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A Journey through the History of the Lymphatic System: Discoveries and Developments

Yıl 2023, , 529 - 542, 28.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1339551

Öz

The main element in the efficient execution of the function of the body is the functionality of the lymphatic system. This system, which has a strong relationship with the immune system, also connects with the digestive system and fluid homeostasis. It has been the subject of research for centuries in the history of medicine in order to develop treatment strategies in diseases with the understanding of lymphatic system structure and function. The lymphatic system, which is thin and spiral, has a long and gripping history due to the difficulties in studying its elements. This review article, which aims to provide a systematic summary of the studies on the history of the lymphatic system using Pubmed Central, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, dates from the XVI century BC to the present day. The direct acceptance of Galen's views for centuries ended with Vesalius, and the XVII century was considered the golden age due to the signing of many new inventions. In the XVIII century, Ruysch published the function of the lymph valves, in the XIX century Mascagni published the iconography of the lymphatic network. Comparini (1924-1999) performed illustrative reconstructions of liver lymphatic. After these developments, the glymphatic system was described for the first time in a study conducted in mice in 2012 and proved its existence in humans in 2017.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Van Schaik CJ, et al. The lymphatic system throughout history: From hieroglyphic translations to state of the art radiological techniques. Clinical Anatomy 2022;35(6):701-10. DOI:10.1002/ca.23867
  • 2. Loukas M, et al. The lymphatic system: a historical perspective. Clinical Anatomy 2011;24(7):807-16. DOI: 10.1002/ca.21194
  • 3. Natale G, Bocci G, Ribatti D. Scholars and scientists in the history of the lymphatic system. Journal of Anatomy 2017;231(3):417-29. DOI:10.1111/joa.12644
  • 4. Janardhan HP, Jung R, Trivedi CM. Lymphatic System in Organ Development, Function, and Regeneration. Circulation Research 2023;132(9):1181-1184. DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.322867
  • 5. Munn LL, Padera TP. Imaging the lymphatic system. Microvascular Research 2014;96:55-63. DOI:10.1016/j.mvr.2014.06.006
  • 6. Suami H. Lymphosome concept: Anatomical study of the lymphatic system. Journal of Surgical Oncology 2017;115(1):13-7. DOI:10.1002/jso.24332
  • 7. Hayırlıdağ M. Mısır Tıbbının Gizemi Papirüsler. Akademik Tarih ve Araştırmalar Dergisi 2021;4(4): 68-86.
  • 8. Silva Veiga PA. Health and Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Magic and Science 2009. DOI:10.30861/9781407305004
  • 9. Malomo AO, Idowu OE, Osuagwu FC. Lessons from History: Human Anatomy, from the Origin to the Renaissance. International Journal of Morphology 2006;24(1):99-104.
  • 10. Suami H, Pan WR, Taylor GI. Historical review of breast lymphatic studies. Clinical Anatomy 2009;22(5):531-6. DOI:10.1002/ca.20812
  • 11. Crivellato E, Travan L, Ribatti D. The Hippocratic treatise 'On glands': the first document on lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes. Leukemia 2007;21(4):591-2. DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404618
  • 12. Crivellato E, Ribatti D. A portrait of Aristotle as an anatomist: historical article. Clinical Anatomy 2007;20(5):447-85. DOI:10.1002/ca.20432
  • 13. Irschick R, Siemon C, Brenner E. The history of anatomical research of lymphatics — From the ancienttimes to the end of the European Renaissance. Annals of Anatomy 2019;223:49–69. DOI:10.1016/j.aanat.2019.01.010
  • 14. Reverón R. Herophilos, the great anatomist of antiquity. Anatomy 2015;9(2):108-11. DOI:10.2399/ana.15.003
  • 15. Papapostolou D, et al. Paul of Aegina (ca 625-690 AD): Operating on All, from Lymph Nodes in the Head and Neck to Visceral Organs in the Abdomen. Cureus 2020;12(3):e7287. DOI:10.7759/cureus.7287
  • 16. Faruqi YM. Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise. International Education Journal 2006;7(4):391-9.
  • 17. Golzari SE, et al. A brief history of elephantiasis. Clinical Infectious Disease 2012; 55:1024–5.
  • 18. Altıntaş A. İbn Sina’nın Kısa Hayat Hikayesi ve Hıfzı Sıhhat (Sağlığı Korumak). Anadolu Tıbbı Dergisi 2022;1(1):1-15.
  • 19. Keele KD. Leonardo da Vinci’s influence on Renaissance Anatomy. Medical history 1964;8(4):360–70. DOI:10.1017/s0025727300029835
  • 20. De Campos D, Buso L. A late self-portrait of Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) in the cartoon of the Epifania in the British Museum. Acta bio-medica: Atenei Parmensis 2020;91(4):e2020115. DOI:10.23750/abm.v91i4.8991
  • 21. Markatos K, et al. Charles Estienne (1504-1564): His Life, Work, and Contribution to Anatomy and the First Description of the Canal in the Spinal Cord. World Neurosurgey 2017;100:186-9. DOI:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.126
  • 22. Suy R, Thomis S, Fourneau I. The discovery of lymphatic system in the seventeenth century. Part I: the early history. Acta Chirurgica Belgica 2016;116 (4):260-6. DOI:10.1080/00015458.2016.1176792
  • 23. Prioreschi P. The Discovery of the Systemic Circulation: Review and Reappraisal. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History ¬2008;16:117-20.
  • 24. Ambrose CT. Immunology’s first priority dispute—an account of the 17th-century Rudbeck–Bartholin feud. Cell Immunology 2006;242(1):1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.09.004
  • 25. Adanır SS, Bahşi İ. The giant anatomist, whose value is later understood: Bartolomeo Eustachi. Child's nervous system 2021;37(1):1–4. DOI: 10.1007/s00381-019-04107-1
  • 26. Porzionato A, et al. The anatomical school of Padua. Anatomical record 2012;295(6):902–16. DOI:10.1002/ar.22460
  • 27. Rosenberg SL. Hieronymus Fabricius Ab Aquapendente: Part II. Cal West Med 1933;38(4):260-3. 28. Ribatti D, Crivellato E, Vacca A. The contribution of Bruce Glick to the definition of the role played by the bursa of Fabricius in the development of the B cell lineage. Clin Exp Immunol 2006;145(1):1-4. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03131.x
  • 29. de Bree E, Tsiaoussis J, Schoretsanitis G. The History of Lymphatic Anatomy and the Contribution of Frederik Ruysch. Hellenic J Surg 2018;90(6):308–14. DOI: 10.1007/s13126-018-0495-6
  • 30. Guerrini A. Experiments, Causation, and the Uses of Vivisection in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century. Journal of the History of Biology 2013;46:227–54.
  • 31. Trapnell DH. Man’s Understanding of the Lymphatics, with Particular Reference to the Lung. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965;58(1):37-40. DOI:10.1177/003591576505800110
  • 32. Perrini P, Lanzino G, Parenti GF. Niels Stensen (1638-1686): scientist, neuroanatomist, and saint. Neurosurgery 2010;67(1):3–9. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000370248.80291.C5
  • 33. Wendler D. Nathanael Highmore (1613-1685) und die Oberkieferhöhle [Nathanael Highmore (1613-1685) and the maxillary sinus]. Anat Anz. 1986;162(5):375-80.
  • 34. Suy R, Thomis S, Fourneau I. The discovery of the lymphatics in the seventeenth century. Part iii: the dethroning of the liver. Acta Chir Belg 2016;116(6):390-7. DOI:10.1080/00015458.2016.1215952
  • 35. Hamilton A. Anatomist and physician Nathaniel Highmore M.D. (1614-1685). Trans Int Conf Oral Surg 1973;4:164-8.
  • 36. Eriksson G. Olof Rudbeck som vetenskapsman och läkare: Lars Thorénföreläsning 2003. Sammandrag [Olaus Rudbeck as scientist and professor of medicine]. Sven Med Tidskr 2004;8(1):39-44.
  • 37. Ambrose CT. Rudbeck's complaint: a 17th-century Latin letter relating to basic immunology. Scandinavian journal of immunology 2007;66(4):486–93. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01969.x
  • 38. Ijpma FFA, van Gulik TM. “Anatomy lesson of FrederikRuysch” of 1670: A tribute to Ruysch's contributions to lymphatic anatomy. World Journal of Surgery 2013;37:1996–2001. DOI:10.1007/s00268-013-2013-x
  • 39. Izaguirre Ávila R, de Micheli A. On the history of blood transfusion [En torno a la historia de las transfusiones sanguíneas]. Revista de Investigacion Clinica 2002;54(6):552-8.
  • 40. ROMERO RR. Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), founder of microanatomy. Int. J. Morphol 2011;29(2):399-402.
  • 41. Pizzi M, et al. A lucky mistake: The splenic glands of Marcello Malpighi. Human Pathology 2018;72:191–5.
  • 42. McDonald SW, Russell D. William Hunter and lymphatics. Annals of anatomy 2018;218:40–8. DOI:10.1016/j.aanat.2018.03.002
  • 43. Lenzi P, Bocci G, Natale G. John Hunter and the origin of the term "angiogenesis". Angiogenesis 2016;19(2):255–6. DOI:10.1007/s10456-016-9496-7
  • 44. Ribatti D, Crivellato E. The embryonic origins of lymphatic vessels: an historical review. British journal of haematology 2010;149(5):669–74. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.08053.x
  • 45. Janjua RM, et al. The legacy of Johann Friedrich Meckel the Elder (1724-1774): a 4-generation dynasty of anatomists. Neurosurgery 2010;66(4):758–71. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000367997.45720.A6
  • 46. Orsini D, Vanozzi F, Agliano M. The anatomical world of Paolo Mascagni. Reasoned reading of the anatomy works of his library. Medicina Historica 2017;1(2):84-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.11.007
  • 47. Di Matteo B, et al. Art in science: Giovanni Paolo Mascagni and the art of anatomy. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2015;473(3):783–8. DOI:10.1007/s11999-014-3909-y
  • 48. Sandrone S, Riva M. Bartolomeo Panizza (1785-1867). Journal of neurology 2014;261(6):1249–50. DOI:10.1007/s00415-013-7028-6
  • 49. Moog FP, Karenberg A. Samuel Thomas Soemmerring (1755–1830). J Neurol 2004; 251: 1420–1. DOI:10.1007/s00415-004-0692-9
  • 50. Johnson AR, et al. Real-Time Visualization of the Mascagni-Sappey Pathway Utilizing ICG Lymphography. Cancers 2020;12(5):1195. DOI:10.3390/cancers12051195
  • 51. Natale G, et al. The Lymphatic System in Breast Cancer: Anatomical and Molecular Approaches. Medicina 2021;57(11):1272. DOI:10.3390/medicina57111272
  • 52. Gonkowski S, Grzybowski A. Alfred Biesiadecki (1839-1889) and his place in the history of dermatology. Clinics in dermatology 2020;38(5):591–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.04.004.
  • 53. Handley WS. Lymphangioplasty: a new method fort he relief of the brawny arm of breast-cancer and for similar conditions of lymphatic edema. The Lancet 1908;171(4441):783-5. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)67447-0
  • 54. Abdalla S, Ellis H. William Sampson Handley (1872-1962): champion of the permeation theory of dissemination of breast cancer. Journal of medical biography 2013;21(2):108–111. DOI:10.1258/jmb.2012.012008
  • 55. Jessen NA, et al. The Glymphatic System: A Beginner's Guide. Neurochemical research 2015;40(12):2583–99. DOI:10.1007/s11064-015-1581-6
  • 56. Benveniste H, et al. The Glymphatic System and Waste Clearance with Brain Aging: A Review. Gerontology 2019;65(2):106-19. DOI:10.1159/000490349
  • 57. Absinta M, et al. Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI. Elife 2017;6:e29738. DOI:10.7554/eLife.29738
  • 58. Ringstad G, Vatnehol SAS, Eide PK. Glymphatic MRI in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Brain 2017;140(10):2691-705. DOI:10.1093/brain/awx191
  • 59. Haubrich WS. Peyer of Peyer’s Patches. Gastroenterology 2005;129(1):85. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.010
  • 60. Riva MA, et al. Guglielmo Riva (1627-1677) and the end of hepatocentrism: a 17th-century painting. Vesalius 2014;20(2):69-72.

Lenfatik Sistem Tarihçesi’ne Yolculuk: Keşifler ve Gelişmeler

Yıl 2023, , 529 - 542, 28.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1339551

Öz

Vücudun verimli bir fonksiyon yürütmesinde ana unsur lenfatik sistem işlevselliğidir. Bağışıklık sistemi ile güçlü ilişki içinde olan bu sistem aynı zamanda sindirim sistemi ve sıvı homeostazisi ile de bağlantı kurar. Lenfatik sistem yapısı ve fonksiyonun anlaşılması ile hastalıklarında tedavi stratejileri geliştirmek amacıyla tıp tarihinde yüzyıllardır araştırma konusu olmuştur. İnce ve sarmal yapılı lenfatik sistem, elemanlarının incelenmesindeki zorluklar nedeniyle uzun ve sürükleyici bir tarihçeye sahiptir. Pubmed Central, Scopus ve Google Akademik veri tabanları kullanılarak lenfatik sistem tarihçesine ilişkin yapılan çalışmaların sistematik bir özetini sunmayı hedefleyen bu derleme makalesi MÖ XVI.yy’dan günümüze kadar uzanmaktadır. Yüzyıllarca Galen’in görüşlerinin doğrudan kabulü Vesalius ile son bulmuş ve XVII.yüzyıl birçok yeni buluşa imza atılması nedeniyle altın çağ olarak kabul edilmiştir. XVIII.yüzyılda Ruysch lenf kapaklarının işlevini, XIX.yüzyılda Mascagni lenfatik ağın ikonografisini yayınlamıştır. Comparini (1924-1999), karaciğer lenfatiklerinin illüstratif rekonstrüksiyonlarını gerçekleştirmiştir. Bu gelişmelerden sonra 2012 yılında farelerde yapılan bir çalışmada ilk kez glenfatik sistemi tanımlanmış ve 2017’de insanlarda varlığını kanıtlamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Van Schaik CJ, et al. The lymphatic system throughout history: From hieroglyphic translations to state of the art radiological techniques. Clinical Anatomy 2022;35(6):701-10. DOI:10.1002/ca.23867
  • 2. Loukas M, et al. The lymphatic system: a historical perspective. Clinical Anatomy 2011;24(7):807-16. DOI: 10.1002/ca.21194
  • 3. Natale G, Bocci G, Ribatti D. Scholars and scientists in the history of the lymphatic system. Journal of Anatomy 2017;231(3):417-29. DOI:10.1111/joa.12644
  • 4. Janardhan HP, Jung R, Trivedi CM. Lymphatic System in Organ Development, Function, and Regeneration. Circulation Research 2023;132(9):1181-1184. DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.322867
  • 5. Munn LL, Padera TP. Imaging the lymphatic system. Microvascular Research 2014;96:55-63. DOI:10.1016/j.mvr.2014.06.006
  • 6. Suami H. Lymphosome concept: Anatomical study of the lymphatic system. Journal of Surgical Oncology 2017;115(1):13-7. DOI:10.1002/jso.24332
  • 7. Hayırlıdağ M. Mısır Tıbbının Gizemi Papirüsler. Akademik Tarih ve Araştırmalar Dergisi 2021;4(4): 68-86.
  • 8. Silva Veiga PA. Health and Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Magic and Science 2009. DOI:10.30861/9781407305004
  • 9. Malomo AO, Idowu OE, Osuagwu FC. Lessons from History: Human Anatomy, from the Origin to the Renaissance. International Journal of Morphology 2006;24(1):99-104.
  • 10. Suami H, Pan WR, Taylor GI. Historical review of breast lymphatic studies. Clinical Anatomy 2009;22(5):531-6. DOI:10.1002/ca.20812
  • 11. Crivellato E, Travan L, Ribatti D. The Hippocratic treatise 'On glands': the first document on lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes. Leukemia 2007;21(4):591-2. DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404618
  • 12. Crivellato E, Ribatti D. A portrait of Aristotle as an anatomist: historical article. Clinical Anatomy 2007;20(5):447-85. DOI:10.1002/ca.20432
  • 13. Irschick R, Siemon C, Brenner E. The history of anatomical research of lymphatics — From the ancienttimes to the end of the European Renaissance. Annals of Anatomy 2019;223:49–69. DOI:10.1016/j.aanat.2019.01.010
  • 14. Reverón R. Herophilos, the great anatomist of antiquity. Anatomy 2015;9(2):108-11. DOI:10.2399/ana.15.003
  • 15. Papapostolou D, et al. Paul of Aegina (ca 625-690 AD): Operating on All, from Lymph Nodes in the Head and Neck to Visceral Organs in the Abdomen. Cureus 2020;12(3):e7287. DOI:10.7759/cureus.7287
  • 16. Faruqi YM. Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise. International Education Journal 2006;7(4):391-9.
  • 17. Golzari SE, et al. A brief history of elephantiasis. Clinical Infectious Disease 2012; 55:1024–5.
  • 18. Altıntaş A. İbn Sina’nın Kısa Hayat Hikayesi ve Hıfzı Sıhhat (Sağlığı Korumak). Anadolu Tıbbı Dergisi 2022;1(1):1-15.
  • 19. Keele KD. Leonardo da Vinci’s influence on Renaissance Anatomy. Medical history 1964;8(4):360–70. DOI:10.1017/s0025727300029835
  • 20. De Campos D, Buso L. A late self-portrait of Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) in the cartoon of the Epifania in the British Museum. Acta bio-medica: Atenei Parmensis 2020;91(4):e2020115. DOI:10.23750/abm.v91i4.8991
  • 21. Markatos K, et al. Charles Estienne (1504-1564): His Life, Work, and Contribution to Anatomy and the First Description of the Canal in the Spinal Cord. World Neurosurgey 2017;100:186-9. DOI:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.126
  • 22. Suy R, Thomis S, Fourneau I. The discovery of lymphatic system in the seventeenth century. Part I: the early history. Acta Chirurgica Belgica 2016;116 (4):260-6. DOI:10.1080/00015458.2016.1176792
  • 23. Prioreschi P. The Discovery of the Systemic Circulation: Review and Reappraisal. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History ¬2008;16:117-20.
  • 24. Ambrose CT. Immunology’s first priority dispute—an account of the 17th-century Rudbeck–Bartholin feud. Cell Immunology 2006;242(1):1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.09.004
  • 25. Adanır SS, Bahşi İ. The giant anatomist, whose value is later understood: Bartolomeo Eustachi. Child's nervous system 2021;37(1):1–4. DOI: 10.1007/s00381-019-04107-1
  • 26. Porzionato A, et al. The anatomical school of Padua. Anatomical record 2012;295(6):902–16. DOI:10.1002/ar.22460
  • 27. Rosenberg SL. Hieronymus Fabricius Ab Aquapendente: Part II. Cal West Med 1933;38(4):260-3. 28. Ribatti D, Crivellato E, Vacca A. The contribution of Bruce Glick to the definition of the role played by the bursa of Fabricius in the development of the B cell lineage. Clin Exp Immunol 2006;145(1):1-4. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03131.x
  • 29. de Bree E, Tsiaoussis J, Schoretsanitis G. The History of Lymphatic Anatomy and the Contribution of Frederik Ruysch. Hellenic J Surg 2018;90(6):308–14. DOI: 10.1007/s13126-018-0495-6
  • 30. Guerrini A. Experiments, Causation, and the Uses of Vivisection in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century. Journal of the History of Biology 2013;46:227–54.
  • 31. Trapnell DH. Man’s Understanding of the Lymphatics, with Particular Reference to the Lung. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965;58(1):37-40. DOI:10.1177/003591576505800110
  • 32. Perrini P, Lanzino G, Parenti GF. Niels Stensen (1638-1686): scientist, neuroanatomist, and saint. Neurosurgery 2010;67(1):3–9. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000370248.80291.C5
  • 33. Wendler D. Nathanael Highmore (1613-1685) und die Oberkieferhöhle [Nathanael Highmore (1613-1685) and the maxillary sinus]. Anat Anz. 1986;162(5):375-80.
  • 34. Suy R, Thomis S, Fourneau I. The discovery of the lymphatics in the seventeenth century. Part iii: the dethroning of the liver. Acta Chir Belg 2016;116(6):390-7. DOI:10.1080/00015458.2016.1215952
  • 35. Hamilton A. Anatomist and physician Nathaniel Highmore M.D. (1614-1685). Trans Int Conf Oral Surg 1973;4:164-8.
  • 36. Eriksson G. Olof Rudbeck som vetenskapsman och läkare: Lars Thorénföreläsning 2003. Sammandrag [Olaus Rudbeck as scientist and professor of medicine]. Sven Med Tidskr 2004;8(1):39-44.
  • 37. Ambrose CT. Rudbeck's complaint: a 17th-century Latin letter relating to basic immunology. Scandinavian journal of immunology 2007;66(4):486–93. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01969.x
  • 38. Ijpma FFA, van Gulik TM. “Anatomy lesson of FrederikRuysch” of 1670: A tribute to Ruysch's contributions to lymphatic anatomy. World Journal of Surgery 2013;37:1996–2001. DOI:10.1007/s00268-013-2013-x
  • 39. Izaguirre Ávila R, de Micheli A. On the history of blood transfusion [En torno a la historia de las transfusiones sanguíneas]. Revista de Investigacion Clinica 2002;54(6):552-8.
  • 40. ROMERO RR. Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), founder of microanatomy. Int. J. Morphol 2011;29(2):399-402.
  • 41. Pizzi M, et al. A lucky mistake: The splenic glands of Marcello Malpighi. Human Pathology 2018;72:191–5.
  • 42. McDonald SW, Russell D. William Hunter and lymphatics. Annals of anatomy 2018;218:40–8. DOI:10.1016/j.aanat.2018.03.002
  • 43. Lenzi P, Bocci G, Natale G. John Hunter and the origin of the term "angiogenesis". Angiogenesis 2016;19(2):255–6. DOI:10.1007/s10456-016-9496-7
  • 44. Ribatti D, Crivellato E. The embryonic origins of lymphatic vessels: an historical review. British journal of haematology 2010;149(5):669–74. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.08053.x
  • 45. Janjua RM, et al. The legacy of Johann Friedrich Meckel the Elder (1724-1774): a 4-generation dynasty of anatomists. Neurosurgery 2010;66(4):758–71. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000367997.45720.A6
  • 46. Orsini D, Vanozzi F, Agliano M. The anatomical world of Paolo Mascagni. Reasoned reading of the anatomy works of his library. Medicina Historica 2017;1(2):84-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.11.007
  • 47. Di Matteo B, et al. Art in science: Giovanni Paolo Mascagni and the art of anatomy. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2015;473(3):783–8. DOI:10.1007/s11999-014-3909-y
  • 48. Sandrone S, Riva M. Bartolomeo Panizza (1785-1867). Journal of neurology 2014;261(6):1249–50. DOI:10.1007/s00415-013-7028-6
  • 49. Moog FP, Karenberg A. Samuel Thomas Soemmerring (1755–1830). J Neurol 2004; 251: 1420–1. DOI:10.1007/s00415-004-0692-9
  • 50. Johnson AR, et al. Real-Time Visualization of the Mascagni-Sappey Pathway Utilizing ICG Lymphography. Cancers 2020;12(5):1195. DOI:10.3390/cancers12051195
  • 51. Natale G, et al. The Lymphatic System in Breast Cancer: Anatomical and Molecular Approaches. Medicina 2021;57(11):1272. DOI:10.3390/medicina57111272
  • 52. Gonkowski S, Grzybowski A. Alfred Biesiadecki (1839-1889) and his place in the history of dermatology. Clinics in dermatology 2020;38(5):591–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.04.004.
  • 53. Handley WS. Lymphangioplasty: a new method fort he relief of the brawny arm of breast-cancer and for similar conditions of lymphatic edema. The Lancet 1908;171(4441):783-5. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)67447-0
  • 54. Abdalla S, Ellis H. William Sampson Handley (1872-1962): champion of the permeation theory of dissemination of breast cancer. Journal of medical biography 2013;21(2):108–111. DOI:10.1258/jmb.2012.012008
  • 55. Jessen NA, et al. The Glymphatic System: A Beginner's Guide. Neurochemical research 2015;40(12):2583–99. DOI:10.1007/s11064-015-1581-6
  • 56. Benveniste H, et al. The Glymphatic System and Waste Clearance with Brain Aging: A Review. Gerontology 2019;65(2):106-19. DOI:10.1159/000490349
  • 57. Absinta M, et al. Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI. Elife 2017;6:e29738. DOI:10.7554/eLife.29738
  • 58. Ringstad G, Vatnehol SAS, Eide PK. Glymphatic MRI in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Brain 2017;140(10):2691-705. DOI:10.1093/brain/awx191
  • 59. Haubrich WS. Peyer of Peyer’s Patches. Gastroenterology 2005;129(1):85. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.010
  • 60. Riva MA, et al. Guglielmo Riva (1627-1677) and the end of hepatocentrism: a 17th-century painting. Vesalius 2014;20(2):69-72.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Tıp Eğitimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Meltem Çelik 0009-0001-4061-3296

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelik, M. (2023). Lenfatik Sistem Tarihçesi’ne Yolculuk: Keşifler ve Gelişmeler. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi Ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 13(3), 529-542. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1339551
AMA Çelik M. Lenfatik Sistem Tarihçesi’ne Yolculuk: Keşifler ve Gelişmeler. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi. Eylül 2023;13(3):529-542. doi:10.31020/mutftd.1339551
Chicago Çelik, Meltem. “Lenfatik Sistem Tarihçesi’ne Yolculuk: Keşifler Ve Gelişmeler”. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi Ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 13, sy. 3 (Eylül 2023): 529-42. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1339551.
EndNote Çelik M (01 Eylül 2023) Lenfatik Sistem Tarihçesi’ne Yolculuk: Keşifler ve Gelişmeler. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 13 3 529–542.
IEEE M. Çelik, “Lenfatik Sistem Tarihçesi’ne Yolculuk: Keşifler ve Gelişmeler”, Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 3, ss. 529–542, 2023, doi: 10.31020/mutftd.1339551.
ISNAD Çelik, Meltem. “Lenfatik Sistem Tarihçesi’ne Yolculuk: Keşifler Ve Gelişmeler”. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 13/3 (Eylül 2023), 529-542. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1339551.
JAMA Çelik M. Lenfatik Sistem Tarihçesi’ne Yolculuk: Keşifler ve Gelişmeler. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi. 2023;13:529–542.
MLA Çelik, Meltem. “Lenfatik Sistem Tarihçesi’ne Yolculuk: Keşifler Ve Gelişmeler”. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi Ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 529-42, doi:10.31020/mutftd.1339551.
Vancouver Çelik M. Lenfatik Sistem Tarihçesi’ne Yolculuk: Keşifler ve Gelişmeler. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi. 2023;13(3):529-42.
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