Nijerya'da geleneksel balıkçılık yapan çiftçilerin refah düzeyleri: Etkili faktörler ve sorunlar

Öz

Amaç: Geleneksel balık yetiştiriciliğinin balıkçılık sektörüne katkısına rağmen, bu balıkçıların refahı hakkında bilgi eksikliği bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma Nijerya'daki geleneksel üretim yapan balık çiftçilerinin refahını araştırmaktadır.

Yöntem ve Bulgular: Çalışmada, betimsel istatistikler, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke indeksi ve çoklu regresyon ile analiz edilen 330 geleneksel üretim yapan balıkçılık işletmelerinden toplanan birincil verileri kullanmıştır. Sonuçlar, bu çiftçilerin kredi olanaklarına, standart tıbbi tesislere, kaliteli ve besleyici gıdaya, çocukları için kaliteli eğitime, barınağa, içilebilir suya ve çevre güvenliğine yetersiz erişime sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Çiftçilerin harcamalarında en yüksek payı (%52,42) ile gıda harcamaları alırken, gıda dışı harcamalar içinde çocukların eğitimi, barınma, giyim ve sağlık gibi temel hizmetler yalnızca %15,02'lik pay almıştır. Çiftçilerin göreli yoksulluk endekslerinin analizi, yoksulluk insidansının, derinliğinin ve şiddetinin sırasıyla 0.633, 0.165 ve 0.062 olduğunu göstermiştir. Refahları; cinsiyet, yaş, geleneksel balık yetiştiriciliğinden elde edilen gelir, diğer kaynaklardan elde edilen gelir, krediye erişim, hane büyüklüğü, çiftçilik deneyimi ve varlıklarından önemli ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Çiftçilerin refahının önündeki en büyük sorun, yetersiz kredi imkanları ve devlet desteğinin olmamasıdır.

Genel Yorum: Geleneksel üretim yapan balıkçı ailelerinin yaşam standartları ve refah düzeyi düşük, yoksulluk oranı yüksektir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, bu üretici grubunun refahını artırmak için ilgili kurumlar tarafından destek verilmesi gerektiği gösterilmektedir. Bu destekler; modern balıkçılık ekipmanları, yeterli ve gerekli teknik bilgiler, modern sağlık merkezleri, ücretsiz standart okullar ve düşük veya faizsiz kredilerin sağlanması şeklinde olabilir.

Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Bu çalışma, geleneksel balık üretim yapan üreticilerin refahını ölçmek için harcama yaklaşımını kullanarak bilgi birikimine katkıda bulunmakta ve sonuçlar, geleneksel balıkçıların ve kırsal hane halklarının refahını iyileştirmek için politika yapıcılara referans noktası sağlama olarak hizmet edecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kısıtlamalar
• harcama yaklaşımı
• Yoksulluk
• Refah
• geleneksel balık yetiştiriciliği

Artisanal fish farmers’ welfare in Nigeria: Drivers and challenges

Abstract

Aims: Despite the contribution of artisanal fishery to the fishery sector, there is a dearth of information on the welfare of artisanal fish farmers. Therefore, this study investigated the welfare of artisanal fish farmers in Nigeria.

Methods and Results: The study used primary data collected from 330 artisanal fish farmers, which were analysed with descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index and multiple regression. The results indicated that the artisanal fish farmers had poor access to credit facilities, standard medical facilities, quality and nutritious food, quality education for their children, shelter, drinkable water and environmental security. While the highest share (52.42%) of farmers' expenditures was allocated to food expenditures, only 15.02% was allocated to basic non-food items such as children's education, shelter, clothing and health. Analysis of the relative poverty indices of the farmers showed that the poverty incidence, depth and severity were 0.633, 0.165 and 0.062, respectively. Their welfare was significantly influenced by gender, age, income from artisanal fish farming, income from other sources, access to credit, household size, farming experience and assets. The major constraints to the welfare of the farmers were inadequate credit facilities and a lack of government support.

Conclusions: The artisanal fishing households had a low standard of living, poor welfare and high poverty incidence. This study, therefore, advocates institutional support by relevant agencies to improve the welfare of this group of farmers. This could be in form of the provision of modern fishing equipment, adequate and necessary information, modern health care centres, free standard schools and loans at little or no interest rate.

Significance and Impact of the Study: This study contributes to the body of knowledge by using the expenditure approach to measure artisanal fishing households’ welfare and the results will serve as a reference point for policymakers to improve the artisanal fish farmers’ and rural households’ welfare.

Keywords

• Artisanal fish farming household
• Constraints
• Expenditure approach
• Poverty
• Welfare

Kaynakça

1. Ademiluyi IO (2014) Determinants of smallholder farmers’ welfare in Plateau state, Nigeria. Int. J. Inn. Agri. Bio Res. 2(4): 11-16.
2. Aheto DW, Acheampong E, Odoi JO (2019) Are small-scale freshwater aquaculture farms in coastal areas of Ghana economically profitable?. Aqua. Int. 27: 785–805.
3. Ahmed MH, Mefsin HS (2017) The impact of agricultural cooperatives membership on the wellbeing of smallholder farmers: empirical evidence from Eastern Ethiopia. Agri. Food Econ. 5(6): 1-20.
4. Akaakohol MA, Aye GC (2014) Diversification and farm household welfare in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria”, Dev. Stud. Res. 1(1): 168-175.
5. Aloo PA, Charo-Karisa H, Munguti J, Nyonje B (2017) A review on the potential of aquaculture development in Kenya for poverty alleviation and food security. Afr. J. Food Agri. Nut. Dev. 17(1): 1832-11847.
6. Amfo B, Mensah JO, Aidoo R (2022) Migrants and non-migrants’ welfare on cocoa farms in Ghana: Multidimensional poverty index approach. Int. J. Soc. Econ. 49(3): 389-410.
7. Aminu FO, Ojo OO, Adekunle MF (2017) Socio-economic analysis of artisanal fish production in Lower Ogun River basin areas of Lagos State, Nigeria”, Ghana J. Agri. Sci. 51: 63-72.
8. Aminu RO, Si W, Ayinde AFO (2022) Impact of socio and demographic factors on multidimensional poverty profile of smallholder arable crop farmers – evidence from Nigeria. Int. J. Soc. Econ. 49(1): 107-123.

9. Andegbe CN, Chlebonam OC David AC (2021) Determinants of catfish farmers’ use of sustainable environmental management practices in Enugu State, Nigeria. J. Agri. Ext. 25)4): 143-152.
10. Asiedu B, Adetola JO, Odame KI, Yildiz F (2017) Aquaculture in troubled climate: Farmers’ perception of climate change and their adaptation. Cogent Food Agri. 3(1): 1296400. Bene C, Barange M, Subasinghe R, Pinstrup-Andersen P, Merino G, Hemre GI, Williams M (2015) Feeding 9 billion by 2050 putting fish back on the menu. Food Sec. 7(2): 261–274.
11. Bergamo GCA, Olier BS, de Sousa SM, Kuhnen VV, Pessoa MFG, Sanches EG (2021) Economic feasibility of mussel (Perna perna) and cobia (Rachycentron canadum) produced in a multi‑trophic system. Aqua. Int. 29: 1909–1924.
12. Chilaka QM, Nwabeze GO, Odili OE (2014) Challenges of inland artisanal fish production in Nigeria: Economic perspective. J. Fish. Aqu. Sci. 9(6): 501-505.
13. Cochran WG (1963) Sampling techniques. 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
14. Falola A, Fakayode SB, Kayode AO Amusa MA (2020) Rural women in Kwara State (Nigeria) and their contributions to the welfare of their Households. J. Int. Women's Stud. 21(6): 167-180.
15. Falola A, Jonathan A, Olowogbon S, Jimoh JO (2016) Comparing income poverty status of value adders and nonvalue adders: a case study of cassava farming households in Kwara State, Nigeria. Trop. Agri. 93(1): 78-86.
16. Falola A, Mukaila R, Abdulhamid KO (2022) Informal finance: its drivers and contributions to farm investment among rural farmers in Northcentral Nigeria. Agric. Fin. Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-08-2021-0116. (Accessed on 15/03/2022).
17. FAO (2016) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.Pdf. (Accessed on 15/03/2022).
18. FAO (2018) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018 – meeting the sustainable development goals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
19. FAOSTAT (2021) Food Balance and Commodity Balances by Countries. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#compare. (Accessed on 19/03/2022).
20. Folorunso EA, Rahman MA, Sarfo I, Darko G, Olowe OS (2021) Catfish farming: a sustainability study at Eriwe fish farming village in southwest Nigeria. Aqua. Int. 29: 827–843.
21. Garlock T, Asche F, Anderson J, Bjørndal T, Kumar G, Lorenzen K, Ropicki A, Smith MD, Tveterås R (2020) A global blue revolution: Aquaculture growth across regions, species, and countries. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aqua. 28(1): 107–116.
22. Getahun TD, Villanger E (2015) Labour-intensive jobs for women and development: intrahousehold welfare effects and its transmission channels (No. 15). CMI (Chr. Michelsen Institute), Bergen. https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/5686-labor-intensive-jobs-for-women-and-development.pdf. (Accessed on 15/03/2022).
23. Haughton JH, Khandker SR (2009) Handbook on poverty and inequality. The World Bank.
24. Iruo FA, Onyeneke RO, Eze CC, Uwadoka C, Igberi CO (2019). Economics of smallholder fish farming to poverty alleviation in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Turkish J. Fish. Aqua. Sci. 19(4): 313-329.
25. Kareem, R.O, Idowu, E.O, Ayinde, I.A. and Badmus, M.A. (2012), “Economic efficiency of freshwater artisanal fisheries in Ijebu waterside of Ogun State, Nigeria”, Glob. J. Sci. Front. Res. Agri. Vet. Sci. 12(11): 1-14.
26. Kent G (2019) Fish, food, and hunger: the potential of fisheries for alleviating malnutrition. Routledge, Milton Park.
27. Long LK (2021) Cost efficiency analysis in aquaculture: Data envelopment analysis with a two-stage bootstrapping technique. Aqua. Econ. Manag. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2021.1896605. (Accessed on 15/03/2022).
28. Mabel OI, Adams OI, Babajide I (2018) Economic analysis of artisanal fisheries in some selected fishing communities of Ilaje local government area, Ondo State, Nigeria. Int. J. Dev. Sust. 7(2): 716-723.
29. Martinez-Cordero FJ, Sanchez-Zazueta E (2021) Poverty and vulnerability assessment of tilapia farmers in the southwestern states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Chiapas in Mexico. Aqua. Econ. Manag. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2021.1896604. (Accessed on 15/03/2022).
30. Meyer BD, Sullivan JX (2003) Measuring the well-being of the poor using income and consumption (No. w9760). National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w9760.pdf. (Accessed on 05/03/2022).
31. Mukaila R, Falola A, Egwue LO (2021) Income diversification and drivers of rural smallholder farmers’ income in Enugu state Nigeria. Sci. Papers Series Manag. Econ. Eng. Agri. Rural Dev. 21(3): 585-592.
32. Mukaila R, Falola A, Akanbi SO, Aboaba KO, Obetta AE (2022) Drivers of poverty among rural women in Nigeria: Implications for poverty alleviation and rural development. J. Rural Comm. Dev. 17(1): 32-48.
33. Oladimeji YU (2018) Assessment of Trend of Artisanal Fish Production in Nigeria Vis-a-vis Implications on Economic Growth. Nigerian J. Fish. Aqua. 6(1): 37–46.
34. Olawuyi SO (2019). Building resilience against food insecurity through social networks. The case of rural farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria”, Int. J. Soc. Econ. 46(7): 874-886.
35. Oparinde, L.O. (2021) Fish farmers’ welfare and climate change adaptation strategies in southwest, Nigeria: Application of multinomial endogenous switching regression model”, Aquac. Econ. Manag. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2021.1893863. (Accessed on 15/01/2022).
36. Thompson B, Amoroso L (2014) Improving diets and nutrition: Food-based approaches. Rome: FAO/CABI.
37. Travassos GF, Coelho AB, Arends-Kuenning MP (2021) Consumption patterns and demand in households headed by the elderly: evidence from Brazil. Int. J. Soc. Econ. 48(5): 657-674.
38. Ukoha OO, Mejeha RO, Nte IN (2007) Determinants of farmers welfare in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Pakistan J. Soc. Sci. 4(3): 352-354.
39. World Bank (1996) Nigeria-Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: The Challenge of Growth with Inclusion. A World Bank Poverty Assessment Report No.14733, UNI.
40. Yuan Y, Yuan Y, Dai Y, Gong Y (2017) Economic profitability of tilapia farming in China. Aqua. Int. 25: 1253–1264.