Araştırma Makalesi
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ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, TEMİZ ENERJİ VE KARBONDİOKSİT EMİSYONLARININ FİNANSAL AÇIKLA İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 33 - 46, 01.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.32951/mufider.481626

Öz

Türkiye’de 1980’li yılların sonlarında uluslararası sermaye akımlarının tümüyle
serbestleşmesiyle birlikte tamamlanan finansal serbestleşme süreci, ülkeyi
finansal açıdan dışa açık hale getirmiştir. Bu durum özellikle 1980’li yıllardan bu
yana Türkiye’nin yaşam standartlarında, üretim yapılarında ve iş yapma
yöntemlerinde birtakım değişim ve gelişmelerin yaşanmasına sebep olmuş,
tüketilen enerji ve salınan karbondioksit emisyon miktarını da büyük ölçüde
etkilemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye için 1974-2016 dönemini dikkate
alarak enerji tüketimi, temiz enerji ve karbondioksit emisyonuyla finansal açıklık
arasındaki uzun dönemli ve nedensellik ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda,
bağımlı değişken olarak finansal açıklık göstergesi, bağımsız değişken olarak da
enerji tüketimi, karbondioksit emisyon miktarı ve temiz enerjiyi temsilen petrol ve
hidroelektrik tüketimi göstergeleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada değişkenler
arasındaki uzun dönem ilişkinin varlığı Maki (2012) çoklu yapısal kırılmalı
eşbütünleşme testiyle araştırılmış, değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli ilişkinin var
olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle eşbütünleşme testinden elde edilen yapısal
kırılmaları da modele ekleyerek FMOLS eşbütünleşme katsayı tahmincisiyle
değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkiye ilişkin katsayı tahmini yapılmıştır. Bu
test sonucunda, değişkenler arasında uzun dönemde pozitif bir ilişkinin olduğu ve
2001 ve 2009 yıllarındaki yapısal kırılmaların uzun dönemli ilişkiye etkisinin
negatif, 2006 yılındaki yapısal kırılmanın ise uzun dönemli ilişkiye etkisinin pozitif
olduğu bulguları elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca değişkenler arasındaki
nedensellik ilişkisinin varlığı Fourier Granger nedensellik testi kullanılarak analiz
edilmiş, karbondioksit emisyonları, enerji tüketimi ve hidroelektrik tüketiminden
finansal açıklığa doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin var olduğu sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak elde edilen bu bulgular, Türkiye’de büyüme hipotezinin
geçerli olduğunu onaylamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Altıntaş, H. (2013) Türkiye’de Birincil Enerji Tüketimi, Karbondioksit Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Nisan, 8(1), 263-294.
  • Anoruo, E. and Nwala, K. (2014) Unit root properties: Interest rate swaps, SCMS Journal of Indian Management: A Quarterly Journal, January –March, 21-31.
  • Apergis, N. and Ozturk, I. (2015) Testing environmental Kuznets Hypothesis in Asian Countries, Ecological Indicators, 52 (5), 16–22.
  • Aung, T.S., Saboori, B. and Rasoulinezhad, E. (2017) Economic growth and environmental pollution in Myanmar: an analysis of environmental Kuznets curve, Environ Sci Pollut Research, 24, 20487–20501.
  • BP Global (2017). BP Statistical Review of World Energy.http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-,2017, June economics/statistical-review-of-worldenergy.html (Erişim Tarihi, 20.01.2018). Cai, Y., Sam, C.Y. and Chang, T. (2018) Nexus between clean energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions, Journal of Cleaner Production, 182, 1001-1011.
  • Chang, C. P., Berdiev, A. N. and Lee, C. C. (2013) Energy exports, globalization and economic growth: The case of South Caucasus, Economic Modelling, 33, 333-346.
  • Christopoulos, D. K. & León-Ledesma, M. A. (2010). Smooth breaks and non-linear mean reversion: Post-Bretton Woods real exchange rates, Journal of International Money and Finance, 29(6), 1076-1093,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2010.02.003.
  • Çil Yavuz, N. (2015). Finansal Ekonometri.Der Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A. (1981).Likelihood ration statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Econometrica. 49, 1057-1072.
  • Enders, W. and Lee. J. (2012) the flexible fourier form and dickey-fuller type unit root tests, Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.04.081.
  • Enders, W. and Jones, P. (2015) Grain prices, oil prices, and multiple smooth breaks in a VAR. Studies on Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics,published online: 2015-04-28, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/snde-2014- 0101.
  • Gaston, N. and Nelson, D. (2004) Structural change and the labor-market effects of globalization,Review of International Economics, 12, 769–792.
  • Göçer, İ. ve Peker, O. (2014) Yabancı Doğrudan Yatırımların İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisi: 44 ENERJI TÜKETIMI, TEMIZ ENERJI VE KARBONDIOKSIT EMISYONLARININ FINANSAL AÇIKLIKLA ILIŞKISI: TÜRKIYE ORNEĞI Türkiye, Çin ve Hindistan Örneğinde Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 21(1), 107-123.
  • Hepaktan E. ve Sertkaya, Y. (2016) Türkiye’de Elektrik Tüketimi, Kişi Başına GSYİH, CO2 Emisyonu ve Petrol Tüketimi İlişkisi, Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(12), 163-182.
  • Hua, X. ve Boateng, A. (2015) Trade Openness, Financial Liberalization, Economic Growth, And Environment Effects in the North-South: New Static and Dynamic Panel Data Evidence, Advances in Sustainability and Environmental Justice, 17, 253-289.
  • Iheanacho, E. (2018) the Role of Globalisation on Energy Consumption in Nigeria. Implication for Long Run Economic Growth. ARDL and VECM Analysis, Global Journal of Human-Social Science (E), 18(1), 10-28.
  • International Monetary Fund (2018). Turkey:Balance of Payments Analytic Presentation by Country. http://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=61468205 (Erişim Tarihi, 25.01.2018).
  • Jalil, A. ve Feridun, M. (2011) the impact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: A cointegration analysis, Energy Economics, 33, 284–291.
  • Kızılkaya, O., Çoban, O. ve Sofuoğlu, E. (2015, 20 August) Türkiye’de Karbondioksit Emisyonu, Enerji Tüketimi, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dışa Açıklık İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme Analizi, Econ World 2015, IRES, Torino, Italy.
  • Koengkan, M. (2017) Is globalization influencing primary energy consumption? The case of Latin American and Caribbean countries, Cadernos UniFOA, Volta Redonda, 33, 59-69.
  • Koengkan, M., Fuinhas, J.A. and Marques,(January, 2019) the role of financial openness and China’s income on fossil fuels consumption: fresh evidence from Latin American countries, GeoJournal, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-09969-1.
  • Korkmaz, T., Çevik, E. İ. ve Birkan, E. (2010) Finansal Dışa Açıklığın Ekonomik Büyüme ve Finansal Krizler Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği, Journal of Yasar University, 17(5), 2821‐2831.
  • Lebe, F.ve Akbaş, Y.E. (2015) Türkiye’de Sanayileşme, Finansal Gelişme, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kentleşmenin Enerji Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Bir Araştırma, Ege Akademik Bakış, 15(2), 197-206.
  • Lebe, F. (2016) Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi: Türkiye İçin Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17 (2), 177-194.
  • Maki, D. (2012) Tests for Cointegration Allowing for an Unknown Number of Breaks, Economic Modelling, 29, 2011–2015.
  • Mudam, E., Balan, F. ve Albayrak, B. (2018) Türkiye Ekonomisinde Finansal ve Ticari Açıklık Çevresel Kalite İlişkisi: Ampirik Uygulama, ÇOMÜ Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 21-37.
  • Paramati, S.R., Ummalla, M. and Apergis, N. (2016) The effects of foreign direct investment and stock market growth on clean energy use across a panel of emerging market economies, Energy Economics,56, 29-41.
  • Phong, L.H. Van, D.T. B. and Bao, H.H.G. (2018) The Role of Globalization on Carbon Dioxide Emission in Vietnam Incorporating Industrialization, Urbanization, Gross Domestic Product per Capita and Energy Use, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(6), 275-283.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. and Hansen, B.E. (1990) Statistical inference in instrumental variables regressions with I(1) processes, Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125.
  • Rasoulinezhad, E. and Saboori, B. (2018) Panel estimation for renewable and non-renewable Energy consumption, economic growth, CO2 emissions, the composite Trade intensity, and financial openness of the commonwealth of independent states, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1827-3, (Erişim Tarihi, 25.01.2018).
  • Sadorsky, P. (2010) the impact of financial development on energy consumption in emerging economies, Energy Policy, 38(5), 2528-2535.
  • Sbia, R., Shahbaz, M. and Hamdi, H. (2014) A contribution of foreign direct investment, clean energy, trade openness, carbon emissions and economic growth to energy demand in UAE, Economic Modelling, 36, 191–197.
  • Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., Alam, S. and Apergis, N. (2018a) Globalisation, economic growth and energy consumption in the BRICS region: The importance of symmetries, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 27(8), 985-1009.
  • Shahbaz, M., Mahalik, M.K., Shahzad, S.J.H. and Hammoudeh, S. (2018b) Does the environmental Kuznets curve exist between globalization and energy consumption? Global evidence from the cross‐ correlation method, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1678.
  • Şimşek, T. ve Yiğit, E. (2017) BRICT Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, Petrol Fiyatları, CO2 Emisyonu, Kentleşme ve Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Nedensellik Analizi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 12(3), 117-136.
  • Tamazian, A., Chousa, J. P. and Vadlamannati, K. C. (2009). Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: Evidence from BRIC countries?, Energy Policy, 37, 246–253.
  • T.C. Merkez Bankası İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü Ödemeler Dengesi Müdürlüğü, (2017,Kasım). Ödemeler Dengesi İstatistikleri. ttp://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/30cdfd52- aa34-40ce-8b57-4ef53e322ce4/odemelerdengesi.pdf?MOD=AJPERE (Erişim Tarihi, 22.01.2018).,
  • Topcu, M. and Altay, B. (2017) New Insight into the Finance-Energy Nexus: Disaggregated Evidence from Turkish Sectors, International Journal of Financial Studies, 5 (1), 1-16. World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/worlddevelopment-indicators (Erişim Tarihi, 20.01.2018).
  • Xu, Z., Baloch, M.A., Danish, Meng, F. Zhang, J. Mahmood, Z. (2018) Nexus between financial development and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia: analyzing the role of globalization, Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2018) 25:28378–28390.
  • Yılancı, V. and Eriş, Z.A. (2013). Purchasing power parity in African countries: Further evidence from fourier unit root tests based on linear and nonlinear models. South African Journal of Economics, 81(1), 20-34, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2012.01326.x.
  • You, W. H., Zhu, H.M., Yu, K. and Peng, C.(2014). Democracy, Financial Openness, and Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Heterogeneity across Existing Emission Levels, World Development,66, 189–207.
  • Zeren, F. and Koc, M. (2013) Analyzing Integration between Stock Market of Turkey and G8 Nations with Maki Cointegration Test, Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 3(6), 135-142.
  • Zeren, F. and Akkuş, H.T. (2018) Oil Prices and Stock Markets: Further Evidence from Newly Industrialized Countries, Management and Economics Review, 3(1): 110-122.
  • Zhang, Y., Hua, X. and Koh, L.S.C. (2010) Unequal North-South Environmental Impacts of Trade and Financial Openness: New Static and Dynamic Panel Data Evidence. 1-23. http://www.cf40.org.cn/uploads/qingnianluntan/openness_economic_growth_and_carbon_emissions.pdf (Erişim Tarihi, 15.02.2018).

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENERGY CONSUMPTION, CLEAN ENERGY AND CO2 EMISSIONS TO FINANCIAL OPENNESS: THE CASE OF TURKEY

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 33 - 46, 01.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.32951/mufider.481626

Öz

The financial liberalization process in Turkey which has been completed with the
completely liberalization of international capital flows in the late 1980s has made
the country open financially outward. Since 1980s, this situation has especially
caused the emergence of a number of effects on and changes in Turkey's standard
of living, the production structure and methods of doing business and it has also
greatly influenced the amount of energy consumed and emitted carbon dioxide
emission. The purpose of this study is to put forward the long term and causality
relationship between, energy consumption, clean energy and CO2 emissions to
financial openness by considering the period 1974-2016 for Turkey. In this context,
indicator of financial openness as dependent variable and indicators of energy
consumption, amount of carbon dioxide emission and oil and hydroelectric
consumption representing clean energy as independent variable have been used.
The existence of a long-run relationship between variables in the study has been
explored by Maki (2012) Cointegration test with multiple structural breaks, it has
been determined that there is a long-run relationship between variables. For this
reason, the coefficient estimation for the long-run relationship between the
variables has been made with the FMOLS cointegration coefficient estimator by
adding structural breaks which are obtained from the cointegration test to the
model. As a result of this test, it has been found that there is a positive relationship
between the variables in the long term and the effects of the structural breaks in
2001 and 2009 on long-run relationship are negative and the structural break in
2006 on long-run relationship is positive. In addition, the existence of the causality
relation between the variables has been analyzed by using the Fourier Granger
causality test in the study. It has been concluded that there is a one-way causality
relationship from CO2 emissions, energy consumption and hydroelectric
consumption to financial openness. As a result, these findings from analyses have
confirmed that the current hypothesis of growth in Turkey

Kaynakça

  • Altıntaş, H. (2013) Türkiye’de Birincil Enerji Tüketimi, Karbondioksit Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Nisan, 8(1), 263-294.
  • Anoruo, E. and Nwala, K. (2014) Unit root properties: Interest rate swaps, SCMS Journal of Indian Management: A Quarterly Journal, January –March, 21-31.
  • Apergis, N. and Ozturk, I. (2015) Testing environmental Kuznets Hypothesis in Asian Countries, Ecological Indicators, 52 (5), 16–22.
  • Aung, T.S., Saboori, B. and Rasoulinezhad, E. (2017) Economic growth and environmental pollution in Myanmar: an analysis of environmental Kuznets curve, Environ Sci Pollut Research, 24, 20487–20501.
  • BP Global (2017). BP Statistical Review of World Energy.http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-,2017, June economics/statistical-review-of-worldenergy.html (Erişim Tarihi, 20.01.2018). Cai, Y., Sam, C.Y. and Chang, T. (2018) Nexus between clean energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions, Journal of Cleaner Production, 182, 1001-1011.
  • Chang, C. P., Berdiev, A. N. and Lee, C. C. (2013) Energy exports, globalization and economic growth: The case of South Caucasus, Economic Modelling, 33, 333-346.
  • Christopoulos, D. K. & León-Ledesma, M. A. (2010). Smooth breaks and non-linear mean reversion: Post-Bretton Woods real exchange rates, Journal of International Money and Finance, 29(6), 1076-1093,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2010.02.003.
  • Çil Yavuz, N. (2015). Finansal Ekonometri.Der Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A. (1981).Likelihood ration statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Econometrica. 49, 1057-1072.
  • Enders, W. and Lee. J. (2012) the flexible fourier form and dickey-fuller type unit root tests, Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.04.081.
  • Enders, W. and Jones, P. (2015) Grain prices, oil prices, and multiple smooth breaks in a VAR. Studies on Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics,published online: 2015-04-28, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/snde-2014- 0101.
  • Gaston, N. and Nelson, D. (2004) Structural change and the labor-market effects of globalization,Review of International Economics, 12, 769–792.
  • Göçer, İ. ve Peker, O. (2014) Yabancı Doğrudan Yatırımların İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisi: 44 ENERJI TÜKETIMI, TEMIZ ENERJI VE KARBONDIOKSIT EMISYONLARININ FINANSAL AÇIKLIKLA ILIŞKISI: TÜRKIYE ORNEĞI Türkiye, Çin ve Hindistan Örneğinde Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 21(1), 107-123.
  • Hepaktan E. ve Sertkaya, Y. (2016) Türkiye’de Elektrik Tüketimi, Kişi Başına GSYİH, CO2 Emisyonu ve Petrol Tüketimi İlişkisi, Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(12), 163-182.
  • Hua, X. ve Boateng, A. (2015) Trade Openness, Financial Liberalization, Economic Growth, And Environment Effects in the North-South: New Static and Dynamic Panel Data Evidence, Advances in Sustainability and Environmental Justice, 17, 253-289.
  • Iheanacho, E. (2018) the Role of Globalisation on Energy Consumption in Nigeria. Implication for Long Run Economic Growth. ARDL and VECM Analysis, Global Journal of Human-Social Science (E), 18(1), 10-28.
  • International Monetary Fund (2018). Turkey:Balance of Payments Analytic Presentation by Country. http://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=61468205 (Erişim Tarihi, 25.01.2018).
  • Jalil, A. ve Feridun, M. (2011) the impact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: A cointegration analysis, Energy Economics, 33, 284–291.
  • Kızılkaya, O., Çoban, O. ve Sofuoğlu, E. (2015, 20 August) Türkiye’de Karbondioksit Emisyonu, Enerji Tüketimi, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dışa Açıklık İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme Analizi, Econ World 2015, IRES, Torino, Italy.
  • Koengkan, M. (2017) Is globalization influencing primary energy consumption? The case of Latin American and Caribbean countries, Cadernos UniFOA, Volta Redonda, 33, 59-69.
  • Koengkan, M., Fuinhas, J.A. and Marques,(January, 2019) the role of financial openness and China’s income on fossil fuels consumption: fresh evidence from Latin American countries, GeoJournal, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-09969-1.
  • Korkmaz, T., Çevik, E. İ. ve Birkan, E. (2010) Finansal Dışa Açıklığın Ekonomik Büyüme ve Finansal Krizler Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği, Journal of Yasar University, 17(5), 2821‐2831.
  • Lebe, F.ve Akbaş, Y.E. (2015) Türkiye’de Sanayileşme, Finansal Gelişme, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kentleşmenin Enerji Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Bir Araştırma, Ege Akademik Bakış, 15(2), 197-206.
  • Lebe, F. (2016) Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi: Türkiye İçin Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17 (2), 177-194.
  • Maki, D. (2012) Tests for Cointegration Allowing for an Unknown Number of Breaks, Economic Modelling, 29, 2011–2015.
  • Mudam, E., Balan, F. ve Albayrak, B. (2018) Türkiye Ekonomisinde Finansal ve Ticari Açıklık Çevresel Kalite İlişkisi: Ampirik Uygulama, ÇOMÜ Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 21-37.
  • Paramati, S.R., Ummalla, M. and Apergis, N. (2016) The effects of foreign direct investment and stock market growth on clean energy use across a panel of emerging market economies, Energy Economics,56, 29-41.
  • Phong, L.H. Van, D.T. B. and Bao, H.H.G. (2018) The Role of Globalization on Carbon Dioxide Emission in Vietnam Incorporating Industrialization, Urbanization, Gross Domestic Product per Capita and Energy Use, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(6), 275-283.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. and Hansen, B.E. (1990) Statistical inference in instrumental variables regressions with I(1) processes, Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125.
  • Rasoulinezhad, E. and Saboori, B. (2018) Panel estimation for renewable and non-renewable Energy consumption, economic growth, CO2 emissions, the composite Trade intensity, and financial openness of the commonwealth of independent states, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1827-3, (Erişim Tarihi, 25.01.2018).
  • Sadorsky, P. (2010) the impact of financial development on energy consumption in emerging economies, Energy Policy, 38(5), 2528-2535.
  • Sbia, R., Shahbaz, M. and Hamdi, H. (2014) A contribution of foreign direct investment, clean energy, trade openness, carbon emissions and economic growth to energy demand in UAE, Economic Modelling, 36, 191–197.
  • Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., Alam, S. and Apergis, N. (2018a) Globalisation, economic growth and energy consumption in the BRICS region: The importance of symmetries, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 27(8), 985-1009.
  • Shahbaz, M., Mahalik, M.K., Shahzad, S.J.H. and Hammoudeh, S. (2018b) Does the environmental Kuznets curve exist between globalization and energy consumption? Global evidence from the cross‐ correlation method, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1678.
  • Şimşek, T. ve Yiğit, E. (2017) BRICT Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, Petrol Fiyatları, CO2 Emisyonu, Kentleşme ve Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Nedensellik Analizi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 12(3), 117-136.
  • Tamazian, A., Chousa, J. P. and Vadlamannati, K. C. (2009). Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: Evidence from BRIC countries?, Energy Policy, 37, 246–253.
  • T.C. Merkez Bankası İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü Ödemeler Dengesi Müdürlüğü, (2017,Kasım). Ödemeler Dengesi İstatistikleri. ttp://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/30cdfd52- aa34-40ce-8b57-4ef53e322ce4/odemelerdengesi.pdf?MOD=AJPERE (Erişim Tarihi, 22.01.2018).,
  • Topcu, M. and Altay, B. (2017) New Insight into the Finance-Energy Nexus: Disaggregated Evidence from Turkish Sectors, International Journal of Financial Studies, 5 (1), 1-16. World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/worlddevelopment-indicators (Erişim Tarihi, 20.01.2018).
  • Xu, Z., Baloch, M.A., Danish, Meng, F. Zhang, J. Mahmood, Z. (2018) Nexus between financial development and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia: analyzing the role of globalization, Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2018) 25:28378–28390.
  • Yılancı, V. and Eriş, Z.A. (2013). Purchasing power parity in African countries: Further evidence from fourier unit root tests based on linear and nonlinear models. South African Journal of Economics, 81(1), 20-34, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2012.01326.x.
  • You, W. H., Zhu, H.M., Yu, K. and Peng, C.(2014). Democracy, Financial Openness, and Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Heterogeneity across Existing Emission Levels, World Development,66, 189–207.
  • Zeren, F. and Koc, M. (2013) Analyzing Integration between Stock Market of Turkey and G8 Nations with Maki Cointegration Test, Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 3(6), 135-142.
  • Zeren, F. and Akkuş, H.T. (2018) Oil Prices and Stock Markets: Further Evidence from Newly Industrialized Countries, Management and Economics Review, 3(1): 110-122.
  • Zhang, Y., Hua, X. and Koh, L.S.C. (2010) Unequal North-South Environmental Impacts of Trade and Financial Openness: New Static and Dynamic Panel Data Evidence. 1-23. http://www.cf40.org.cn/uploads/qingnianluntan/openness_economic_growth_and_carbon_emissions.pdf (Erişim Tarihi, 15.02.2018).
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Selim Güngör 0000-0002-2997-1113

Süleyman Serdar Karaca 0000-0002-5424-5359

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Kasım 2018
Kabul Tarihi 22 Şubat 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Güngör, S., & Karaca, S. S. (2019). ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, TEMİZ ENERJİ VE KARBONDİOKSİT EMİSYONLARININ FİNANSAL AÇIKLA İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Muhasebe Ve Finans İncelemeleri Dergisi, 2(1), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.32951/mufider.481626



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