Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Bölgelere ve İllere Göre Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 90, 79 - 100, 09.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.875965

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı finansal kapsayıcılığın Türkiye’de 2011–2018 dönemindeki gelişiminin araştırılmasıdır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle dört finansal erişim ve üç finansal kullanım boyutu verileri kullanılarak Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi geliştirilmiştir. Uygulanan yöntem ile finansal kapsayıcılık boyutları değerleri sıfır ile bir arasında olacak şekilde standart hale getirilmiş, daha sonra ters Öklid uzaklık bağıntıları ile bölge ve il bazında nihai endeks oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmanın finansal kapsayıcılık bulguları bölgelere göre çok yüksek, yüksek, orta, düşük ve çok düşük olarak değerlendiğinde incelen yılların tamamında İstanbul’un çok yüksek; Batı Marmara, Ege ve Batı Anadolu’nun yüksek; Doğu Marmara, Akdeniz ve Doğu Karadeniz’in orta; Batı Karadeniz’in düşük; Kuzeydoğu Anadolu, Ortadoğu Anadolu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun çok düşük finansal kapsayıcılık endeks değerlerine sahip oldukları görülmüştür. Orta Anadolu Bölgesinde 2011–2013 yılları arasında düşük, sonrasında orta düzey finansal kapsayıcılık söz konusudur. İllerin finansal kapsayıcılık endeks değerleri ise genel olarak içerisinde yer aldıkları bölgeler ile uyumludur.

Kaynakça

  • Abel, Sanderson – Mutandwa, Learnmore – Le Roux, Pierre (2018), ‘‘A Review of Determinants of Financial Inclusion’’, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8, 3, pp.1–8.
  • Alhassan, Abidin – Li, Leon – Reddy, Krishna – Duppati, Geeta (2019), ‘‘The Relationship Between Political Instability and Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Middle East and North Africa’’, International Journal of Finance and Economics, Early Access, pp.1–22.
  • Anwar, Anas I. – Amrullah, Amiruddin (2017), ‘‘Impact of Financial Inclusion towards Poverty in Indonesia’’, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Accounting, Management, and Economics, 40, pp.407–410.
  • Bittencourt, Manoel (2012), ‘‘Financial Development and Economic Growth in Latin America: Is Schumpeter Right?’’, Journal of Policy Modeling, 34, 3, pp.341–355.
  • Bozkurt, İbrahim – Karakuş, Rıfat (2020), ‘‘Provincial Financial Inclusion in Turkey: Measurement and Its Spatial Determinants’’, Ege Academic Review, 20, 2, pp.101–124.
  • Bozkurt, İbrahim, Karakuş, Rıfat – Yıldız, Melek (2018), ‘‘Spatial Determinants of Financial Inclusion Over Time’’, Journal of International Development, 30, pp.1474–1504.
  • Chakravarty, Satya R. – Pal, Rupayan (2013), ‘‘Financial Inclusion in India: An Axiomatic Approach’’, Journal of Policy Modeling, 35, 5, pp.813–837.
  • Clarke, George – Xu, Lixin – Zou, Heng–Fu (2006), ‘‘Finance and Income Inequality: What Does the Data Tell Us?’’, Southern Economic Journal, 72, 3, pp.578–596.
  • Cull, Robert – Ehrbeck, Tilman – Holle, Nina (2014), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Development: Recent Impact Evidence’’, CGAP Focus Note, 92, https://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/FocusNote-Financial-Inclusion-and-Development-April-2014.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.10.2020).
  • De Koker, Louis – Jentzsch, Nicola (2013), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Financial Integrity: Aligned Incentives?’’, World Development, 44, pp.267–280.
  • Demirguc–Kunt, Asli – Klapper, Leora – Singer, Dorothe – Ansar, Saniya – Hess, Jake (2018), ‘‘Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution’’, Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Demirguc–Kunt, Asli – Klapper, Leora – Singer, Dorothe – Van Oudheusden, Peter (2015), ‘‘Measuring Financial Inclusion Around the World’’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7255, http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/ 187761468179367706/pdf/WPS7255.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2020).
  • Demirguc–Kunt, Asli – Beck, Thorsten – Honohan, Patrick (2008), ‘‘Finance for All? Policies and Pitfalls in Expanding Access’’, World Bank, Washington DC.
  • Dev, Mahendra S. (2006), ‘‘Financial Inclusion: Issues and Challenges’’, Economic and Political Weekly, 41, 41, pp.4310–4313.
  • Duncombe, Richard – Boateng, Richard (2009), ‘‘Mobile Phones and Financial Services in Developing Countries: A Review of Concepts, Methods, Issues, Evidence and Future Research Directions’’, Third World Quarterly, 30, 7, pp.1237–1258.
  • European Commission (2008), ‘‘Financial services provision and prevention of financial exclusion’, https://www.fi-compass.eu/publication/other-resources/financial-services- provision-and-prevention-financial-exclusion, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.11.2020).
  • Fungáčová, Zuzana – Weill, Laurent (2015), ‘‘Understanding Financial Inclusion in China’’, China Economic Review, 34C, pp.196 – 206.
  • Ginevicius, Romualdas – Dudzeviciute, Gitana – Schieg, Martin – Peleckis, Kestutis (2019), ‘‘The Inter–Linkages Between Financial and Economic Development in The European Union Countries’’, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32, 1, pp.3309-3326.
  • Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (2014), ‘‘Digital Financial Inclusion and The Implications for Customers, Regulators, Supervisors And Standard-Setting Bodies’’, https://www.gpfi.org/publications/digital-financial-inclusion-and-implications-customers-regulators-supervisors-and-standard-setting, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2020).
  • Gupte, Rajani – Venkataramani, Bhama – Gupta, Deepa (2012). ‘‘Computation of Financial Inclusion Index for India’’, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37, pp.133–149.
  • Gündüz, Murat – Özyıldırım, Yunus (2019), ‘‘Türkiye’de İllere Göre Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksinin Ölçülmesi’’, Bankacılar, 111, ss.52–70. Işık, İhsan, (2011), ‘‘Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Finansal Hizmetlere Erişim ve Finansal Eğitim’’, Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası.
  • Jeanneney, Sylviane G. – Kpodar, Kangni R. (2011), ‘‘Financial Development and Poverty Reduction: Can There Be A Benefit Without A Cost?’’, The Journal of Development Studies, 47, 1, pp.143–163.
  • Kempson, Elaine – Atkinson, Adele – Pilley, Odile (2004), ‘‘Policy Level Response to Financial Exclusion in Developed Economies: Lessons for Developing Countries’’, Report of Personal Finance Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/geography/research/pfrc/themes/finexc/policy-level-response.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 26.10.2020).
  • Kim, Dai–Won, – Yu, Jung–Suk – Hassan, M. Kabir (2018), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in OIC Countries’’, Research in International Business and Finance, 43, pp.1–14.
  • Kim, Jong–Hee (2016), ‘‘A Study on the Effect of Financial Inclusion on the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth’’, Emerging Markers Finance and Trade, 52, 2, pp.1 – 15.
  • Leyshon, Andrew – Thrift, Nigel (1995), ‘‘Geographies of Financial Exclusion: Financial Abandonment in Britain and The United States’’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20, 3, 312–341.
  • Musabegovic, Ismail, – Özer, Mustafa – Djukovic, Sladana – Jovanovic, Stefan (2019), ‘‘Influence of Financial Technology (FINTECH) on Financial Industry’’, Economics of Agriculture, 66, 4, pp.1003–1021.
  • Nanda, Kajole (2017), ‘‘Bank Led Financial Inclusion and Socio Economic Development: The Case of Indian States’’, Pacific Business Review International, 10, 4, pp.39–49.
  • Özsuca, Ekin A. (2019), ‘‘Gender Gap in Financial Inclusion: Evidence from MENA’’, Economics and Business Letters, 8, 4, pp.199–208.
  • Pal, Rupayan – Vaidya, Rajendra (2011), ‘‘Outreach of Banking Services Across Indian States: 1981–2007 Converging or Diverging?’’ In DM Nachane (ed.). India Development Report, pp.116–129.
  • Patwardhan, Anju – Singleton, Ken – Schmitz, Kai (2018), ‘‘Financial Inclusion in the Digital Age’’, International Finance Corporation–Creditease–Stanford Graduate School of Business.
  • Rastogi, Shailesh – Ragabiruntha, Ellapan (2018), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Socioeconomic Development: Gaps and Solution’’, International Journal of Social Economics, 45, 7, 1122–1140.
  • Raza, Muhammad S. – Tang, Jun – Rubab, Sana – Wen, Xin (2019), ‘‘Determining the Nexus Between Financial Inclusion and Economic Development in Pakistan’’, Journal of Money Laundering Control, 22, 2, pp.195–209.
  • Sani, Ibrahim S. – Özdeşer, Hüseyin – Çavuşoğlu, Behiye (2019), ‘‘Financial Inclusion As A Pathway to Welfare Enhancement and Income Equality: Micro–Level Evidence from Nigeria’’, Development Southern Africa, 36, 3, 390–407.
  • Sarma, Mandira – Pais, Jesim (2011), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Development. International Journal of Development’’, 23, pp.613–628.
  • Sarma, Mandira (2008), ‘‘Index of Financial Inclusion’’, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi Working Papers 215.
  • Sethi, Dinabandhu – Acharya, Debashis (2018), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth Linkage: Some Cross Country Evidence’’, Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 10, 3, pp.369–385.
  • Sethi, Dinabandhu – Sethy, Susa K. (2018), ‘‘Financial Inclusion Matters for Economic Growth in India’’, International Journal of Social Economics, 46, 1, pp.132–151.
  • Seven, Ünal – Yassa, Ahmet D. – Yılmaz, Fatih (2020), ‘‘Finansal Kapsayıcılık: Türkiye ve Dünya Karşılaştırması’’, TCMB Ekonomi Notları, 2020–04.
  • Sha’bana, Mais – Girardone Claudia – Sarkisyan, Anna (2020), ‘‘Cross–Country Variation in Financial Inclusion: A Global Perspective’’, The European Journal of Finance, 26, 4–5, pp.319 – 340.
  • Szopinski, Tomasz (2019), ‘‘Who is Unbanked? Evidence From Poland’’, Contemporary Economics, 13, 4, pp.417–426.
  • T.C. Başbakanlık (2014), ‘‘Finansal Erişim, Finansal Eğitim, Tüketici Finansal Koruma Stratejisi ve Eylem Planları’’, Resmi Gazete No. 29021.
  • Temizel, Fatih. – Bayçelebi, Berfu E. (2018), ‘‘Finansal Dışlanmışlık Analizi: Eskişehir’de Öğrenim Gören İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi (İİBF) Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma’’, Uluslararası İşletme ve Yönetim Dergisi, 6, 4, ss.1152–1177.
  • World Bank (2018), ‘‘New Report Analyses China’s Impressive Trajectory Toward Universal Financial Inclusion’’, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature /2018/02/09/new-report-analyzes-china-impressive-trajectory-toward-universal-financial-inclusion (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2020).
  • World Bank (2014), ‘‘Global Financial Development Report 2014: Financial Inclusion’’, World Bank Publications. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986 /16238, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020).
  • World Bank (2012), ‘‘Financial Inclusion Strategies Reference Framework’’, http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/801151468152092070/pdf/787610WP0P144500use0only0900A9RD899.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Van, Loan T.H. – Vo, Anh T., – Nguyen, Nhan T. – Vo, Duc H. (2019), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth: An International Evidence’’, Emerging Markets Finance Trade, Early Access, pp.239–263.
  • Van Der Werff, Andrew D., – Hogarth, Jeanne M. – Peach, Nathanael D. (2013), ‘‘A Cross–Country Analysis of Financial Inclusion within the OECD’’, Consumer Interests Annual, 59, pp.1–12.
  • Yorulmaz, Recep (2013), ‘‘Construction of a Regional Financial Inclusion Index in Turkey’’, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, 7, 1, ss.79–101.
  • Zhang, Quanda – Posso, Alberto (2019), ‘‘Thinking Inside the Box: A Closer Look at Financial Inclusion And Household Income’’, The Journal of Development Studies, 55, 7, pp.1616–1631.
Yıl 2021, Sayı: 90, 79 - 100, 09.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.875965

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abel, Sanderson – Mutandwa, Learnmore – Le Roux, Pierre (2018), ‘‘A Review of Determinants of Financial Inclusion’’, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8, 3, pp.1–8.
  • Alhassan, Abidin – Li, Leon – Reddy, Krishna – Duppati, Geeta (2019), ‘‘The Relationship Between Political Instability and Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Middle East and North Africa’’, International Journal of Finance and Economics, Early Access, pp.1–22.
  • Anwar, Anas I. – Amrullah, Amiruddin (2017), ‘‘Impact of Financial Inclusion towards Poverty in Indonesia’’, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Accounting, Management, and Economics, 40, pp.407–410.
  • Bittencourt, Manoel (2012), ‘‘Financial Development and Economic Growth in Latin America: Is Schumpeter Right?’’, Journal of Policy Modeling, 34, 3, pp.341–355.
  • Bozkurt, İbrahim – Karakuş, Rıfat (2020), ‘‘Provincial Financial Inclusion in Turkey: Measurement and Its Spatial Determinants’’, Ege Academic Review, 20, 2, pp.101–124.
  • Bozkurt, İbrahim, Karakuş, Rıfat – Yıldız, Melek (2018), ‘‘Spatial Determinants of Financial Inclusion Over Time’’, Journal of International Development, 30, pp.1474–1504.
  • Chakravarty, Satya R. – Pal, Rupayan (2013), ‘‘Financial Inclusion in India: An Axiomatic Approach’’, Journal of Policy Modeling, 35, 5, pp.813–837.
  • Clarke, George – Xu, Lixin – Zou, Heng–Fu (2006), ‘‘Finance and Income Inequality: What Does the Data Tell Us?’’, Southern Economic Journal, 72, 3, pp.578–596.
  • Cull, Robert – Ehrbeck, Tilman – Holle, Nina (2014), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Development: Recent Impact Evidence’’, CGAP Focus Note, 92, https://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/FocusNote-Financial-Inclusion-and-Development-April-2014.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.10.2020).
  • De Koker, Louis – Jentzsch, Nicola (2013), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Financial Integrity: Aligned Incentives?’’, World Development, 44, pp.267–280.
  • Demirguc–Kunt, Asli – Klapper, Leora – Singer, Dorothe – Ansar, Saniya – Hess, Jake (2018), ‘‘Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution’’, Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Demirguc–Kunt, Asli – Klapper, Leora – Singer, Dorothe – Van Oudheusden, Peter (2015), ‘‘Measuring Financial Inclusion Around the World’’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7255, http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/ 187761468179367706/pdf/WPS7255.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2020).
  • Demirguc–Kunt, Asli – Beck, Thorsten – Honohan, Patrick (2008), ‘‘Finance for All? Policies and Pitfalls in Expanding Access’’, World Bank, Washington DC.
  • Dev, Mahendra S. (2006), ‘‘Financial Inclusion: Issues and Challenges’’, Economic and Political Weekly, 41, 41, pp.4310–4313.
  • Duncombe, Richard – Boateng, Richard (2009), ‘‘Mobile Phones and Financial Services in Developing Countries: A Review of Concepts, Methods, Issues, Evidence and Future Research Directions’’, Third World Quarterly, 30, 7, pp.1237–1258.
  • European Commission (2008), ‘‘Financial services provision and prevention of financial exclusion’, https://www.fi-compass.eu/publication/other-resources/financial-services- provision-and-prevention-financial-exclusion, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.11.2020).
  • Fungáčová, Zuzana – Weill, Laurent (2015), ‘‘Understanding Financial Inclusion in China’’, China Economic Review, 34C, pp.196 – 206.
  • Ginevicius, Romualdas – Dudzeviciute, Gitana – Schieg, Martin – Peleckis, Kestutis (2019), ‘‘The Inter–Linkages Between Financial and Economic Development in The European Union Countries’’, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32, 1, pp.3309-3326.
  • Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (2014), ‘‘Digital Financial Inclusion and The Implications for Customers, Regulators, Supervisors And Standard-Setting Bodies’’, https://www.gpfi.org/publications/digital-financial-inclusion-and-implications-customers-regulators-supervisors-and-standard-setting, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2020).
  • Gupte, Rajani – Venkataramani, Bhama – Gupta, Deepa (2012). ‘‘Computation of Financial Inclusion Index for India’’, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37, pp.133–149.
  • Gündüz, Murat – Özyıldırım, Yunus (2019), ‘‘Türkiye’de İllere Göre Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksinin Ölçülmesi’’, Bankacılar, 111, ss.52–70. Işık, İhsan, (2011), ‘‘Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Finansal Hizmetlere Erişim ve Finansal Eğitim’’, Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası.
  • Jeanneney, Sylviane G. – Kpodar, Kangni R. (2011), ‘‘Financial Development and Poverty Reduction: Can There Be A Benefit Without A Cost?’’, The Journal of Development Studies, 47, 1, pp.143–163.
  • Kempson, Elaine – Atkinson, Adele – Pilley, Odile (2004), ‘‘Policy Level Response to Financial Exclusion in Developed Economies: Lessons for Developing Countries’’, Report of Personal Finance Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/geography/research/pfrc/themes/finexc/policy-level-response.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 26.10.2020).
  • Kim, Dai–Won, – Yu, Jung–Suk – Hassan, M. Kabir (2018), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in OIC Countries’’, Research in International Business and Finance, 43, pp.1–14.
  • Kim, Jong–Hee (2016), ‘‘A Study on the Effect of Financial Inclusion on the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth’’, Emerging Markers Finance and Trade, 52, 2, pp.1 – 15.
  • Leyshon, Andrew – Thrift, Nigel (1995), ‘‘Geographies of Financial Exclusion: Financial Abandonment in Britain and The United States’’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20, 3, 312–341.
  • Musabegovic, Ismail, – Özer, Mustafa – Djukovic, Sladana – Jovanovic, Stefan (2019), ‘‘Influence of Financial Technology (FINTECH) on Financial Industry’’, Economics of Agriculture, 66, 4, pp.1003–1021.
  • Nanda, Kajole (2017), ‘‘Bank Led Financial Inclusion and Socio Economic Development: The Case of Indian States’’, Pacific Business Review International, 10, 4, pp.39–49.
  • Özsuca, Ekin A. (2019), ‘‘Gender Gap in Financial Inclusion: Evidence from MENA’’, Economics and Business Letters, 8, 4, pp.199–208.
  • Pal, Rupayan – Vaidya, Rajendra (2011), ‘‘Outreach of Banking Services Across Indian States: 1981–2007 Converging or Diverging?’’ In DM Nachane (ed.). India Development Report, pp.116–129.
  • Patwardhan, Anju – Singleton, Ken – Schmitz, Kai (2018), ‘‘Financial Inclusion in the Digital Age’’, International Finance Corporation–Creditease–Stanford Graduate School of Business.
  • Rastogi, Shailesh – Ragabiruntha, Ellapan (2018), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Socioeconomic Development: Gaps and Solution’’, International Journal of Social Economics, 45, 7, 1122–1140.
  • Raza, Muhammad S. – Tang, Jun – Rubab, Sana – Wen, Xin (2019), ‘‘Determining the Nexus Between Financial Inclusion and Economic Development in Pakistan’’, Journal of Money Laundering Control, 22, 2, pp.195–209.
  • Sani, Ibrahim S. – Özdeşer, Hüseyin – Çavuşoğlu, Behiye (2019), ‘‘Financial Inclusion As A Pathway to Welfare Enhancement and Income Equality: Micro–Level Evidence from Nigeria’’, Development Southern Africa, 36, 3, 390–407.
  • Sarma, Mandira – Pais, Jesim (2011), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Development. International Journal of Development’’, 23, pp.613–628.
  • Sarma, Mandira (2008), ‘‘Index of Financial Inclusion’’, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi Working Papers 215.
  • Sethi, Dinabandhu – Acharya, Debashis (2018), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth Linkage: Some Cross Country Evidence’’, Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 10, 3, pp.369–385.
  • Sethi, Dinabandhu – Sethy, Susa K. (2018), ‘‘Financial Inclusion Matters for Economic Growth in India’’, International Journal of Social Economics, 46, 1, pp.132–151.
  • Seven, Ünal – Yassa, Ahmet D. – Yılmaz, Fatih (2020), ‘‘Finansal Kapsayıcılık: Türkiye ve Dünya Karşılaştırması’’, TCMB Ekonomi Notları, 2020–04.
  • Sha’bana, Mais – Girardone Claudia – Sarkisyan, Anna (2020), ‘‘Cross–Country Variation in Financial Inclusion: A Global Perspective’’, The European Journal of Finance, 26, 4–5, pp.319 – 340.
  • Szopinski, Tomasz (2019), ‘‘Who is Unbanked? Evidence From Poland’’, Contemporary Economics, 13, 4, pp.417–426.
  • T.C. Başbakanlık (2014), ‘‘Finansal Erişim, Finansal Eğitim, Tüketici Finansal Koruma Stratejisi ve Eylem Planları’’, Resmi Gazete No. 29021.
  • Temizel, Fatih. – Bayçelebi, Berfu E. (2018), ‘‘Finansal Dışlanmışlık Analizi: Eskişehir’de Öğrenim Gören İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi (İİBF) Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma’’, Uluslararası İşletme ve Yönetim Dergisi, 6, 4, ss.1152–1177.
  • World Bank (2018), ‘‘New Report Analyses China’s Impressive Trajectory Toward Universal Financial Inclusion’’, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature /2018/02/09/new-report-analyzes-china-impressive-trajectory-toward-universal-financial-inclusion (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2020).
  • World Bank (2014), ‘‘Global Financial Development Report 2014: Financial Inclusion’’, World Bank Publications. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986 /16238, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020).
  • World Bank (2012), ‘‘Financial Inclusion Strategies Reference Framework’’, http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/801151468152092070/pdf/787610WP0P144500use0only0900A9RD899.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Van, Loan T.H. – Vo, Anh T., – Nguyen, Nhan T. – Vo, Duc H. (2019), ‘‘Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth: An International Evidence’’, Emerging Markets Finance Trade, Early Access, pp.239–263.
  • Van Der Werff, Andrew D., – Hogarth, Jeanne M. – Peach, Nathanael D. (2013), ‘‘A Cross–Country Analysis of Financial Inclusion within the OECD’’, Consumer Interests Annual, 59, pp.1–12.
  • Yorulmaz, Recep (2013), ‘‘Construction of a Regional Financial Inclusion Index in Turkey’’, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, 7, 1, ss.79–101.
  • Zhang, Quanda – Posso, Alberto (2019), ‘‘Thinking Inside the Box: A Closer Look at Financial Inclusion And Household Income’’, The Journal of Development Studies, 55, 7, pp.1616–1631.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Haşmet Sarıgül 0000-0001-7262-6668

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 90

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarıgül, H. (2021). Bölgelere ve İllere Göre Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi. Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi(90), 79-100. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.875965
AMA Sarıgül H. Bölgelere ve İllere Göre Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. Nisan 2021;(90):79-100. doi:10.25095/mufad.875965
Chicago Sarıgül, Haşmet. “Bölgelere Ve İllere Göre Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi”. Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi, sy. 90 (Nisan 2021): 79-100. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.875965.
EndNote Sarıgül H (01 Nisan 2021) Bölgelere ve İllere Göre Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi 90 79–100.
IEEE H. Sarıgül, “Bölgelere ve İllere Göre Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, sy. 90, ss. 79–100, Nisan 2021, doi: 10.25095/mufad.875965.
ISNAD Sarıgül, Haşmet. “Bölgelere Ve İllere Göre Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi”. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi 90 (Nisan 2021), 79-100. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.875965.
JAMA Sarıgül H. Bölgelere ve İllere Göre Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 2021;:79–100.
MLA Sarıgül, Haşmet. “Bölgelere Ve İllere Göre Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi”. Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi, sy. 90, 2021, ss. 79-100, doi:10.25095/mufad.875965.
Vancouver Sarıgül H. Bölgelere ve İllere Göre Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 2021(90):79-100.