Türkiye'nin doğusundaki Diyarbakır ve Bingöl illerindeki ormanlarda arıların (Hymenoptera: Apidae) biyoçeşitliliği

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 1, 181 - 189, 11.03.2026

Emin Kaplan

https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1783747

https://izlik.org/JA83YB58TB

Öz

Türkiye’nin doğusunda yer alan Diyarbakır ve Bingöl illeri genellikle yazları sıcak ve kurak kışları ise soğuk ve kar yağışlı iklim özelliklerine sahip orman alanlarından oluşmaktadır. Bu ormanlar oldukça farklı çiçekli bitkilerin yer aldığı alanlardır. Bu kapsamda arı örnekleri 2017-2024 yılları arasında Diyarbakır ve Bingöl illerinin çeşitli bölgelerindeki orman alanlarında farklı çiçekli bitkilerden atrap ile toplandı. Toplanan örnekler etil asetat yardımıyla öldürüldükten sonra laboratuvara getirilip iğnelenip, etiketlendikten sonra teşhisleri yapıldı. Yapılan tanımlamalar sonucunda bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin doğusundaki arı grubuna ait dört familyanın altı cinsine ait 15 tür listelenmiştir: Andrenidae'de bir türe sahip bir cins, Apidae'de iki cinse ait üç tür, Colletidae'ye ait bir cinsin beş alt cinsine ait altı tür ve Halictidae'ye ait iki cinse ait beş tür. Tüm türlerin toplama yerleri ve dağılımları sağlanmıştır. Bunlar arasında Nomioides bluethgeni Pesenko, 1979 Türkiye faunası için yeni kayıttır. Ayrıca, Camptopoeum variegatum Morawitz, 1876 Bingöl ve Diyarbakır illeri için yeni bir kayıttır; Ceratina gravidula Gerstäcker, 1869, Ceratina bifida Friese, 1900, Sphecodes monilicornis (Kirby, 1802), Sphecodes puncticeps Thomson, 1870, Sphecodes ruficrus (Erichson, 1835) ve Sphecodes crassus Thomson, 1870 Bingöl ili için ilk kayıttır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye doğusundaki arı faunasının anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmakta ve polinatör çeşitliliği açısından orman habitatlarının önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hymenoptera , Arılar , Ormanlar , Türkiye

The biodiversity of bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in forests of Diyarbakır and Bingöl provinces in Eastern Türkiye

https://izlik.org/JA83YB58TB

Öz

The provinces of Diyarbakır and Bingöl, located in Eastern Türkiye, consist of forested areas characterized by hot and dry summers and cold, snowy winters. These forests are rich in diverse flowering plants and bee species. The bee specimens were collected using an insect net from various flowering plants in forested regions of Diyarbakır and Bingöl between 2017 and 2024. After being killed with ethyl acetate, the specimens were brought to the laboratory, pinned, labeled, and identified. As a result of the identifications, a total of 15 species belonging to six genera from four families of bees were listed from Eastern Türkiye: one genus with one species from Andrenidae, two genera with three species from Apidae, one genus with six species from five subgenera of Colletidae, and two genera with five species from Halictidae. The collection localities and distributions of all recorded species are provided. Among them, Nomioides bluethgeni Pesenko, 1979 is a new record for the Turkish fauna. Additionally, Camptopoeum variegatum Morawitz, 1876 is newly recorded for both Bingöl and Diyarbakır provinces; Ceratina gravidula Gerstäcker, 1869, Ceratina bifida Friese, 1900, Sphecodes monilicornis (Kirby, 1802), Sphecodes puncticeps Thomson, 1870, Sphecodes ruficrus (Erichson, 1835), and Sphecodes crassus Thomson, 1870 are recorded for the first time in Bingöl province. This study contributes to the understanding of Eastern Türkiye’s bee fauna and highlights the importance of forest habitats for pollinator diversity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hymenoptera , Bees , Forests , Türkiye

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval is not applicable, because this article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Teşekkür

I express our grateful thanks to Andreas Müller (Switzerland) John Stoskopf Ascher (USA) and Max Kasparek (Germany) for their advice. I also thank Bingöl University for their contribution to this study.

Kaynakça

• Amiet, F., Müller, A., & Neumeyer, R. (2001). Fauna Helvetica 6, Apidae 3. (Halictus, Lasioglossum). CSCF und SEG, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 208 p.
• Anonymous. (1960). https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3885674000 (accessed April 15, 2025).
• Ascher, J. S., & Pickering, J. (2014). Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). http:// www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide= Apoidea species (accessed February 30, 2025).
• Ascher, J. S., & Pickering, J. (2018). Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Retrieved from http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide= Apoidea_ species. (accessed September 2025).
• Ascher, J. S., & Pickering, J. (2021). Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Available from http://www.discoverlife.org/ (accessed September 2025).
• Astafurova, Y. V., & Proshchalykin, M. Y. (2014). The bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille 1804 of the Russian Far East, with key to species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae). Zootaxa, 3887(5), 501-528. https://doi.org/10.11646/Zootaxa.3887.5.1
• Astafurova, Y. V., & Proshchalykin, M. Y. (2015). Bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille 1804 of Siberia, with a key to species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae). Zootaxa, 4052(1), 65-95.
• Ballantyne, G., Baldock, K. C., Rendell, L., & Willmer, P. G. (2017). Pollinator importance networks illustrate the crucial value of bees in a highly speciose plant community. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 8389. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08798-x
• Bogusch, P. E. T. R., & Straka, J. A. K. U. B. (2012). Review and identification of the cuckoo bees of central Europe (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Sphecodes). Zootaxa, 3311(1), 1-41. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3311.1.1
• Cross, I., & Wood, T. J. (2018). New data on the Iberian endemic bee genus Flavipanurgus Warncke (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Andrenidae): Ecological and genomic data reveal a hidden species. Zootaxa, 4521(4), 563-572. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.5
• Danforth, B. N., Cardinal, S., Praz, C., Almeida, E. A., & Michez, D. (2013). The impact of molecular data on our understanding of bee phylogeny and evolution. Annual review of Entomology, 58(1), 57-78. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153633
• Dathe, H. H. (2015). Studies on the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Hylaeus F. (10). New descriptions and records of Asian Hylaeus species (Hymenoptera: Anthophila, Colletidae). Contributions to Entomology, 65(2), 223–238. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.65.2.223-238
• Dikmen, F. (2012). Systematic studies on the familiy Halictidae (Apiformes: Apoidea: Hymenoptera) of the Mediterranean Region [in Turkish]. PhD thesis, Hacettepe University Institute of Science, Ankara, Turkiye, 343 p.
• Engel, M. S. (2005). Family-group names for bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). American Museum Novitates, 2005(3476), 1-33.
• Fahringer, J. (1922). Hymenopterologische Ergebnisse einer Wissenschaftlichen Studienreise nach der Türkei und Kleinasien (mit Ausschluß des Amanusgebirges). Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 9(1), 149.
• Kaplan, E. (2023). Faunistic report on genus Hylaeus Fabricius, 1793 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) from Anatolia (Türkiye), with two new records for the country. Graellsia, 79(1), e194. https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2023.v79.363
• Kaplan, E., Güler, Y., & Dikmen, F. (2024). New knowledge about Megachilidae and Halictidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) fauna from Diyarbakır and Bingöl provinces. Plant Protection Bulletin, 64(3), 28-36 https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1449066
• Khodarahmi Ghahnavieh, R., & Monfared, A. (2019). A survey of the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Isfahan Province, Iran. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 5(3), 171–20. https://doi.org/10.52547/jibs.5.3.171
• Klein, A. M., Vaissiere, B. E., Cane, J. H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S. A., Kremen, C., & Tscharntke, T. (2007). Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc R Soc Lond B (274), 303–313
• Meyer, R. (1920). Apidae-Sphecodinae. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Abt. A (1-2), 79–242.
• Meyer, R. (1925). Zur Bienengattung Sphecodes. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 90A(12), 1–12
• Michener, C. D. (2007). The bees of the world. JHU press.
• Ollerton, J. (2017). Pollinator diversity: distribution, ecological function, and conservation. Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics, 48(1), 353-376. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022919
• Özbek, H. (1977). Bees of the family Colletidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in the vicinity of Erzurum. Atatürk University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 8(2/3), 33–40.
• Özbek, H. (1979). The Halictidae (Hymenoptera Apoidea) Fauna of the Eastern Anatolia Region and Their Ecology. Atatürk University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 10(1), 3-4.
• Özbek, H., Bogusch, P., & Straka, J. (2015). A contribution to the kleptoparasitic bees of Turkey: Part I., the genus Sphecodes Latreille (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 39(6), 1095-1109. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1501-43
• Özbek, H., & Dathe, H. H. (2020). The bees of the genus Hylaeus Fabricius, 1793 of Turkey, with keys to the subgenera and species (Hymenoptera: Anthophila, Colletidae). Contributions to Entomology, 70(2), 273–346. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.70.2.273-346
• Özbek, H., & Terzo, M. (2016). Distribution data for the tribes Ceratinini and Allodapini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) with a checklist of the subfamily Xylocopinae of Turkey. Acta entomologica serbica, 21(1), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.200396
• Pesenko Yu. A. (1978). A key to families of the superfamily Apoidea. pp. 280–281. In: Medvedev G.S., (Ed.): a key to insects of the european part of the USSR. Vol. 3. Hymenoptera. Pt1. 583 pp. Leningrad (Nauka) (in Series: Keys to Animals in the Fauna of the USSR Published by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. no. 119).
• Pesenko Yu. A. (1984). A subgeneric classification of bees of the genus Halictus Latreille sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 63(3), 340- 357. Leningrad. [in Russian with English summary; English translation in Entomological Review, 63(3), 1-20.
• Pesenko Yu. A. (1985). Systematics of the bees of the genus Halictus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) with a description of 7th and 8th metasomal sterna of males: subgenus Monilapis Cockerell. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta (Leningrad), 132 (1), 77-105.
• Pesenko Yu. A. (1986). Systematics of the bee genus Halictus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) with description of 7th and 8th metasomal sterna of males: subgenus Tytthalictus. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 65(3), 618-632.
• Pesenko, Yu. A., Banaszak, J., Radchenko, V. G., & Cierzniak, T. (2000). Bees of the family Halictidae (excluding Sphecodes) of Poland: taxonomy, ecology, bionomics. Bydgoszcz, Poland, Bydgoszcz Press, 348 p.
• Pesenko, Y. A., & Pauly, A. (2005). Monograph of the bees of the subfamily Nomioidinae (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) of Africa (excluding Madagascar). Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 41(2), 129-236).
• Terzo, M. (1998). Annotated list of the species of the genus Ceratina (Latreille) occurring in the Near East, with descriptions of new species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Xylocopinae). Linzer biologische Beitrage, 30(2), 719-743.
• Terzo, M., Kaftanoğlu, O., & Rasmont, P. (1999). Biogéographie du genre Ceratina Latreille dans la Çukurova et ses environs immédiats (Turquie) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 35 (suppl.), 328-332.
• Terzo, M., & Rasmont, P. (1996). Redescription de Ceratina gravidula Gerstaecker, 1869 et de C. nigroaenea Gerstaecker, 1869 (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Xylocopinae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 101(1), 5–12.
• Terzo, M., & Rasmont, P. (2011). Atlas of the European Bees: genus Ceratina. STEP Project, Atlas Hymenoptera, Mons, Gembloux. http://www.zoologie.umh.ac.be/hymenoptera/ page.asp ?ID=192.
• Zhou, Q. S., Luo, A., Zhang, F., Niu, Z. Q., Wu, Q. T., Xiong, M., ... & Zhu, C. D. (2020). The first draft genome of the plasterer bee Colletes gigas (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Colletes). Genome Biology and Evolution, 12(6), 860-866. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa090
• Warncke, K. (1972). Westpaläarktische Bienen der Unterfamilie Panurginae (Hym., Apidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 42(1), 53–108.
• Warncke, K. (1992). 2. Beitrag zur Systematik und Verbreitung der Bienengattung Prosopis F. in der Westpalaarktis (Hym., Apidae). Linzer biologische Beitrage, 24(2), 747–801.
• Westrich, P., & Dathe, H. H. (1997). Die Bienenarten Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Ein aktualisiertes Verzeichnis mit kritischen Anmerkungen. Mitteilungen des Entomologischen Vereins Stuttgart, 32(1), 3-34.
• Westrich, P. (1989). Die Wildbienen Baden-Württembergs. I und II. – 972 S.; Stuttgart (E. Ulmer)
• Wood, T. J., & Cross, I. (2017). Kamptopoeum (Camtopoeum) baldocki spec. Kasım, Portekiz'den yeni bir panurjin arı türü ve Flavipanurgus fuzetus Patiny'nin (Andrenidae: Panurginae) erkeğinin tanımı. Zootaxa, 4254(2), 285-293. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4254.2.9