Yetişkinlerde Psikolojik Katılık, Farkındalık, Duygu Düzenleme, Öz-Şefkat ve Kaygı: Seri Arabuluculuk Modeli

Öz

Bu çalışma, yetişkinlerde psikolojik katılık ile kaygı arasındaki ilişkide farkındalık, duygu düzenleme ve öz-şefkatin aracılık rollerini incelemektedir. Araştırma, kesitsel desen kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen nicel bir çalışma kapsamında yürütülmüş ve 443 üniversite öğrencisinden veri toplanmıştır. Katılımcılar, psikolojik katılık, farkındalık, duygu düzenleme, öz-şefkat ve kaygıya ilişkin ölçme araçlarını tamamlamışlardır. Yapılan aracılık analizleri, psikolojik katılığın daha yüksek kaygı düzeylerini anlamlı biçimde yordadığını ve bu ilişkide farkındalık, duygu düzenleme ve öz-şefkatin kısmi aracılık ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Özellikle, psikolojik katılığın duygu düzenleme güçlüklerini artırdığı, farkındalık ve öz-şefkati olumsuz etkilediği; bunun da daha yüksek kaygı düzeylerine katkı sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgular, kaygıyı azaltmaya yönelik klinik müdahalelerde psikolojik esneklik, farkındalık, duygu düzenleme ve öz-şefkati hedeflemenin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi gibi kabul temelli müdahalelerin psikolojik iyi oluşu desteklemede ampirik kanıt sunduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi
• Psikolojik Katılık
• Farkındalık
• Duygu Düzenleme
• Öz-şefkat
• Aracılık Analizi

Psychological Inflexibility, Mindfulness, Emotion Regulation, Self-compassion, and Anxiety in Adults: A Serial Mediation Model

Öz

This study examines the mediating roles of mindfulness, emotion regulation, and self-compassion in the relationship between psychological inflexibility and anxiety in adults. The research was conducted within the scope of a quantitative study using a cross-sectional design, and data were collected from 443 university students. Participants completed validated measurement instruments assessing psychological inflexibility, mindfulness, emotion regulation, self-compassion, and anxiety. Mediation analyses revealed that psychological inflexibility significantly predicted higher levels of anxiety and that this relationship was partially mediated by mindfulness, emotion regulation, and self-compassion. Specifically, psychological inflexibility was found to increase difficulties in emotion regulation and negatively affect mindfulness and self-compassion, which in turn contributed to higher anxiety levels. These findings highlight the importance of targeting psychological flexibility, mindfulness, emotion regulation, and self-compassion in clinical interventions aimed at reducing anxiety. The results provide empirical support for acceptance-based interventions, such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, in promoting psychological well-being.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
• Psychological Inflexibility
• Mindfulness
• Emotional Regulation
• Self-compassion
• Mediation Analysis

Kaynakça

1. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217-237. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
2. Arı, E. (2023). The mediating role of cognitive flexibility between self-compassion and anxiety symptoms. Nesne, 11(30), 520-531. DOI:10.7816/nesne-11-30-01
3. Arslan, G., Bişkin, S. Ö., & Kocaayan, F. (2025). Adverse childhood experiences, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Children and Youth Services Review, 169, 108109. DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.108109
4. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. DOI: 10.1177/1073191105283504
5. Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L. G., ... & Gratz, K. L. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: the DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38, 284-296. DOI: 10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x
6. Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. C., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H.K., Waltz, T., & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological flexibility and acceptance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676–688. DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007
7. Büyüköksüz, E. (2025). The Turkish validation of the short form of the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire (AFQ-Y8): Factor structure, measurement invariance, and incremental validity. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 35, 100864. DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100864
8. Büyüköksüz, E., & Tekin, I. (2023). Self-compassion as a mediator of the relationship between psychological inflexibility and resilience. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 8(2), 179-193. DOI: 10.37898/spiritualpc.1276031

9. Büyüköksüz, E., Erözkan, A., & İlkay, Ş. (2021, 14-16 Ocak). Öz-şefkat ölçeği-kısa formu (ÖŞÖ-KF): Yetişkin Türk Örneklemi Üzerine Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları [Sözlü bildiri]. 5th International Mardin Artuklu Scientific Researches Conference. Mardin, Türkiye
10. Cheng, Z. H., Lozier, C. C., Lewis, M. M., O’Neil, M. E., Luoma, J. B., & Morasco, B. J. (2021). Investigating the role of psychological inflexibility, mindfulness, and self-compassion in PTSD. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 22, 102-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.10.004
11. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press.
12. Cookson, C., Luzon, O., Newland, J., & Kingston, J. (2020). Examining the role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance in predicting anxiety and depression. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 93(3), 456–473. DOI:10.1111/papt.12233
13. Crego, A., Yela, J. R., Riesco-Matías, P., Gómez-Martínez, M. Á., & Vicente-Arruebarrena, A. (2022). The Benefits of Self-Compassion in Mental Health Professionals: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 2599–2620. DOI:10.2147/PRBM.S359382
14. Curtiss, J., & Klemanski, D. H. (2014). Teasing apart low mindfulness: Differentiating deficits in mindfulness and in psychological flexibility in predicting symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 166, 41-47. DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.062
15. Davey, A., Chilcot, J., Driscoll, E., & McCracken, L. M. (2020). Psychological flexibility, self-compassion and daily functioning in chronic pain. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 17, 79–85. DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.06.005
16. Faustino, B. (2021). Transdiagnostic perspective on psychological inflexibility and emotional dysregulation. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 49(2), 233–246. DOI:10.1017/S1352465820000600
17. Fernández Rodríguez, C., Coto Lesmes, R., Martínez Loredo, V., & Cuesta Izquierdo, M. (2022). Psychological inflexibility, anxiety and depression: The moderating role of cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance and activation. Psicothema, 34(2), 240-248. DOI:10.7334/psicothema2021.344
18. Figueiredo, D. V., Alves, F., & Vagos, P. (2024). Psychological inflexibility explains social anxiety over time: a mediation analyses with a clinical adolescent sample. Current Psychology, 43(5), 4404-4415. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04650-w
19. Flujas-Contreras, J. M., García-Palacios, A., & Gómez, I. (2021). Effectiveness of a web-based intervention on parental psychological flexibility and emotion regulation: A pilot open trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2958. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18062958
20. Flujas-Contreras, J. M., García-Palacios, A., & Gómez, I. (2022). Parenting intervention for psychological flexibility and emotion regulation: clinical protocol and an evidence-based case study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5014. DOI:10.3390/ijerph19095014
21. Germer, C. (2023). Self-compassion in psychotherapy: Clinical integration, evidence base, and mechanisms of change. In. Finlay-Jones, A., Bluth, K., Neff, K. (eds) Handbook of Self-Compassion. Mindfulness in Behavioral Health (pp. 379-415). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
22. Gloster, A. T., Walder, N., Levin, M. E., Twohig, M. P., & Karekla, M. (2020). The empirical status of acceptance and commitment therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18, 181-192. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.009
23. Gorinelli, S., Gallego, A., Lappalainen, P., & Lappalainen, R. (2022). Psychological processes in the social interaction and communication anxiety of university students: The role of self-compassion and psychological flexibility. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 22(1). 5-19. Retrieved 17.02.2025 from https://jyx.jyu.fi/jyx/Record/jyx_123456789_81641
24. Gross, J. J., & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 387-401. DOI:10.1177/2167702614536164
25. Guendelman, S., Medeiros, S., & Rampes, H. (2017). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: Insights from neurobiological, psychological, and clinical studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 220. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00220
26. Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press
27. Hayes, A. F., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: Observations, recommendations, and implementation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 98, 39–57. DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2016.11.001
28. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
29. Hofmann, S. G., Asmundson, G. J., & Hayes, S. C. (2023). The efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy in emotion regulation: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 30, 45-56. DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.01.005
30. Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537-559. DOI: 10.1177/1745691611419671
31. Jankowski, P. J., Murphy, S., Johnson, J., Sandage, S. J., Wang, D. C., & Tomlinson, J. (2022). The influence of experiential avoidance, humility and patience on the association between religious/spiritual exploration and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(5), 2137–2156. DOI:10.1007/s10902-021-00488-w
32. Jonsjö, M. A., Wicksell, R. K., Holmström, L., Andreasson, A., & Olsson, G. L. (2019). Acceptance & commitment therapy for ME/CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome)—A feasibility study. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 12, 89–97. DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.02.008
33. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156. DOI: 10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
34. Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J. P., & Steger, M. F. (2006). Experiential avoidance as a generalized psychological vulnerability: Comparisons with coping and emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(9), 1301-1320. DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.003
35. Kennedy, C., Deane, F. P., & Chan, A. Y. (2021). Intolerance of uncertainty and psychological symptoms among people with a missing loved one: Emotion regulation difficulties and psychological inflexibility as mediators. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 21, 48-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.05.006
36. Khanjani, M. S., Kazemi, J., Younesi, J., Dadkhah, A., Biglarian, A., & Barmi, B. E. (2021). The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on psychological flexibility and emotional regulation in patients with spinal cord injuries: A randomized controlled trial. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), e105378. DOI:10.5812/ijpbs.105378.
37. Kılıç, A., Hudson, J., Scott, W., McCracken, L. M., & Hughes, L. D. (2022). A 12-month longitudinal study examining the shared and unique contributions of self-compassion and psychological inflexibility to distress and quality of life in people with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 155, 110728. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110728
38. Kınay, F. (2013). The adaptation of five facets mindfulness questionnaire into Turkish: Validity and reliability study (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Istanbul Science University - Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
39. Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
40. Levin, M. E., Krafft, J., & Twohig, M. P. (2024). An overview of research on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 47(2), 419–431. DOI:10.1016/j.psc.2024.02.007
41. Li, J., Xu, C., Wan, K., Liu, Y., & Liu, L. (2023). Mindfulness-based interventions to reduce anxiety among Chinese college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1031398. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1031398
42. MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545-552. DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003
43. Naderian, M. R., Gazanfari, A., Ahmadi, R., & Chorami, M. (2022). Effectiveness of emotion-focused group therapy in social intimacy, social acceptance, and self-compassion of clients with anxiety referring to counseling centers. Razavi International Journal of Medicine, 10(1), 71-79. DOI:10.30483/RIJM.2022.254296.1130
44. Neff, K. (2003). Self-Compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. DOI:10.1080/15298860309032
45. Neff, K. D. (2023). Self-compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 74(1), 193-218. DOI:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047
46. Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self‐compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28-44. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21923
47. Öner, N. (2012). Türkiye’de kullanılan psikolojik testlerden örnekler bir başvuru kaynağı (7. bs). İstanbul: Boğaziçi üniversitesi Yayınevi.
48. Palm Reed, K. M., Cameron, A. Y., & Ameral, V. E. (2018). A contextual behavior science framework for understanding how behavioral flexibility relates to anxiety. Behavior Modification, 42(6), 914-931. DOI:10.1177/0145445517730830
49. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. DOI:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
50. Rabinowitz, E. P., Ripley, G., Levin, M. E., Allen, P. A., & Delahanty, D. L. (2024). Limited effects of phone coaching in an RCT of online self-guided acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 34, 100828. DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100828
51. Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.https://DOI.org/10.1002/cpp.702
52. Roush, J. F., Mitchell, S. M., Brown, S. L., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2019). Experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, and suicide ideation among psychiatric inpatients: The role of thwarted interpersonal needs. Psychotherapy Research, 29(4), 514–523. DOI:10.1080/10503307.2017.1395923
53. Seekis, V., & Kennedy, R. (2023). The impact of# beauty and# self-compassion tiktok videos on young women’s appearance shame and anxiety, self-compassion, mood, and comparison processes. Body Image, 45, 117-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.006
54. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. DOI:10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
55. Smith, J. R., & Liu, X. (2021). The impact of acceptance and commitment therapy on emotional resilience: A systematic review. Behavior Research and Therapy, 145, 103935. DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103935
56. Soltani, E., Wong, Q. J. J., Ahmadzadeh, L., & Sheikholeslami, S. S. (2023). Cognitive maintaining factors and social anxiety: The mediating role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 38(1), 78–92. DOI:10.1891/JCP-2022-0010
57. Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., & Lushene, R.E. (1970). State trait anxiety manual. California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
58. Tan, Z.Y.A., Wong, S.H., Cheng, L.J., & Lau, S. T. (2022). Effectiveness of Mobile-Based Mindfulness Interventions in Improving Mindfulness Skills and Psychological Outcomes for Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-regression. Mindfulness, 13(10), 2379–2395 DOI:10.1007/s12671-022-01962-z
59. Thompson, E. M., Destree, L., Albertella, L., & Fontenelle, L. F. (2021). Internet-based acceptance and commitment therapy: a transdiagnostic systematic review and meta-analysis for mental health outcomes. Behavior Therapy, 52(2), 492–507. DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2020.07.002
60. Torres-Fernández, G., Rodríguez-Valverde, M., Reyes-Martín, S., & Hernández-Lopez, M. (2022). The role of psychological inflexibility and experiential approach on mental health in children and adolescents: An exploratory study. Behavioral Sciences, 12(7), 201. DOI:10.3390/bs12070201
61. Xiong, A., Lai, X., Wu, S., Yuan, X., Tang, J., Chen, J., ... & Hu, M. (2021). Relationship between cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 655154. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655154
62. Yadavaia, J. E., Hayes, S. C., & Vilardaga, R. (2014). Using acceptance and commitment therapy to increase self-compassion: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3(4), 248-257. DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.09.002
63. Yao, X., Xu, X., Chan, K. L., Chen, S., Assink, M., & Gao, S. (2023). Associations between psychological inflexibility and mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A three-level meta-analytic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 320, 148-160. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.116
64. Yavuz, F., Ulusoy, S., Iskin, M., Esen, F. B., Burhan, H. S., Karadere, M. E. ve Yavuz, N. (2016). Turkish version of acceptance and action questionnaire-II (AAQ-II): A reliability and validity analysis in clinical and non-clinical samples. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26(4), 397-408. DOI:10.5455/bcp.20160223124107
65. Yiğit, İ., & Guzey-Yiğit, M. (2019). Psychometric properties of Turkish version of difficulties in emotion regulation scale-brief form (DERS-16). Current Psychology, 38, 1503-1511. DOI:10.1007/s12144-017-9712-7
66. Zetterqvist, V., Grudin, R., Rickardsson, J., Wicksell, R. K., & Holmström, L. (2018). Acceptance-based behavioral treatment for insomnia in chronic pain: A clinical pilot study. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 9, 72–79. DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.07.003
67. Zhang, C. Q., Leeming, E., Smith, P., Chung, P. K., Hagger, M. S., & Hayes, S. C. (2018). Acceptance and commitment therapy for health behavior change: A contextually-driven approach. Frontiers in Psychology (8)2350, 1–6. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02350