LIFE EVENTS AND POSITIVE RELIGIOUS COPING

Öz

Studies carried out both in Turkey and abroad reveal religious coping strategies to be the most commonly used coping strategies among the various methods of coping with life events. There are both positive and negative forms of religious coping. The goal of this study is to identify the components of successful religious coping strategies in the coping process, to identify the relationship between these components and successfully dealing with crises, and to identify the relationship between varieties of life events and the religious coping process. An additional goal of the study is to better understand the relationship between life events and the psychological development process. The method of qualitative analysis was employed in this study. A semi-structured interview form was utilized in interviews carried out with 52 volunteer participants between the ages of 25 and 65, who were selected using a snowball method. 26 of the participants were determined to have used positive religious coping and only these were included in the study. Interviews were conducted and recorded, and subsequently transcribed by the researcher. Qualitative analysis was performed on the data using the MAXQDA 11 program. The principal findings of this study were that individuals’ responses to life events were more influential than the nature of the life events themselves on the coping process, and that life events were of the utmost importance in faith and personal development. This study also found that belief, effort, patience, and acceptance all produced different results in carrying out the coping process in a positive and effective way.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Religious Coping
• Life Events
• Positive Religious Coping Styles.

YAŞAM OLAYLARI VE OLUMLU DİNİ BAŞA ÇIKMA

Öz

Yaşam olayları ile başa çıkma tarzları arasında dini başa çıkma, hem ülkemizde hemde yurt dışında yapılan çalışmalarda en sık kullanılan bir başa çıkma tarzı olarak karşımız çıkmaktadır. Ancak dini başa çıkmanın olumlu ve olumsuz formları vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı başa çıkma sürecinde olumlu dini başa çıkma bileşenlerini ve bunların kriz yönetimi ile ilişkisini görmenin yanı sıra, yaşam olaylarının farklılığının dini başa çıkma süreci ile ilişkisini tanımlamaktır. Ayrıca yaşam olayının manevi gelişim süreci ile ilişkisinin nasıl olduğunun anlaşılması da çalışmanın amaçları arasındadır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu 25-65 yaş arası kartopu (snowball) yöntem ile ulaşılan 52 gönüllü katılımcıya uygulanmıştır. Katılımcılardan 26 tanesinin olumlu dini başa çıkma kullandığı tespit edilmiştir ve bu çalışmada sadece bunlara yer verilmiştir. Yapılan görüşmeler ses kayıt cihazına kaydedildikten sonra araştırmacı tarafından yazıya geçirilmiştir. Verilerin MAXQDA 11 bilgisayar programında nitel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırmada yaşam olayının ne olduğundan çok bireylerin buna verdikleri tepkinin başa çıkma süreci üzerinde etkili olduğu, yaşam olaylarının inanç gelişimi ve dönüşümü üzerinde son derece önemli olduğu bulunmuştur. Başa çıkma sürecinin olumlu ve etkili yönetilmesinde inanç, emek, sabır ve kabullenmenin farklı sonuçlar ortaya çıkardığı görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dini Başa Çıkma
• Yaşam Olayları
• Olumlu Dini Başa Çıkma.

Kaynakça

1. Birgegard, A., & Granqvist, P. (2004). "The Correspondence Between Attachment to Parents And God: Three Experiments Using Subliminal Separation Cues." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, pp. 1122–1135.
2. Bjorck, Jeffrey P., and L. L. Klewicki. (1997). "The effects of stressor type on projected coping." Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10 (3): pp. 481-97.
3. Bjorck, J. P., & Thurman, J. W. (2007). "Negative Life Events, Patterns of Positive and Negative Religious Coping, and Psychological Functioning." Journal for The Scientific Study of Religion, 46, pp. 159–167.
4. Bjorck Jeff P., Kim Jean-Woo (2009) "Religious coping, religious support, and psychological functioning among short-term missionaries." Mental Health, Religion & Culture 12(7): pp. 611–626
5. Caplan, Gerald. (1981). "The mastery of stress:
6. Psychosocial aspects." American Journal of Psychiatry 138: pp. 413–20.
7. Carpenter, B. N., & Scott, S. M. (1992). “Interpersonal aspects of coping”. (In B. N. Carpenter (Ed.), Personal coping: Theory, research, and application (pp. 93–109). Westport, CT: Praeger.
8. Cohen, S., & Wills, T.A. (1985). "Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis." Psychological Bulletin, 98, pp. 310–357.

9. Cohen, S., Doyle, W.J., Skoner, D.P., Rabin, B.S., & Gwaltney, J.M. (1997). "Social ties and susceptibility to the common cold." Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, pp. 1940-1944.
10. Cooper, M. L., Shaver, P. R., & Collins, N. L. (1998). "Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, pp. 1380–1397.
11. Cooper, Laura B. , Bruce A. Jerry, Harman Marsha J., And Boccaccını Marcus (2009) "Differentıated Styles of Attachment to God and Varying Religious Coping Efforts" Journal of Psychology and Theology, Vol. 37, No. 2, 11-141
12. Fowler, J. W. (1981). Stages of Faith: The psychology ofhuman development and the quest for meaning. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
13. Gall, T. L., Charbonneau, C., Clarke, N. H., Grant, K., Joseph, A., & Shouldice, L. (2005). "Understanding the nature and role of spirituality in relation to coping and health: A conceptual framework." Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 46(2), pp. 88-104.
14. Granqvist, P., & Hagekull, B. (2000). "Religiosity, adult attachment, and why “singles” are more religious." International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10, pp. 111–123
15. Gorsuch, R.L. (1988). “Psychology Of Religion”. Annual Review Of Psychology, 39, pp. 200-221
16. Hackney, C. H., & Sanders, G. S. (2003). "Religiosity and mental health: A meta–analysis of recent studies." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, pp. 43–55.
17. Harris, R. C., Dew, M. A., Lee, A., Amaya, M., Buches, L., Reetz, D., Et Al. (1995). "The Role Of Religion İn Heart Transplant Recipients' Long-Term Health And Well-Being." Journal of Religion and Health, 34, pp. 17–32.
18. Hill, P.C., & Pargament, K.I. (2003). "Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality." American Psychologist, 58, pp. 64–74.
19. İsfehani (2001). el Müfredat fi Garibu'l Kuran, Beyrut.
20. James, D., & Samuels, C. (1999). "High stress life events and spiritual develop¬ment." Journal of Psychology and Theology, 27, pp. 250–260.
21. King,M., Speck, P.,& Thomas,A., (1995). “The Royal Free İnteriew for Religious and Spritual Beliefs: Development and Standardization.” Psychological Medicine, 25, pp. 1125-1134
22. Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1998). "God as a substitute attachment figure: A longitudinal study of adult attachment style and religious change in college students". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, pp. 961–973.
23. Koenig, H.G., Cohen, H.J., Blazer, D.G., Pieper, C., Meador, K.G., Shelp, F., Et Al. (1992). "Religious Coping And Depression Among Elderly, Hospitalised Medically İll Men". American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, pp. 1693–1700.
24. Koenig, H. G., K. I. Pargament, and J. Nielsen. (1998). "Religious coping and health status in medically ill hospitalized older adults." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 186(9): pp. 513–21.
25. Loewenthal, K. M., MacLeod, A. K., Goldblatt, V., Lubitsh, G., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). "Comfort and joy? Religion, cognition, and mood in Protestants and Jews under stress." Cognition and Emotion, 14, pp. 355–374.
26. Maynard, E. A., R. L. Gorsuch, and J. P. Bjorck. (2001). “Religious coping style, concept of God, and personal religious variables in threat, loss, and challenge.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. pp. 65-75.
27. McCrae, R. R. (1984). “Situational Determinants of Coping Responses: Loss, Threat, And Challenge.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (4): pp. 919-28.
28. Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1998). “The relationship between adult attachment styles and emotional and cognitive reactions to stressful events.” In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 143–165). New York: Guilford Press
29. Mikulincer, M., Horesh, N., Eilati, I., & Kotler, M. (1999). "The association between adult attachment style and mental health in extreme life-endangering situations." Personality and Individual Differences, 27, pp. 831–842.
30. Nakonz, Jonas and Wai Yan Shik Angela (2008). "And All Your Problems Are Gone: Religious Coping Strategies Among Philippine Migrant Workers In Hong Kong." Mental Health, Religion& Culture, 12, pp. 25-38
31. Overcash, W., Calhoun, L., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. (1996). "Coping with crises: An examination of the impact of traumatic events on religious beliefs." Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157, pp. 455–464.
32. Oxman, T.E., Freeman, D.H., & Mannheimer, E.D. (1995). "Lack Of Social Participation or Religious Strength And Comfort As Risk Factors For Death After Cardiac Surgery in The Elderly." Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, pp. 5–15.
33. Pargament, Kenneth I., J. Kennell, W. Hathaway, N. Grevengoed, J. Newman, and W. Jones. (1988). “Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 27 (1): pp. 90-104.
34. Pargament, K.I., Ensing, D.S., Falgout, K., Olsen, H., Reilly, G., Van Haitsma, K., Et Al. (1990). "God Help Me (I): Religious Coping Efforts As Predictors Of The Outcomes of Significant Negative Life Events." American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, pp. 794–824.
35. Pargament, K.I., Olsen, H., Reilly, B., Falgout, K., Ensing, D., & Van Haitsma, K. (1992). "God Help Me (Iı): The Relationship of Religious Orientations To Religious Coping With Negative Life Events." Journal for The Scientific Study of Religion, 31, pp. 504–513.
36. Pargament, K.I., Ishler, K., Dubow, E., Stanik, P., Rouiller, R., Crowe, P., Et Al. (1994). "Methods of Religious Coping With The Gulf War: Cross-Sectional And Longitudinal Analyses." Journal for The Scientific Study of Religion, 33, pp. 347–361.
37. Pargament, K.I. & Park, C.L. (1995a). "Merely a defense? The variety of religious means and ends." Journal of Social Issues, 51, pp. 13–32.
38. Pargament, K. I., Smith, B., & Brant, C. (1995b). “Religious and Nonreligious Coping Methods with the 1993 Midwest Flood.” Paper Presented at The Meeting of The Society for The Scientific Study of Religion, St. Louis, Mo.
39. Pargament, K.I. (1997). The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, And Practice. New York: Guilford Press.
40. Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. (1998). "Patterns of Positive And Negative Religious Coping With Major Life Stressors." Journal for The Scientific Study of Religion, 37, pp. 710–724.
41. Pargament, K.I., Koenig, H.G., & Perez, L.M. (2000a). "The Many Methods of Religious Coping: Development and İnitial Validation of The Rcope." Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, pp. 519–543.
42. Pargament Kenneth I., Tarakeshwar Nalını, Ellıson Chrıstopher G., Wulff Keıth M. (2001). “Religious Coping Among the Religious: The Relationships Between Religious Coping and Well-Being in a National Sample of Presbyterian Clergy, Elders, and Members.” Journal for The Scientific Study of Religion 40: 3 pp. 497–513
43. Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar,N., & Hahn, J. (2001). “Religious struggle as apredictorofmortality among medically ill elderly patients.” Archive of Internal Medicine, 161, pp. 13–27.
44. Pargament, K. I. (2002). “The bitter and the sweet: An evaluation of the costs and benefits of religiousness.” Psychological Inquiry, 13, pp. 168–181.
45. Pargament, K. I., & Raiya, H. A. (2007). “A decade of research on the psychology of religion and coping: Things we assumed and lessons we learned.” Psyke & Logos, 28, pp. 742–766.
46. Park, C.L., & Cohen, L.H. (1993). “Religious and Nonreligious Coping With The Death Of A Friend.” Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, pp. 561–577.
47. Razi Muhammed ibn Ebi Bekir ibn Abdulkadir (2000). Muhtaru's Sıhah. Kahire.
48. Spilka, B., Hood Jr, R. W., Hunsberger, B., & Gorsuch, R. L. (2003). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach (3rd ed.), New York: The Guilford Press.
49. Stewart Katıe A. (2011). "The Spırıtual Framework Of Copıng Through The Voıces of Cancer Survıvor Narratıves" Omega, Vol. 63(1) pp. 45-77.
50. Tarakeshwar, N., Vanderwerker, L. C., Paulk, E., Pearce, M. J., Kasl, S. V., & Prigerson, H. G. (2006). "Religious coping is associated with the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer." Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9(3), pp. 646-657.
51. Thompson, M.P., & Vardaman, P.J. (1997). "The Role Of Religion in Coping With Loss of a Family Member To Homicide." Journal for The Scientific Study of Religion, 36, pp. 44–51.
52. Tix, A.P., & Frazier, P.A. (1998). "The Use Of Religious Coping During Stressful Life Events: Main Effects, Moderation, And Mediation." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, pp. 411–422.
53. Uchino, B.N., Cacioppo, J.T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. (1996). "The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health." Psychological Bulletin, 119, pp. 488–531.
54. VandeCreek, L., Pargament, K., Cowell, B., Belavich, T., Brant, C., Friedel, L., Et Al. (1995). "The Vigil: Religion And The Search For Control İn The Hospital Waiting Room." Paper Presented At The Annual Convention of The American Psychological Association. New York, Ny.
55. Winemiller, D.R., Mitchell, M.E., Sutliff, J., & Cline, D.J. (1993). "Measurement strategies in socialsupport: A descriptive review of the literature." Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, pp. 638–648.