No. 40864-KG.
  • WB Finance and Private Sector Development South Asia Region (2009). The Afghanistan Investment Climate, in 2008: Growth Despite Poor Governance, Weak Facto Markets, and Lack of Innovation. http:// 1237085035526/5919769-1258729848597/1 AFInvestment Climate surveyReportFinal.pdf org/
  • AFGHANISTANEXTN/ Resources/ 305984
  • WB (2011).The Kyrgyz Republic Profile and Dynamics of Poverty and Inequality 2009: Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Europe and Central Asia Region. October 3.
  • Zyck, S. A. (2011).“Transit Trade in Transition: The APTTA & the Afghan Economy”. CMFC. Nov.

PİYASA EKONOMİSİNİN İKİ ZAYIF ROTASI: AFGANİSTAN VE KIRGIZİSTAN

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 99 - 118, 01.04.2015

Öz

Afganistan ve Kırgızistan, tarihsel ve manevi değerler bakımından Türkiye’nin ilgi alanına giren; aynı zamanda kapitalist küreselleşme açısından çeşitli sorunlar yaşamakta olan iki Orta Asya ekonomisidir. Araştırma sorusu üç boyutta ele alınabilir: i-Afganistan ve Kırgızistan’ın piyasa ekonomisine geçiş serüveni: Afganistan, “Üçüncü Dünya”nın özelliğini taşıyan bir ülke görünümünde iken; Kırgızistan ise, eski bir Sovyet bakiyesi olarak liberal ekonomiye geçişin sancılarını büyük ölçüde atlatmış bir ülke görünümündedir. ii-Bu iki ülkenin benzer ve farklı piyasa ekonomisi yapıları: Her iki ülke yoksul ve geri kalmıştır. Bu ülkelerde piyasa ekonomisinin kurum ve kuralları yeterince gelişmemiştir. iii-Türkiye’nin bu iki ülkeye piyasa ekonomisine geçiş sürecinde sunabileceği bilgi, deneyim ve mali katkılar: Türkiye, Avrupa Birliği’nin aday üye olması sıfatıyla bu bölge için çağdaş piyasa gelişmeleri noktasında bir köprü işlevini görebilir

Kaynakça

  • Abazov, R. (1999). “Policy of Economic Transition in Kyrgyzstan”. Central Asian Survey. 18/2: 197-223.
  • Ai-guo, L.(2001). “The Impact of Transition to the Market Economy on weelfare Changes: Lessons from the Experience of Asian Transitional Economies”. China & World Economy. No 2. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan003180. pdf (5/12/2012)
  • Bıyıkoğlu, N (2010). “Orta Asya’da Su Sorunları”, Uzembassy, Haziran, 64-68 http://www.uzembassy. org.tr/files/Turkish_press/tr/press1_14072010_tr.pdf (16/4/2015)
  • BS-Bertelsmann Stiftung (2012). Afghanistan Country Report. Gütersloh.
  • Bold, C. (2009). “The Importance of Private Sector Development in Conflict-Affected Countries”. IFC- Smartlessons. Nov.
  • Byrd, W. A. (2008). “Responding to Afghanistan’s Opium Economy Challenge: Lessons and Policy Implications from a Development Perspective”. Policy Research Working Paper 4545. The World Bank South Asia Region. March.
  • CAP- Country Assistance Program Evaluation (2012). “Kyrgyz Republic Country Assistance Program Evaluation: Evolving Transition to a Market Economy”. CAP: KGZ 2012-09. Independent Evaluation Department.
  • CIA-Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the- world- fa c tboo k/ geo s /a f. factbook/geos/kg.html (20/11/2014) ht ml ; https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world
  • Cordesman, A. H. (2013). “Afghanistan: Meeting the Real World Challenges of Transition”. CSIS Report. Washington, January 23.
  • Cordesman, A. H., Burke, A. A. (2012). “Afghanistan: The Uncertain Economics of Transition, Chair in Strategy First Working Draft”. CSIS Report. Washington, April 18.
  • Cordesman, A. H., Mann, S. T. (2012). “Afghanistan: The Failing Economics and Civil-Military Aid Efforts of Transition, Third Working Draft”. CSIS Report. Washington, September 11.
  • Çöloğlu, Z. (2009). “Poverty in Kyrgyz Republic in Early Transition”, Universty of Delaware Econ 868 Research Paper. http://www.thewashingtonreview.org/files/ cologlu.pdf (4/9/2014)
  • Dąbrowski, M., Antczak, R. (1994). “Economic Reforms in Kyrgzstan”, CASE-Center for Social & Economic Research., library/Publications/Detail/?ots783 =0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c 7060233&lng= en&id= 140198 (2/10/2013) Ekonomik September,
  • DEİK-TC Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Kurulu (2012a). Afganistan Ülke Bülteni. Ankara. http://www.deik.org.tr/Contents/FileAction/2735 (6/6/2014)
  • DEİK (2012b). Kırgızistan Ülke Bülteni. Ankara. www.deik.org.tr/Contents/FileAction/1692 (6/6/2014)
  • DEİK (2012b). Kırgızistan Ülke Bülteni. Ankara. www.deik.org.tr/Contents/FileAction/1692 (6/6/2014)
  • DPT-TC Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı (2000). VIII. Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı: Türkiye ile Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Bölge Ülkeleri İlişkileri Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu.Ankara.
  • D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation. “Brief History of D-8”; “Puposes and Objectives”. http://www.developing8.org/About.aspx; http://www.developing8.org/ MissionStatement.aspx
  • Hogg, R., Nassif, C., Camilo, G. O., Byrd, W., Beath, A. (2013). “Afghanistan in Transition Looking beyond 2014”, World Bank Direcetions in Development Countries and Regions.
  • IBRD-IFC (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development-International Finance Corporation) (2014). Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency: Comparing Business Regulations for domestic firms in 189 Ec onomies A World Bank Group Flagship Report. 12th ed., Washington, http:// www.doing business.org/~/media/ GIAWB/Doing%20Business/Documents/ Annual-Reports/ English/DB15-Full-Report.pdf (24/4/2015)
  • IMF Middle East and Central Asia Department (2013). “Caucasus and Central Asia: Favorable Near- Term Outlook Provides Opportunities for Reform”, Regional Economic Outlook. May.
  • İTO-İstanbul Ticaret Odası (2007). Afganistan Ülke Raporu. İstanbul. http://www.ito.org.tr/ Dokuman/Ulke/Afganistan.pdf (6/6/2014)
  • Koichumanov, T., Otorbayev, J., Starr, S.F. (2005). “Kyrgyzstan: The Path Forward”. Silk Road Paper. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. http://www.silkroadstudies. org/new/inside/publications/ 0511Kyrgyz_E.pdf (7/10/2014)
  • Lee, C. Y., Turgut, M. (2008). “Transition Economy and its Implications on the Kyrgyz Business Environment: Analysis and Recommendations”, Journal of International Management Studies. February.
  • Looney, R. E. (2008).The Afghan Economy I: History and Key Issues. Oct.(nps.edu).
  • Khaama Press (2015), “Ghani aims to turn Asia the largest continental economy with strategic railroad”, Mar 27, http://www.khaama.com/ghani-aims-to-turn-asia-the-largest-continental-economy-with- strategic-railroad-9957 (16/4/2015) (2011). http://www.usakanalist.com///images_upload/files/sayi6/files/Analist%206_%20say%C4%B1_ 001(15).pdf (16/4/2015) Su Sorunu”, Usak Analist, Ağustos, 62-64.
  • Martin, B. (1997). “The Interdepartmental Action Programme on Privatization, Restructing and Economic Democracy: Social and Employment Consequences of Privatization in Transition Economies. ILO, IPPRED-4. Geneva.
  • Met, O., Torobekova, V., Keleş, İ. (2008). “Financial System Developments in Transition Economies: The Case of Kyrgyz Financial System”. Manas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. S.19, 1-11. http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjsr/oldarchives/Vol10_Issue19_2008/570-1560-1-PB.pdf (8/11/2013)
  • MoFA- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2012). Third Party Evaluation Report 2011:Evaluation of Assistance for the Transition to a Market-oriented Economy in Three Central Asian Countries (Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Uzbekistan). INGÉROSEC Corporation. pdf/central_asia.pdf (3/9/2014)
  • Namazie, C., Sanfey, P. (1999). “Happiness in Transition: the Case of Kyrgyzstan”, London School of Economics and Political Science, March. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/ 6591/1/Happiness_in_transition_ the_ case_of_Kyrgyzstan.pdf (21/12/2013)
  • Palau, R. G. (2012). “Socio-Economic Reintegration and Livelihoods: Part 3 of a 4-Part Series on Peace and Reintegration in Afghanistan”. Afghanistan in Transition. Civil – Military Fusion Centre. April.
  • Pickup, F. (2003). “The Impact of ‘Transition’ and the Afghanistan Crisis on Employment and Decent Work Concerns in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan”, ILO Working Paper 13.
  • Ponfret, R. (2010). “Constructing market-based economies in central Asia: A natural experiment?”, The European Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 7, n. 2, Agu. ss. 449-467.
  • SIGAR, 2013, http://www.sigar.mil/about/index.aspx?SSR=1 (11/5/2014)
  • EB-TC Ekonomi Bakanlığı (2014). İhracat Bilgi Platformu. http://www.ibp.gov.tr/pg/section-pg-ulke.cfm? id=Afganistan (11/5/2014)
  • Upadhyay, D. K., Zafar, A. (2012). “Afghanistan Under Transition: Assessing India’s Economic Engagement”. Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) Issue Brief.
  • WB-World Bank (2007). Kyrgyz Republic Poverty Assessment (In Two Volumes) Volume II: Labor Market Dimensions of Poverty Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Europe and Central Asia Region, Report No. 40864-KG.
  • WB Finance and Private Sector Development South Asia Region (2009). The Afghanistan Investment Climate, in 2008: Growth Despite Poor Governance, Weak Facto Markets, and Lack of Innovation. http:// 1237085035526/5919769-1258729848597/1 AFInvestment Climate surveyReportFinal.pdf org/
  • AFGHANISTANEXTN/ Resources/ 305984
  • WB (2011).The Kyrgyz Republic Profile and Dynamics of Poverty and Inequality 2009: Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Europe and Central Asia Region. October 3.
  • Zyck, S. A. (2011).“Transit Trade in Transition: The APTTA & the Afghan Economy”. CMFC. Nov.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA76PC42NV
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

İrfan Kalaycı Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Nisan 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kalaycı, İ. (2015). PİYASA EKONOMİSİNİN İKİ ZAYIF ROTASI: AFGANİSTAN VE KIRGIZİSTAN. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2), 99-118.
AMA Kalaycı İ. PİYASA EKONOMİSİNİN İKİ ZAYIF ROTASI: AFGANİSTAN VE KIRGIZİSTAN. MJSS. Nisan 2015;4(2):99-118.
Chicago Kalaycı, İrfan. “PİYASA EKONOMİSİNİN İKİ ZAYIF ROTASI: AFGANİSTAN VE KIRGIZİSTAN”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 4, sy. 2 (Nisan 2015): 99-118.
EndNote Kalaycı İ (01 Nisan 2015) PİYASA EKONOMİSİNİN İKİ ZAYIF ROTASI: AFGANİSTAN VE KIRGIZİSTAN. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 4 2 99–118.
IEEE İ. Kalaycı, “PİYASA EKONOMİSİNİN İKİ ZAYIF ROTASI: AFGANİSTAN VE KIRGIZİSTAN”, MJSS, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 99–118, 2015.
ISNAD Kalaycı, İrfan. “PİYASA EKONOMİSİNİN İKİ ZAYIF ROTASI: AFGANİSTAN VE KIRGIZİSTAN”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 4/2 (Nisan 2015), 99-118.
JAMA Kalaycı İ. PİYASA EKONOMİSİNİN İKİ ZAYIF ROTASI: AFGANİSTAN VE KIRGIZİSTAN. MJSS. 2015;4:99–118.
MLA Kalaycı, İrfan. “PİYASA EKONOMİSİNİN İKİ ZAYIF ROTASI: AFGANİSTAN VE KIRGIZİSTAN”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 2, 2015, ss. 99-118.
Vancouver Kalaycı İ. PİYASA EKONOMİSİNİN İKİ ZAYIF ROTASI: AFGANİSTAN VE KIRGIZİSTAN. MJSS. 2015;4(2):99-118.

MANAS Journal of Social Studies (MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi)     


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