Mikoriza, elementer kükürt ve fosforun biber verimi ve besin elementi alımı üzerine etkileri

Öz

Amaç: Gübreleme tarımda verime katkı sağlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı yeşil biber (Capsicum annuum L.) verimi, kök/sürgün oranı, besin elementi alımı kökle mikorizanın infekte olma düzeyi üzerinde mikoriza ve elemental kükürt (ES) ve fosfor (P) gübrelemesinin etkisini belirlemekti. 

Yöntem ve Bulgular: 100 mg/kg ES and/or 100 mg/kg P gübreleri mikorizalı ve mikorizasız toprağa ilave edildi. 45 gün süreyle yeşil biber bitkisi kireçli sterilize edilmiş Karaburun toprağında yetiştirildi. Kök ve sürgün verimi mikoriza aşılaması ile control uygulamasına göre arttı. Tek başına ES yada P gübrelemesiyle mikorizasız uygulamalarda verim artarken, mikorizalı uygulamalarda tersi durum söz konusu idi. ES and P gübrelemesi birlikte tek başına P gübrelemesine kıyasla mikorizasız uygulamalarda verimi düşürürken, mikorizalı uygulamalarda tersi durum söz konusu idi. Kök sürgün oranı ve sürgün besin elementi konsatrasyonu verimden ve uygulamalardan bağımsız olarak iki yönlü değişim gösterdi. ES ve/veya P ilavesi mikorizal infekte olma düzeyini önemsiz düzeyde azalttı. 

Genel Yorum: Elde edilen bulgular gösteriyor ki ES and/or P gübrelemesi kökle mikorizanın infekte olma düzeyini önemsiz ölçüde azaltmakla birlikte yeşil biber verimini, besin elementi alımını, kök sürgün oranını iki yönde etkilemektedir. 

Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: ES and/or P gübrelemesi mikoriza aşılamasıyla birlikte daha yüksek ürün elde etmek için önemlidir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma biberde verim kayıplarını önlemek için mikorizalı ve mikorizasız yetiştirme koşullarında uygun gübre ve gübre kombinasyonları hakkında bilgi sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mikoriza
• elementel kükürt
• fosfor
• sürgün element konsantrasyonları
• biber verimi

Mycorrhizae, elemental sulfur and phosphorus effects on pepper yield and nutrient uptake

Abstract

Aims: Fertilization contributes to the yield in agriculture. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of mycorrhizae and fertilization of phosphorus (P) and elemental sulfur (ES) on yield responses, root mycorrhizal inoculation level, root to shoot ratio and nutrient uptake of green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).

Methods and Results: 100 mg kg-1 ES and/or 100 mg kg-1 P fertilizers were added with and without mycorrhizal inoculation into the soil. Green pepper was grown for 45 days on calcareous sterilized Karaburun soil. Root and shoot yield increased by mycorrhizal inoculation compared to the control treatment. While fertilization with ES or P alone resulted in yield increase in the non-mycorrhizal treatments, the reverse was the case in the mycorrhizal treatments. The combined effect of ES and P fertilization comparing P fertilization alone decreased the yield in the non-mycorrhizal tratments while the reverse was the case in the mycorrhizal treatments. Root to shoot ratios and shoot nutrient concentrations changed in both directions as independent from the yield and treatments. ES and/or P addition decreased insignificantly mycorrhizal inoculation level.

Conclusions: Obtained results indicated that ES and/or P fertilization affect yield of pepper, nutrient uptake, root to shoot ratio in both ways with insignificantly decreased root mycorrhizal infection level.

Significance and Impact of the Study: ES and/or P fertilization with mycorrhizal inoculation is important to get higher yield. For that reason, this study provides data about appropriate fertilizer or fertilizer combinations to prevent yield loss of pepper in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal growth conditions.

Keywords

• Mycorrhizae
• elemental sulfur
• phosphorus
• shoot nutrient concentrations
• pepper yield

Kaynakça

1. Al Karaki GN (1998) Benefit, cost and water-use efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal durum wheat grown under drought stress. Mycorrhizae 8:41-45.
2. Antunes V, Cardose EJBN (1991) Growth and nutrient status of citrus plants as influenced by mycorrhizae and phosphorous application. Plant and Soil 131: 11-19.
3. Blake GR, Hartge KH (1986a) Bulk density. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods (Ed. Klute A (2nd Edn.), Madison, WI: SSSA Book Series 5. pp 363-375
4. Blake GR, Hartge KH (1986b) Particle density. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods (Ed. Klute A (2nd Edn.), Madison, WI: SSSA Book Series 5. pp 377-382
5. Bouyoucos GJ (1951) A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal 43:434-438.
6. Bremner JM (1996) Nitrogen-total. In: Method of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical methods (Eds. Sarks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN ,Tabatabai MA ,Johnston CT, Sumner ME), Madison, WI: SSSA. pp 1085-1122.
7. Cui Y, Dong Y, Li H, Wang Q (2004) Effect of elemental sulfur on solubility of soil heavy metals and their uptake by maize. Environment International 30 (3): 323-328.
8. Diaz G, Barrantes O, Honrubia M, Gracia C (1996) Effect of ozone and sulfur dioxide on mycorrhizae of Pinus halepensis miller. Annales des Sciences Forestieres 53: 849-856.

9. Fabig W, OttowJ CG, Muller F (1978) Mineralisation von 14C-Markiertem Benzoat Mit Nitrat als Wasser-Stoffakzeptor unter Vollstandig Anaeroben Bedingungen Sowie Bei Vermindertem Sauer-stoffpartialdruck [Mineralization of 14C-labeled benzoate with nitrate as water under completely anaerobic conditions, as well as partially reduced oxygen]. Landwirstschaft Forschung, 35: 441-453.
10. Fachgruppe Wasserchemie in der Gesellscheft Deutscher Chemiker (1983) Deutsche Einheitsverfahren Zur Wasser-Abwasser-und Schlammuntersuchungen [German Standart Methods for Water, Wastewater and Sludge Tests]. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie.
11. Gerdemann JW, Nicolson TH (1963) Spors of mycorrhizal endogeny species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 46: 235-244.
12. Kacar B (1972) Chemical analysis of soil and plant (in Turkish). Ankara, Turkey: Ankara University Agricultural Press 453.
13. Karaca H (2012a) Buffering effect of elemental sulfur on mycorrhizal infection of leek. Journal of Plant Nutrition 35(5): 678-687.
14. Karaca H (2012b) Efficiency of elemental sulfur on mycorrhizae in the yield increase of wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition 35(8): 1225-1233.
15. Karaca H, Uygur V, Özkan A, Kaya Z (2013) The effects of mycorrhizae and fertilization on soybean yield and nutrient uptake. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 44:2459-2471.
16. Karaca H (2014) Effects of elemental sulfur and mycorrhizae on the yield of wheat in different soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition 37:1-15.
17. Klute A, Dirksen C (1986) Hydraulic Conductivity and Diffusivity: Laboratory Methods. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods (Ed. Klute A (2nd Eds.). Madison, WI: SSSA Book Series 5.
18. Koske RE, Gemma JN (1989) A modified procedure for staining roots to detect VAM. Mycological Research 92: 486-505.
19. Lees R (1971) Laboratory Handbook of Methods of Food Analysis. London: Leonard Hill Books.
20. Lindsay WL, Norwell WA (1978) Development of DTPA for soil test zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42: 421-428.
21. Loeppert RH, Suarez DL (1996) Carbonate and gypsum. In: Method of soil analysis. Part 3. Chemical methods [Eds. Sarks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA ,Johnston CT, Sumner ME], Madison, WI: SSSA, pp 437-474
22. Mohammed A, Mitra B, Khan AG (2004) Effects of sheared-root inoculum of Glomus intraradices on wheat grown at different phosphorous levels in the field. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 103(1):245-249.
23. Murphy J, Riley JP (1962) A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta 27:31-36.
24. Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanable FS, Dean LA (1954) Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular 939. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
25. Ortas I, Rowell DL, Haris PJ ( 2004) Effect of mycorrhizae and pH change at the root-soil interface on phosphorus uptake by sorghum using a rhizocyclinder technique. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 35:1061-1080.
26. Ozbek H, Dinc U, Kapur S (1974) Detailed basic survey and mapping of the soils of Cukurova University settlement area (in Turkish). Cukurova University Agricultural Faculty publication 73. Adana, Turkey: Cukurova University.
27. Pratt PF, Morse HH (1954) Potassium release from exchangeable and non-exchangeable forms in Ohio soils. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin 747. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.
28. Romero A, Ryder J, Fisher JT, Mexal JG (1986) Root system modification of container stock for arid land plantings. Forest Ecology and Management 16: 281-290.
29. Schlichting E, Blume H (1966) Bodenkundliches Practikum [Soil Science Handbook]. Berlin: Paul Parey Verlag.
30. U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Handbook 60. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
31. Yibirin H, Johnson JW, Eckert D (1996) Corn production as affected by daily fertilization with ammonium, nitrate, and phosphorous. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60: 512-518.