SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLERİN ETİK VE HİZMETKÂR LİDERLİK DAVRANIŞLARININ CİNSİYET BAĞLAMINDA KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ

Öz

Sosyal girişimciler, toplumsal sorunlara sistemli ve sürdürülebilir çözümler üreten, finansal kârlılıktan çok sosyal amaçları gerçekleştirmeye odaklanmış lider kişiler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İzleyicilerinin gelişimini önemsemeleri ve süreçlerde izleyicilerinin de görüşlerini almaları ile hizmetkâr lider, ahlaki motivasyonları önemsemeleri, işbirlikçi ve adil olmaları ile etik lider olarak tanımlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, kadın ve erkek sosyal girişimcilerin, etik ve hizmetkâr liderlik davranışlarının tespit edilmesi ve cinsiyet temelinde karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma örneklemi, Türkiye’de sosyal girişimcilik kapsamında; kadın, engelliler, çevre, eğitim, çocuk, sağlık ve yardım gibi alanlarda faaliyet gösteren 34 sosyal girişimci ile birlikte çalışan ve gönüllü olan 169 izleyici oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma değişkenlerine ilişkin veriler, anket yöntemi ile toplanmış, anketlerin geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik analizleri yapılmış ve elde edilen veriler istatistik paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, sosyal girişimcilerin etik ve hizmetkar liderlik davranışı gösterdikleri tespit edilmiştir. Hem yerli hem yabancı literatürde sosyal girişimlerin faaliyet ve etki alanlarının büyümesine karşılık sosyal girişimlerde liderlik davranışı üzerine oldukça az sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırma, sosyal girişimcilik ile etik ve hizmetkar liderlik arasında ilişkiyi ampirik olarak inceleyen sayılı araştırmadan biri olarak yazına katkı sağlamaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sosyal Girişimcilik
• Etik Liderlik
• Hizmetkâr Liderlik
• Cinsiyet

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS’ ETHICAL AND SERVANT LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR AND GENDER

Öz

Social entrepreneurs are also known as leaders because of their approaches and behaviors towards events. These behaviors; He/She defines a servant leader as an ethical leader because they care about the development of their followers and take the opinions of their followers in the processes, and they care about moral motivations and are cooperative and fair. Studies in the field of social entrepreneurship in our country are in the minority, and according to the results of the research, it has been concluded that gender differences in this field are less obvious. The main purpose of this study, considering the ethical and servant leadership behaviors of male and female social entrepreneurs, the differences were analyzed comparatively on the basis of gender. Research within the scope of social entrepreneurship in Turkey; It was carried out on 169 people who work social entrepreneur or voluntarily operate in a social enterprise. The data related to the research variables were collected by the questionnaire method. As a result of the research, it has been determined that social entrepreneurs show ethical and servant leadership behavior. This research contributes to the literature as one of the few studies that empirically examines the relationship between social entrepreneurship

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Social Entrepreneurship
• Ethical Leadership
• Servant Leadership

Kaynakça

1. Alvord, S. H., Brown, D. L., ve Letts, C. W. (2004). Social entrepreneurship and social transformation: an exploratory study. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 40(3), 260-282.
2. Bagheri, A., ve Pihie, Z. A. (2011). On becoming an entrepreneurial leader: a focus on the ımpacts of university entrepreneurship programs. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(9), 884–892.
3. Barbuto, J. E., Jr., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership. Group & Organization Management, 31(3), 300-326.
4. Barbuto, J. E., ve Gifford, G. T. (2010). Examining sex differences of the servant leadership dimensions: an analysis of the agentic and communal properties of the servant leadership questionnaire. Journal of Leadership Education, 9(2), 4-21.
5. Bornstain, D., ve Davis, S. (2010). Social Entrepreneurship What Everyone Needs To Know. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Bornstein, D. (2004). How To Change The World: Social Entrepreneurs And The Power Of New Ideas. New York: Oxford University Press.
7. British Council, B. (2019). Türkiye’de sosyal girişimlerin durumu. Türkiye. doi:https://www.britishcouncil.org. tr/programmes/education/social-enterpriseBrown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., ve Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: a social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117- 134.
8. Carless, S. A. (1998). Gender differences in transformational leadership: an examination of superior, leaders and subordinate perspectives. Sex Roles, 39(2), 887 – 902.

9. Castro-Salazar, R. (2013). The many faces of social entrepreneurial leadership entrepreneurial leadership. Collective Efficacy: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Leadership, 20, 3-21.
10. Chell, E. (2007). Social enterprise and entrepreneurship. International Small Business Journal, 25(1), 5-26. Chell, E., Spence, L. J., ve Perrini, F. (2016). Social entrepreneurship and business ethics: does social equal ethical? Journal of Business Ethics, 133(4), 619–625.
11. Chen, M.‐H. (2007). Entrepreneurial leadership and new ventures: creativity in entrepreneurial teams. Creativity and Innovation Management, 16(3), 239–249.
12. Coker, K. K., Flight, R. L., ve Valle, K. N. (2017). Social entrepreneurship: the role of national leadership culture. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 125-139.
13. Dees, G. J. (1998). The Meaning Of “Social Entrepreneurship”. Kauffman Foundation and Stanford University. Dees, J. G., Emerson, J., ve Economy, P. (2001). Enterprising nonprofits: a toolkit for social entrepreneurs. New York: Wiley.
14. Denizalp, H. (2007). Toplumsal Dönüşüm İçin Sosyal Girişimcilik Rehberi. Ankara: Odak Ofset Matbaacılık.
15. Dünya Ekonomik Forumu, (2018), The Global Risks Report 2018 13th Edition. 29 Ocak 2020 tarihinde https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/9983-dunya-ekonomi-forumu-2018-kuresel-risk-raporu adresinden alındı.
16. Drayton, W. (2002). The citizen sector: becoming as entrepreneurial and competitive as business. California Management Review, 44(3), 120–132.
17. Eagly, A. H., ve Carli, L. L. (2003). The female leadership advantage: an evaluation of the evidence. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 807-834.
18. Fowler, A. (2000). NGDOs as a moment in history: beyond aid to social entrepreneurship or civic ınnovation? Third World Quarterly, 21(4), 637-654.
19. Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness. New York: Paulist Press.
20. Greenleaf, R. K., ve Spears, L. (2002). Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness, 25th Anniversary Edition. New York, NY and Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
21. Gupta, V., MacMillan, I. C., ve Surie, G. (2004). Entrepreneurial leadership: developing and measuring a crosscultural construct. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 241-260.
22. Handy, F., Kassam, M., ve Ranade, S. (2002). Factors ınfluencing women entrepreneurs of NGOs in India. Nonprofit Management ve Leadership, 13(2), 139-154.
23. Harris, J. D., Sapienza, H. J., ve Bowie, N. E. (2009). Ethics and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 407–418.
24. Hogue, M. (2016). Gender bias in communal leadership: examining servant leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(4), 837-849.
25. İçduygu, A., ve Meydanoğlu, Z. S. (2011). Türkiye’de Sivil Toplum: Bir Dönüm Noktası. TÜSEV. Ocak 28, 2020 tarihinde https://www.tusev.org.tr/usrfiles/files/step2011_web_SON.pdf adresinden alındı
26. Ilac, E. J. (2018). Exploring social enterprise leadership development through phenomenological analysis. Social Enterprise Journal, 14(3), 268-288.
27. Işık, V. (2013). Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluğun değiştirdiği çalışma kavramı ve yeni bir çalışma alanı olarak sosyal girişimler. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi , 3(1), 101-131.
28. Işık, V. (2018). Değişen çalışma anlayışı ve sosyal girişimler: ashoka türkiye üyeleri üzerine bir alan araştırması. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi, 53(1), 229-258.
29. Johanson, J. C. (2008). Perceptions of femininity in leadership: modern trend or classic component? Sex Roles, 58, 784–789.
30. Kalshoven, K., Hartog, D. N., ve Hoogh, A. H. (2011). Ethical leadership at work questionnaire (elw): development and validation of a multidimensional measure. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 51 – 69.
31. Kuratko, D. F. (2007). Entrepreneurial leadership in the 21st century. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13(4), 1-12.
32. Liden, R. C., Vidyarthi, P. R., Anand, S., Erdogan, B., ve Ghosh, S. (2010). Where do I stand? Examining the effects of leader–member exchange social comparison on employee work behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 849–861.
33. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., ve Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure andmulti-level assessment. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161-177.
34. Mair, J., ve Marti, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: a source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36–44.
35. Martin, R. L., ve Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 28-39.
36. Mort, G. S., Weerawardena, J., ve Carnegie, K. (2003). Social entrepreneurship: towards conceptualisation. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 8(1), 76-88.
37. Petrovskaya, I., ve Mirakyan, A. (2018). A mission of service: social entrepreneur as a servant leader. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior ve Research, 24(3), 755-767.
38. Prabhu, G. N. (1999). Social entrepreneurial leadership. Career Development International, 4(3), 140-145.
39. Reynolds, K. (2011). Servant-leadership as gender-ıntegrative leadership: paving a path for more gender-ıntegrative organizations through leadership education. Journal of Leadership Education, 10(2), 155-171.
40. Sarıkaya, M. (2010). Üçüncü sektörde yönetsel ve kavramsal dönüşüm: Sosyal kâr amaçlı örgütler. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 87-100.
41. Schein, V. E. (1973). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(2), 95-100.
42. Schnauber Smirles, K. E., Basile, K. A., Aughenbaugh, A., Nasser, S., Logue, S., ve Arteaga, L. (2020). Japanese women’s perceptions of gender roles and leadership and the effects of a Women ve Leadership Course: A qualitative analysis. Women’s Studies International Forum, 80, 1-12.
43. Scott, J., Dex, S., Joshi, H., Purcell, K., ve Elias, K. (2008). Introduction: changing lives and new challenges. Women and employment: Changing lives and new challenges (s. 1-19). içinde Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
44. Seanor, P., ve Meaton, J. (2007). Making sense of social enterprise. Social Enterprise Journal, 3(1), 90-100.
45. Seelos, C., ve Mair, J. (2005). Social entrepreneurship: Creating New Business Models to Serve the Poor. Business Horizons, 48(3), 241-246.
46. Taylor, C. M., Cornelius, C., ve Colvin, K. (2014). Visionary leadership and its relationship to organizational effectiveness. Leadership ve Organization Development Journal, 35(6), 566-583.
47. Teasdale, S., McKay, S., Phillimore, J., ve Teasdale, N. (2011). Exploring gender and social entrepreneur women’s leadership, employment and participation ın the third sector and social enterprises. Voluntary Sector Review, 2(1), 57-76.
48. TÜİK. (2017). Girişimcilik İstatistikleri. Ocak 28, 2020 tarihinde www.tuik.gov.tr adresinden alındı
49. Volkmann, T. v. (2012). Background, Characteristics and Context of Social Entrepreneurship . T. v. Volkmann içinde, Social Entrepreneurship and Social Business (s. 3-27). Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler.
50. Yıldız Şen, M. L. (2016). Liderlik Üzerine. M. L. Yıldız (Dü.) içinde, Liderlik Çalışmaları (s. 23-60). İstanbul: Beta.
51. Yıldız Şen, M. L. (2018). Social Entrepreneurial Leadership for a Better World. Ö. İyigün içinde, Creating Business Value and Competitive Advantage With Social Entrepreneur (s. 271 – 292). İstanbul: IGI Global.
52. Yıldız Şen, M. L., ve Giray Yakut, S. (2019). İşyerinde etik algısı cinsiyete ve kuşaklara göre değişir mi? Türkiye’deki Çalışanlar Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma. Istanbul Business Research, 48(2), 197-217.
53. Zahra, S. A., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D. O., ve Shulman, J. M. (2009). A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 519-532.