Prosopis L. Türlerinin Geleneksel Terapötik Kullanımları Hakkında bir Derleme Çalışması

Öz

Günümüzde modern farmakolojinin temelini oluşturan birçok ilaç, kökenini geleneksel tedavi uygulamalarında kullanılan bitkisel kaynaklardan almaktadır. Etnobotanik çalışmalar, antik çağdan günümüze kadar insanlarla bitkiler arasında kurulan ilişkinin atalardan sözel olarak kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılan ve deneme yanılma yolu ile öğrenilen bilgilerle şekillenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, bitkilerin halk arasındaki geleneksel kullanım bilgilerinin bilimsel yöntemlerle kanıtlanıp belgelenmesi hem biyokültürel mirasın korunmasına hem de yeni farmasötik keşiflere olanak tanır. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) familyasının önemli cinslerinden biri olan Prosopis L., kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde yaygın olarak yetişmekte olup farklı kültürlerde çeşitli tıbbi kullanım alanlarına sahip olmakla beraber besin maddesi, gıda kaynağı, hayvan yemi, yakacak odun ve kereste gibi daha pek çok farklı amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Prosopis türlerinin dünya genelindeki geleneksel kullanımları etnobotanik açıdan konu olarak ele alınmış olup bu cinse ait bitki türlerinin halk hekimliğindeki rolü, geleneksel olarak kullanılan bitkilerin kullanılan kısımları, kullanım amaçları, hazırlanış şekilleri, uygulama biçimleri ve tıbbi etkileri coğrafi alanlara göre araştırılmıştır. Buna göre geleneksel olarak en sık kullanılan türler arasında, Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub., Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce, Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) J.F.Macbr. ve Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. türü yer almaktadır. Literatür taraması sonucunda, Prosopis cinsine ait bu türlerin özellikle ishale karşı, solunum yolu hastalıklarında, diyabette, deri ve zührevi hastalıklarda, ağrı kesici ve anti-enflamatuvar gibi birçok amaçla yoğun olarak kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Bu derleme çalışması, Prosopis türlerinin yalnızca halk tıbbındaki potansiyel değerini ortaya koymakla sınırlı kalmayıp aynı zamanda gelecekteki etnofarmakolojik araştırmalar için de sağlam bir temel sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Prosopis
• Fabaceae
• Etnobotanik
• Geleneksel Tıp
• Halk İlacı
• Tıbbi Bitki

A Review Study on the Traditional Therapeutical Uses of Prosopis L. Species

Öz

Many drugs that form the foundation of modern pharmacology originate from plant-based resources traditionally used in folk medicine. Ethnobotanical studies are rooted in the long-standing relationship between humans and plants, shaped over centuries through empirical knowledge transmitted orally across generations. Scientific documentation and validation of this traditional knowledge not only contribute to the preservation of biocultural heritage but also support the discovery of novel therapeutic agents. Prosopis L., an important genus of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family, is widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. In addition to its diverse medicinal applications across different cultures, Prosopis species are utilized for various purposes, including nutrition, food, animal fodder, fuelwood, and timber. This review examines the traditional uses of Prosopis species from an ethnobotanical perspective, focusing on their roles in folk medicine. The study evaluates the plant parts used, purposes of use, preparation methods, modes of administration, and reported therapeutic effects across different geographical regions. The literature review indicates that Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub., Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce, Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) J.F. Macbr., and Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. are among the most frequently used species in traditional medicine. These species are commonly employed for the treatment of diarrhea, respiratory disorders, diabetes, skin and venereal diseases, as well as for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, this review highlights the ethnobotanical importance of Prosopis species and aims to provide a scientific basis for future ethnopharmacological and phytochemical investigations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Prosopis
• Fabaceae
• Ethnobotany
• Traditional Medicine
• Folk Medicine
• Medicinal Plant

Kaynakça

1. 1. Sharma M, Kumar A. Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants: A review. Int J Life Sci Pharm Res 2013;3(2):52-57.
2. 2. Alimata B, et al. The ethnobotanical survey, antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of extracts of Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. Eur J Med Plants 2020;31(3):39-47.
3. 3. Chaudhary KK, et al. Ethnopharmacological and phytopharmaceutical evaluation of Prosopis cineraria: An overview and future prospects. Curr Drug Metab 2018;19(3):192-214.
4. 4. Bohórquez-Medina SL, et al. Traditional culinary uses, food applications, and potential health benefits of Peruvian mesquite (Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pallida), research advances and challenges: a review. J Ethn Foods 2025;12(1):10.
5. 5. Eshetu AA. A valuable or a curse resource? A systematic review on expansion, perception of local community, benefits and side effects of Prosopis juliflora. Front Conserv Sci 2024;5:1491618.
6. 6. Henciya S, et al. Biopharmaceutical potentials of Prosopis spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosae). J Food Drug Anal 2017;25(1):187-96.
7. 7. Yıldırım F. Mersin’deki eczanelerde ve aktarlarda fitoterapide kullanılan bitkiler. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Harran Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı, 2023.
8. 8. Akkuzu G. Çeti [Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) Mac.]’nin çimlenme biyolojisi ve kimyasal mücadelesi üzerine araştırmalar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bitki Koruma Ana Bilim Dalı, 2012.

9. 9. Rasul HH. Determination of oxidative stabilization and bioactivities of some natural plants and their effects on health. Doktora Tezi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyomühendislik ve Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı, 2021.
10. 10. Yalçın S. Suruç (Şanlıurfa) aktarlarında ve bazı köylerinde etnobotanik bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Harran Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı, 2021.
11. 11. Bakewell-Stone P. Prosopis farcta. CABI Compendium; 2024.
12. 12. Bussmann RW, et al. Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) JF Macbr. Fabaceae. In: Bussmann RW, Paniagua-Zambrana NY, eds. Ethnobotany of the Caucasus. Cham: Springer; 2024. p. 1-2.
13. 13. Garnatje T, Peñuelas J, Vallès J. Ethnobotany, phylogeny, and ‘omics’ for human health and food security. Trends Plant Sci 2017;22(3):187-91.
14. 14. Burkart AE. A monograph of the genus Prosopis (Leguminosae Subfam. Mimosoideae). J Arnold Arbor 1976;57(3-4):219-525.
15. 15. Shackleton RT, et al. Prosopis: a global assessment of the biogeography, benefits, impacts and management of one of the world's worst woody invasive plant taxa. AoB Plants 2014;6:plu027.
16. 16. Hughes CE, et al. Disintegration of the genus Prosopis L. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade). PhytoKeys 2022;205:147.
17. 17. Singh G. Role of Prosopis in reclamation of salt-affected soils and soil fertility improvement. In: Prosopis as a Heat Tolerant Nitrogen Fixing Desert Food Legume. Academic Press; 2022. p. 27-54.
18. 18. Umair M, Altaf M, Abbasi AM. An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan. PLoS One 2017;12(6):e0177912.
19. 19. Younis W, et al. Traditional medicinal plants used for respiratory disorders in Pakistan: A review of the ethno-medicinal and pharmacological evidence. Chin Med 2018;13:48.
20. 20. Ahmed N, et al. Ethnopharmacological relevance of indigenous medicinal plants from district Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;175:109-23.
21. 21. Yaseen G, et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in the Thar Desert (Sindh) of Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;163:43-59. 22. Sadat-Hosseini M, et al. Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants in the south of Kerman, Iran. J Ethnopharmacol 2017;199:194-204.
22. 23. Suroowan S, et al. Ethnoveterinary health management practices using medicinal plants in South Asia – a review. Vet Res Commun 2017;41(2):147-168.
23. 24. Tariq A, et al. Ethnopharmacology and toxicology of Pakistani medicinal plants used to treat gynecological complaints and sexually transmitted infections. S Afr J Bot 2018;114:132-149.
24. 25. Aziz MA, et al. Traditional uses of medicinal plants practiced by the indigenous communities at Mohmand Agency, FATA, Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2018;14(1):2.
25. 26. Wagh VV, Jain AK. Status of ethnobotanical invasive plants in western Madhya Pradesh, India. S Afr J Bot 2018;114:171-180.
26. 27. Diarra N, et al. Ethnobotanical study of plants used against malaria in Sélingué subdistrict, Mali. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;166:352-60.
27. 28. Catarino L, Havik PJ, Romeiras MM. Medicinal plants of Guinea-Bissau: Therapeutic applications, ethnic diversity and knowledge transfer. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;183:71-94.
28. 29. Odoh UE, et al. Medicinal plants used by the people of Nsukka Local Government Area, south-eastern Nigeria for the treatment of malaria: An ethnobotanical survey. J Ethnopharmacol 2018;218:1-15.
29. 30. Salihu T, et al. Ethnomedicinal plant species commonly used to manage arthritis in North-West Nigeria. S Afr J Bot 2018;118:33-43.
30. 31. Suárez ME. Medicines in the forest: Ethnobotany of wild medicinal plants in the pharmacopeia of the Wichí people of Salta province (Argentina). J Ethnopharmacol 2019;231:525-544.
31. 32. Khajoei Nasab F, Esmailpour M. Ethno-medicinal survey on weed plants in agro-ecosystems: a case study in Jahrom, Iran. Environ Dev Sustain 2019;21(5):2145-64.
32. 33. Salimi-Sabour E, et al. Prosopis farcta: Potent antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes strains; a research based on an ethnobotanical study. Iran J Med Microbiol 2022;16(2):127-33.
33. 34. Akan H, Balos MM, Tel AZ. The ethnobotany of some legume plants around Birecik Şanlıurfa. ADYUTAYAM Derg 2013;1(1):31-9.
34. 35. Ghasemi PA, Momeni M, Bahmani M. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Kurd tribe in Dehloran and Abdanan districts, Ilam Province, Iran. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2013;10(2):368-85.
35. 36. Baharvand-Ahmadi B, et al. Overview of medicinal plants used for cardiovascular system disorders and diseases in ethnobotany of different areas in Iran. J HerbMed Pharmacol 2015;5(1):39-44.
36. 37. Tunçtürk R. Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin fonksiyonel kullanım alanları, ticareti ve sürdürülebilirliği. 2022.
37. 38. Mati E, de Boer H. Ethnobotany and trade of medicinal plants in the Qaysari Market, Kurdish Autonomous Region, Iraq. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;133(2):490-510.
38. 39. Abou Auda M. An ethnobotanical use of plants in the Middle Area, Gaza Strip, Palestine. Adv Environ Biol 2011;5(11):3681-8.
39. 40. Hosseini SH, et al. Ethnobotany of the medicinal plants used by the ethnic communities of Kerman Province, Southeast Iran. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2021;17(1):31.
40. 41. Kılıç M, Yıldız K, Kılıç FM. Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Artuklu, Turkey. Hum Ecol 2020;48(5):619-32.
41. 42. Aykaç İ. Prosopis farcta (Mimosa farcta, M. stephaniana, P. stephaniana). Pharmagap Şanlıurfa Eczacı Odası Yayınları Derg 2004;7:31-2.
42. 43. Demir İ, Ayaz N. Wild edible plants contributing to the traditional foods of Mardin (Turkey) Province. Indian J Tradit Knowl 2022;21(3):569-82.
43. 44. Dogan Y, et al. The use of wild edible plants in western and central Anatolia (Turkey). Econ Bot 2004;58(4):684-90.
44. 45. Abdulwahid-Kurdi SJ, et al. Medicinal plants used in Soran district Kurdistan region of Iraq, an ethnobotanicals study. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 2023;11(1):1-32.
45. 46. Dolatkhahi M, Dolatkhahi A, Nejad JB. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in Arjan–Parishan protected area in Fars Province of Iran. Avicenna J Phytomed 2014;4(6):402.
46. 47. Estrada-Castillón E, et al. Ethnobotanical survey of useful species in Bustamante, Nuevo León, Mexico. Hum Ecol 2018;46(1):117-32.
47. 48. Ukande MD, et al. Review on pharmacological potentials of Prosopis juliflora. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2019;9(4-s):755-760.
48. 49. Awasthi S, et al. Prosopis cineraria: A multifaceted tree: From cultural significance to medicinal potential. Afr J Biomed Res 2024;27(4s):9848-54.
49. 50. Gupta A. Prosopis cineraria pharmacological properties and health benefits: A review study of a potential herb of the Thar Desert. Int J Pharmacogn Life Sci 2024;5(2B):91-103.
50. 51. Ezike AC, et al. Medicinal plants used in wound care: A study of Prosopis africana (Fabaceae) stem bark. Indian J Pharm Sci 2010;72(3):334-9.
51. 52. Yanda L, et al. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of isolated compounds from Prosopis africana leaves. Int J Anal Chem 2022;2022(1):4205823.
52. 53. Zughayyar SH, Gyad AH. Antidiarrheal effects of Prosopis farcta L. fruit extract: An enteropooling and histopathological study in rats. Adv Anim Vet Sci. 2023;11(12). doi:10.17582/journal.aavs/2023/11.12.2038.2044.
53. 54. Dashtban M, Sarir H, Omidi A. The effect of Prosopis farcta beans extract on blood biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Adv Biomed Res 2016;5(1):116.