Retrospective Analysis and Literature Review of Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Cases Linked to Energy Drinks

Öz

Objective: Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (aTIN) is a rare cause of acute renal injury in children. The incidence of cases linked to insensible use of energy drinks has increased in recent years. In thıs study, we aimed to examine patients with aTIN connected to energy drink in detail in our own patients.Methods: In this study, the files of patients with acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (aTIN in the pediatric nephrology clinic were retrospectively screened.Results: 32 patients were included in the study (F/M: 22/10). Mean age was 12±4.3 years (9-17). The most common causes in etiology were drugs (18; 56.2%) and energy drinks (9; 28.1%). The most common attendance symptoms were vomiting (84.3%), fatigue (68.7%), hypertension (56.2%), abdominal pain (40.6%), joint pain (34.3%), fever (31.2%). The mean duration from onset of symptoms to first attendance at hospital was 3.8±2.1 days, with the mean duration between first intake of causative agent to onset of symptoms 9±4.1 days.Conclusion: The inclusion of energy drink use among candidates for causes of aTIN in recent years is an important health problem. Due to serious side effect profile beginning with acute kidney injury and resulting in CKD, it is a cause that should definitely be questioned in the anamnesis of young patients especially.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
• Energy Drinks
• Prognosis

Enerji İçeceklerine Bağlı Akut Tubulointerstisyel Nefrit Vakalarının Retrospektif Analizi ve Literatür Taraması

Öz

Amaç: Akut tubulointerstisyel nefrit (aTIN), çocuklarda akut böbrek hasarının nadir bir nedenidir. Enerji içeceklerinin bilinçsiz kullanımına bağlı vakaların görülme sıklığı son yıllarda artmıştır. Bu çalışmada ATN tanısı alan tüm hastalarımız ile birlikte enerji içeceğine bağlı aTIN’ li hastaları detaylı olarak incelemeyi amaçladık.Yöntem: Bu çalışmada çocuk nefroloji kliniğinde izlenen akut tubulointerstisyel nefrit (aTIN) hastalarının dosyaları geriye dönük olarak tarandı.Bulgular: Çalışmaya 32 hasta dahil edildi (K/E: 22/10). Ortalama yaş 12 ± 4,3 yıl (9-17) idi. Etiyolojide en sık nedenler ilaçlar (18; % 56.2), enerji içecekleri (9; % 28.1) idi. En sık görülen başvuru semptomları kusma (%84.3), yorgunluk (% 68.7), hipertansiyon (% 56.2), karın ağrısı (%40,6), eklem ağrısı (%34.3), ateş (%31.2) idi. Etken madde alımı ile semptomların başlangıcı arasındaki ortalama süre 9 ± 4,1 gündü.Sonuç: Enerji içeceği kullanımının son yıllarda aTIN nedenleri arasında yer alması önemli bir sağlık sorunudur. Akut böbrek hasarı ile başlayan ve KBH ile sonuçlanan ciddi yan etki profili nedeniyle özellikle genç hastaların anamnezinde mutlaka sorgulanması gereken bir nedendir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Akut Tubolointerstisyel Nefrit
• Enerji İçeceği
• Prognoz

Kaynakça

1. Roy S, Awogbemi T, Holt RCL. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in children- a retrospective case series in a UK tertiary paediatric centre. BMC Nephrol 2020:14;21(1):17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-1681-7
2. Raghavan R, Eknoyan G. Acute interstitial nephritis - a reappraisal and update. Clin Nephrol 2014;82(3):149-62. https://doi.org/10.5414/CN10838
3. Taktak A, Uncu N, Acar B, Çaycı Ş, Ensari A, Gür G, Köksoy A, Çakar N Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis: a case series and long-term renal outcomes. Turk J Pediatr. 2015;57(6):566-571.
4. Zajjari Y, Montasser D, Sobhi A, Aatif T, Azizi M, Alayoud A, El Kabbaj D. Acute interstitial nephritis in the military hospital of Morocco: Clinical features and renal outcomes. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2019;30(6):1407-1414.
5. Ulinski T, Sellier-Leclerc AL, Tudorache E, Bensman A, Aoun B Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27(7):1051-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-011-1915-9
6. Zhihui Li , Zhijuan Kang, Cuirong Duan, Tianhui Wu, Liang Zhang, Mai Xun, Yunfeng Ding, Yi Zhang, Yan Yin Clinical and pathological features of acute kidney injury in children Ren Fail 2014;36(7):1023-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2014.917452
7. Greene E, Oman K, Lefler M. Energy drink-induced acute kidney injury. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(10):1366-70. doi: 10.1177/106 https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028014541997
8. Oikonomopoulou N, Martínez López AB, J Villaescusa JU, Molina MC, Laiseca, Daniel Nuñez LB, Olalla Álvarez Blanco OA Acute renal damage secondary to acute tubulointerstitial nephritis drug use. Case report Rev Chil Pediatr 2017;88(6):787-791. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0370-41062017000600787

9. Krishnan N, Perazella MA Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis: pathology, pathogenesis, and treatment..Iran J Kidney Dis. 2015;9(1):3-13.
10. Kobayashi Y, Honda M, Yoshikawa N, Ito H. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in 21 Japanese children. Clin Nephrol 2000;54(3):191-7.
11. Clavé S, Rousset-Rouvière C, Daniel L, Tsimaratos M Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in children and chronic kidney disease. Arch Pediatr. 2019;26(5):290-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2019.05.002
12. Nowak D, Gośliński M, Nowatkowska K. The Effect of Acute Consumption of Energy Drinks on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Blood Glucose in the Group of Young Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018: 19;15(3):544 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030544
13. Ragsdale FR, Gronli TD, Batool N, Haight N, Mehaffey A, McMahon E, Nalli TW, Mannello CM, Sell CJ, McCann PJ , Kastello GM , Hooks T, Wilson T. Effect of Red Bull energy drink on cardiovascular and renal function Amino Acids 2010;38(4):1193-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0330-z
14. Rebholz CM, Young BA, Katz R, Tucker KL, Carithers TC, Norwood AF, Correa A. Patterns of Beverages Consumed and Risk of Incident Kidney Disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019:7;14(1):49-56. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.06380518
15. Paecock A, Martin FH, Carr A. Energy drink ingredients. Contribution of caffeine and taurine to performance outcomes. Appetite. 2013;64:1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.12.021
16. Vercammen KA, Koma JW, Bleich SN. Trends in Energy Drink Consumption Among U.S. Adolescents and Adults, 2003-2016. Am J Prev Med. 2019;56(6):827-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.12.007
17. Brenda M Malinauskas, Victor G Aeby, Reginald F Overton, Tracy Carpenter-Aeby, Kimberly Barber-Heidal A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students Nutr J 2007:31;6:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-6-35
18. Kaminer Y. Problematic use of energy drinks by adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2010 ;19(3):643-50 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2010.03.015
19. A-X Bigard A-X. Risks of energy drinks in youths Arch Pediatr2010 Nov;17(11):1625-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2010.08.001
20. Tóth A , Soós R, Szovák E, Najbauer NM, Tényi D, Csábí G, Wilhelm M. Energy Drink Consumption, Depression, and Salutogenic Sense of Coherence Among Adolescents and Young Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020:17;17(4):1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041290
21. Thombs DL, O’Mara RJ, Tsukamoto M, Rossheim ME et al. Event -level analyses of energy drink consumption and alcohol intoxication in bar patrons. Addict Behav. 2010:35;325-330 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.11.004