Distribution and density dynamics of Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) fields of the Çukurova Region of Türkiye
Yıl 2025,
Sayı: Advanced Online Publication, 984 - 993
Nilay Dalkılıç
,
Nedim Doğan
,
İlhan Üremiş
Öz
This study was conducted to determine the distribution of the invasive weed species Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson, which has recently emerged as a major global threat to agricultural production due to its high competitive ability and widespread resistance to herbicides, in the Çukurova region of Turkey. Field surveys were carried out during the summer of 2023 at a total of 143 sampling sites located in the provinces of Adana, Osmaniye, and Mersin. The findings revealed that the overall frequency of occurrence of A. palmeri across the region was 37.57%. However, when only soybean cultivation areas were considered, this rate increased markedly to 58.20%. At the provincial level, the highest infestation was recorded in Adana (86.6%), followed by Osmaniye (66.6%). These results clearly demonstrate that A. palmeri has not only become permanently established in the Çukurova region but has also strongly adapted to soybean production systems, thereby posing a serious threat to crop yield and long-term agricultural sustainability. In conclusion, A. palmeri represents an increasingly severe risk to soybean production in Çukurova, particularly in the provinces of Adana and Osmaniye. Therefore, the implementation of integrated weed management strategies encompassing preventive, cultural, and chemical approaches together with enhanced farmer awareness, is of critical importance to limit its spread and to ensure the sustainable production of soybean in the region.
Kaynakça
-
Anonim (2025). Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü Verileri. (En Son Erişim: 01.10.2025).
-
Arslan, M., Uremis, I., & Uludag, A. (2006). The critical period of weed control in double-cropped soybean. Phytoparasitica, 34 (2),159-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02981316
-
Bensch, C.N., Horak, M.J., & Peterson, D. (2003). Interference of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), palmer amaranth (A. palmeri), and common waterhemp (A. rudis) in soybean. Weed Science, 51 (1), 37-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4046623
-
Berger, S., Madeira, P., Ferrell, J., Gettys, L., Morichetti, S., Cantero, J., & Cesar, O.N. (2016). Palmer amaranth identification and ALS-resistance in Argentina. Weed Science, 64, 312-320. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26420694
-
Doğan, M.N., Boz, O., Brants, I. O., Ertem, M., & Eren, O. (2017). Occurrence of Amaranthus palmeri in citrus plantations in Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay provinces of Turkey. In Proceedings of 5th International Symposium Weeds and Invasive Plants, Chios, Greece. pp. 52-53.
-
Doğan, M.N., Ertem, M., & Boz, O. (2018). Amaranthus palmeri – a new weed species for Turkey. In Proceedings of Türkiye VII. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, Muğla, Türkiye. pp. 118.
-
Ehleringer, J. (1983). Ecophysiology of Amaranthus palmeri, a Sonoran Desert summer annual. Oecologia, 57, 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379568
-
EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) (2025). Data sheets on quarantine pests: Amaranthus palmeri. EPPO Global Database. https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/AMAPA/distribution (En Son Erişim: 01.10.2025).
-
Erbaş, F., Doğan, M.N., Türkseven, S.G., Ongun, A.R., Tunalı, S.P., Ülgen, C., Pek, A.A., & Ertem, M. (2024). A survey on palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) in Çukurova Region of Türkiye. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 61, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.21162/PAKJAS/24.221
-
Eren, O., Doğan, M.N., Boz, O., Türkseven, S., & Özcan, R. (2016). Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. In: Raab-Straube, E. V., Raus, T. (Eds), Euro+Med-Checklist Notulae, 6, Willdenowia, 46 (3), 423-442. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.46.46310
-
Heap, I. (2024). International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. https://www.weedscience.org/Home.aspx (En Son Erişim: 15.06.2024).
-
Jha, P., & Norsworthy, J.K. (2009). Soybean canopy and tillage effects on emergence of palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) from a natural seed bank. Weed Science, 57 (6), 644-651. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-09-074.1
-
Kanatas, P., Tataridas, A., Dellaportas, V., & Travlos, I. (2021). First report of Amaranthus palmeri in Greece and management problems. Agronomy, 11, 1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091721
-
Korres, N.E., Norsworthy, J.K., Mauromoustakos, A. & Williams, M.M. (2020). Soybean density and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) establishment time: effects on weed biology, crop yield, and economic returns. Weed Science, 68, 467-475. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.41
-
Kuru, H.H., Üremiş, İ., & Soylu, S. (2025). Determination of the herbicide resistance status of local population of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) weeds collected from paddy fields in different regions of Türkiye using rapid method. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 30 (2), 629-646. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1699593
-
Küpper, A., Peter, F., Zöllner, P., Lorentz, L., Tranel, P.J., Beffa, R., Gaines, T.A. (2018). Tembotrione detoxification in 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor-resistant palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.). Pest Management Science, 74 (10), 2325-2334. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4786
-
MacRae, A.W., Webster, T.M., Sosnoskie, L.M., Culpepper, A.S. & Kichler J.M.. 2013. Cotton yield loss potential in response to length of palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) interference. The Journal of Cotton Science, 17, 227-232. https://www.cotton.org/journal/2013-17/3/upload/jcs17-227.pdf
-
Mahoney, D.J., Jordan, D.L., Hare, A.T., Leon, R.G., Burgos, N.R., Vann, M.C., & Cahoon, C.W. (2021). Palmer amaranth growth and seed production in competition with peanut and othercrops. Agronomy, 11, 1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091734
-
Massinga, R.A., Currie, R.S., Horak, M.J., & Boyer, J. (2001). Interference of palmer amaranth in corn. Weed Science, 49 (2),202-208. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4046504
-
Mennan, H., Kaya Altop, E., Belvaux, X., Brants, I., Zandstra, B., Jabran, K., & Uysal, M. (2021). Investigating glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeri biotypes from Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 49, 1043-1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-021-00910-2
-
Netto, A.G., Nicolai, M., Carvalho, S., Borgato, E., & Christoffoleti, P. (2016). Multiple resistance of Amaranthus palmeri to ALS and EPSPS inhibiting herbicides in the state of Mato Grosso, in Brazil. Planta Daninha, 34, 581-587. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582016340300019
-
Odum, E.P. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Sounders Company.
-
Serim, A.T., Ozkil, M., Uremis, I., & Uludag, A. (2023). Changes in the weed flora of cotton fields in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkiye. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 28 (3), 633-648. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1325888
-
Sertkaya, E., Uremis; I. and Yigit, A. (2005). Natural efficiency of Caryedon palaestinicus Southgate (Coleoptera, Bruchidae; Pachymerinae) feeding on the seeds of mesquit, Prosopis farcta (Banks and Sol.) Macbride. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 8 (1), 85-88. https://doi.10.3923/pjbs.2005.85.88
-
Soylu, S., Sertkaya, E., Üremiş, İ., Bozkurt, İ.A. ve Kurt, Ş. (2017). Hatay ili marul (Lactuca sativa L.) ekim alanlarında görülen önemli hastalık etmenleri, zararlı ve yabancı ot türleri ve yaygınlık durumları. MKÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22 (1), 23-33. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mkuzfd/issue/30381/298689
-
Steckel, L.E. (2007). The dioecious Amaranthus spp.: Here to stay. Weed Technology, 21, 567-570. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-06-045.1
-
TÜİK (2023). Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Bitkisel-Uretim-Istatistikleri-2019-30685 (En Son Erişim: 23.06.2023).
-
Uremıs, I., Uludag, A., Ulger, A.C., & Cakır, B. (2009b). Determination of critical period for weed control in the second crop corn under mediterranean conditions. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (18), 4475-4480. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB09.766
-
Uremis, I., Caliskan, M.E., Uludag, A., & Caliskan, S. (2009a). Weed management in early-season potato production in the Mediterranean conditions of Turkey. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 15 (5), 423-434. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228367982
-
Üremiş, İ., Soylu, S., Kurt, Ş., Soylu, E.M., & Sertkaya, E. (2020). Hatay ili havuç ekim alanlarında bulunan yabancı ot türleri, yaygınlıkları, yoğunlukları ve durumlarının değerlendirilmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (2), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.645336
-
Ward, S.M., Webster, T.M., & Steckel, L.E. (2013). Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri): a review. Weed Technology, 27 (1), 12-27. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-12-00113.1
-
Zimdahl, R.L. (1980). Weed-Crop Competition, A Review. International Plant Protection Center, Corvallis-Oregon, 198p.
-
Zimdahl, R.L. (2018). Fundamentals of Weed Science, 5th Edition, Academic Press, UK. 758p.
Çukurova bölgesi soya (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) ekim alanlarında Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson’un yayılış ve yoğunluk dinamizmi
Yıl 2025,
Sayı: Advanced Online Publication, 984 - 993
Nilay Dalkılıç
,
Nedim Doğan
,
İlhan Üremiş
Öz
Bu çalışma, sahip olduğu yüksek rekabet gücü ve birçok herbisite karşı geliştirdiği direnç nedeniyle son yıllarda küresel tarımsal üretim için önemli bir tehdit olarak öne çıkan istilacı yabancı ot türü Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson’un Çukurova bölgesindeki yayılışını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Arazi çalışmaları, 2023 yılı yaz döneminde Adana, Osmaniye ve Mersin illerinde toplam 143 örnekleme noktasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları, A. palmeri’nin bölge genelinde %37,57 oranında rastlandığını ortaya koymuştur. Ancak yalnızca soya fasulyesi ekim alanları değerlendirildiğinde bu oran %58,20’ye yükselmiştir. İl bazında incelendiğinde, en yüksek yoğunluk Adana’da (%86,6) ve bunu takiben Osmaniye’de (%66,6) belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, A. palmeri’nin Çukurova’da yalnızca kalıcı bir şekilde yerleşmediğini, aynı zamanda soya tarım sistemlerine güçlü bir uyum sağlayarak ürün verimini ve üretimin sürdürülebilirliğini tehdit eden kritik bir faktör haline geldiğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, A. palmeri Çukurova’da, özellikle Adana ve Osmaniye illerinde soya üretimi açısından giderek artan ve ciddi bir risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle, önleyici, kültürel ve kimyasal yöntemleri içeren entegre yabancı ot yönetim stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması, ayrıca üreticilerin bu konuda bilinçlendirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Etik Beyan
Makale yazarları aralarında herhangi bir çıkar çatışması olmadığını beyan ederler. Bu çalışma birinci yazarın doktora tezinin bir bölümüdür.
Teşekkür
Çalışmanın yürütülmesi esnasında finansal kaynak sağlaması nedeniyle Agro Teknik Tarımsal Danışmanlık Ltd. Şti.’ne, ayrıca surveyler esnasında desteği için Zir. Yük. Müh. Mahmut ERTEM’e teşekkür ederiz
Kaynakça
-
Anonim (2025). Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü Verileri. (En Son Erişim: 01.10.2025).
-
Arslan, M., Uremis, I., & Uludag, A. (2006). The critical period of weed control in double-cropped soybean. Phytoparasitica, 34 (2),159-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02981316
-
Bensch, C.N., Horak, M.J., & Peterson, D. (2003). Interference of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), palmer amaranth (A. palmeri), and common waterhemp (A. rudis) in soybean. Weed Science, 51 (1), 37-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4046623
-
Berger, S., Madeira, P., Ferrell, J., Gettys, L., Morichetti, S., Cantero, J., & Cesar, O.N. (2016). Palmer amaranth identification and ALS-resistance in Argentina. Weed Science, 64, 312-320. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26420694
-
Doğan, M.N., Boz, O., Brants, I. O., Ertem, M., & Eren, O. (2017). Occurrence of Amaranthus palmeri in citrus plantations in Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay provinces of Turkey. In Proceedings of 5th International Symposium Weeds and Invasive Plants, Chios, Greece. pp. 52-53.
-
Doğan, M.N., Ertem, M., & Boz, O. (2018). Amaranthus palmeri – a new weed species for Turkey. In Proceedings of Türkiye VII. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, Muğla, Türkiye. pp. 118.
-
Ehleringer, J. (1983). Ecophysiology of Amaranthus palmeri, a Sonoran Desert summer annual. Oecologia, 57, 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379568
-
EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) (2025). Data sheets on quarantine pests: Amaranthus palmeri. EPPO Global Database. https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/AMAPA/distribution (En Son Erişim: 01.10.2025).
-
Erbaş, F., Doğan, M.N., Türkseven, S.G., Ongun, A.R., Tunalı, S.P., Ülgen, C., Pek, A.A., & Ertem, M. (2024). A survey on palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) in Çukurova Region of Türkiye. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 61, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.21162/PAKJAS/24.221
-
Eren, O., Doğan, M.N., Boz, O., Türkseven, S., & Özcan, R. (2016). Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. In: Raab-Straube, E. V., Raus, T. (Eds), Euro+Med-Checklist Notulae, 6, Willdenowia, 46 (3), 423-442. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.46.46310
-
Heap, I. (2024). International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. https://www.weedscience.org/Home.aspx (En Son Erişim: 15.06.2024).
-
Jha, P., & Norsworthy, J.K. (2009). Soybean canopy and tillage effects on emergence of palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) from a natural seed bank. Weed Science, 57 (6), 644-651. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-09-074.1
-
Kanatas, P., Tataridas, A., Dellaportas, V., & Travlos, I. (2021). First report of Amaranthus palmeri in Greece and management problems. Agronomy, 11, 1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091721
-
Korres, N.E., Norsworthy, J.K., Mauromoustakos, A. & Williams, M.M. (2020). Soybean density and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) establishment time: effects on weed biology, crop yield, and economic returns. Weed Science, 68, 467-475. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.41
-
Kuru, H.H., Üremiş, İ., & Soylu, S. (2025). Determination of the herbicide resistance status of local population of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) weeds collected from paddy fields in different regions of Türkiye using rapid method. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 30 (2), 629-646. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1699593
-
Küpper, A., Peter, F., Zöllner, P., Lorentz, L., Tranel, P.J., Beffa, R., Gaines, T.A. (2018). Tembotrione detoxification in 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor-resistant palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.). Pest Management Science, 74 (10), 2325-2334. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4786
-
MacRae, A.W., Webster, T.M., Sosnoskie, L.M., Culpepper, A.S. & Kichler J.M.. 2013. Cotton yield loss potential in response to length of palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) interference. The Journal of Cotton Science, 17, 227-232. https://www.cotton.org/journal/2013-17/3/upload/jcs17-227.pdf
-
Mahoney, D.J., Jordan, D.L., Hare, A.T., Leon, R.G., Burgos, N.R., Vann, M.C., & Cahoon, C.W. (2021). Palmer amaranth growth and seed production in competition with peanut and othercrops. Agronomy, 11, 1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091734
-
Massinga, R.A., Currie, R.S., Horak, M.J., & Boyer, J. (2001). Interference of palmer amaranth in corn. Weed Science, 49 (2),202-208. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4046504
-
Mennan, H., Kaya Altop, E., Belvaux, X., Brants, I., Zandstra, B., Jabran, K., & Uysal, M. (2021). Investigating glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeri biotypes from Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 49, 1043-1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-021-00910-2
-
Netto, A.G., Nicolai, M., Carvalho, S., Borgato, E., & Christoffoleti, P. (2016). Multiple resistance of Amaranthus palmeri to ALS and EPSPS inhibiting herbicides in the state of Mato Grosso, in Brazil. Planta Daninha, 34, 581-587. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582016340300019
-
Odum, E.P. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Sounders Company.
-
Serim, A.T., Ozkil, M., Uremis, I., & Uludag, A. (2023). Changes in the weed flora of cotton fields in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkiye. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 28 (3), 633-648. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1325888
-
Sertkaya, E., Uremis; I. and Yigit, A. (2005). Natural efficiency of Caryedon palaestinicus Southgate (Coleoptera, Bruchidae; Pachymerinae) feeding on the seeds of mesquit, Prosopis farcta (Banks and Sol.) Macbride. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 8 (1), 85-88. https://doi.10.3923/pjbs.2005.85.88
-
Soylu, S., Sertkaya, E., Üremiş, İ., Bozkurt, İ.A. ve Kurt, Ş. (2017). Hatay ili marul (Lactuca sativa L.) ekim alanlarında görülen önemli hastalık etmenleri, zararlı ve yabancı ot türleri ve yaygınlık durumları. MKÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22 (1), 23-33. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mkuzfd/issue/30381/298689
-
Steckel, L.E. (2007). The dioecious Amaranthus spp.: Here to stay. Weed Technology, 21, 567-570. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-06-045.1
-
TÜİK (2023). Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Bitkisel-Uretim-Istatistikleri-2019-30685 (En Son Erişim: 23.06.2023).
-
Uremıs, I., Uludag, A., Ulger, A.C., & Cakır, B. (2009b). Determination of critical period for weed control in the second crop corn under mediterranean conditions. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (18), 4475-4480. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB09.766
-
Uremis, I., Caliskan, M.E., Uludag, A., & Caliskan, S. (2009a). Weed management in early-season potato production in the Mediterranean conditions of Turkey. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 15 (5), 423-434. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228367982
-
Üremiş, İ., Soylu, S., Kurt, Ş., Soylu, E.M., & Sertkaya, E. (2020). Hatay ili havuç ekim alanlarında bulunan yabancı ot türleri, yaygınlıkları, yoğunlukları ve durumlarının değerlendirilmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (2), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.645336
-
Ward, S.M., Webster, T.M., & Steckel, L.E. (2013). Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri): a review. Weed Technology, 27 (1), 12-27. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-12-00113.1
-
Zimdahl, R.L. (1980). Weed-Crop Competition, A Review. International Plant Protection Center, Corvallis-Oregon, 198p.
-
Zimdahl, R.L. (2018). Fundamentals of Weed Science, 5th Edition, Academic Press, UK. 758p.